英文語(yǔ)法拉雜談-虛擬語(yǔ)氣

字號(hào):

談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(一)
    如果你看到下列的句子,你會(huì)認(rèn)為它們是正確的還是錯(cuò)的呢?
    1. I wish I were a bird. 2. We request that you be here tomorrow.
    也許你會(huì)說(shuō):"哈哈,第一句的 I were 錯(cuò)了,應(yīng)該是 I was;而第二句中的 you be是什么東東呀?不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!"
    其實(shí)上面的句子都是一種稱(chēng)為 Subjunctive 類(lèi)型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的書(shū)譯為"假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣",雖不很貼切;但在相當(dāng)大的程度上,告訴我們這種句子的特點(diǎn)。
    Subjunctive Mood中文譯作"虛擬語(yǔ)氣",似乎不及"假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣"那么容易明白。它是一種動(dòng)詞形式,表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的某種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑、猜測(cè)、建議等含義。
    基本上,虛擬語(yǔ)氣可分為虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present)和虛擬過(guò)去(Subjunctive Past)兩種;但它們和時(shí)態(tài)(Tenses)上所指的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Present Tense)和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(Past Tense)是有所不同的。
    一、虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present):
    虛擬現(xiàn)在的句子,在任何時(shí)候都要用動(dòng)詞的原形(root form),就算是第三人稱(chēng)(he,she, it)也是如此。如:
    1.1 現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Present): (右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I work —— I work you work —— you work he works —— he work (注意到了嗎,是 work,不是 works)
    she works —— she work (不是 she works 喔)
    it works —— it work (同樣不是 it works 喔)
    we work —— we work they work —— they work
    1.2 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Present Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I am working —— I be working (注意用的是 be,怪怪的!)
    you are working —— you be working he is working —— he be working she is working —— she be working it is working —— it be working we are working —— we be working they are woring —— they be working
    1.3 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)(Present Perfect):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I have worked —— I have worked you have worked —— you have worked he has worked —— he have worked (用的還是have喔)
    she has worked —— she have worked it has worked —— it have worked we have worked —— we have worked they have worked —— they have worked
    1.4 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Present Perfect Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I have been working —— I have been working you have been working —— you have been working he has been working —— he have been working?。ㄊ?he have, 不是 he has )
    she has been working —— she have been working it has been working —— it have been working we have been working —— we have been working they have been working —— they have been working
    噓,暫時(shí)休息一會(huì)兒。下回再談虛擬過(guò)去的動(dòng)詞有什么不同。如何,你喜歡她嗎?
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(二)
    二、虛擬過(guò)去(Subjunctive Past)
    虛擬過(guò)去的動(dòng)詞無(wú)論在什么情況之下都要用過(guò)去復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:動(dòng)詞 be,在虛擬過(guò)去中要用 were.
    2.1 過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Past):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I worked —— I worked you worked —— you worked he worked —— he worked she worked —— she worked it worked —— it worked we worked —— we worked they worked —— they worked
    2.2 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Past Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I was working —— I were working (注意是 I were)
    you were working —— you were working he was working —— he were working (是 he were 喔)
    she was working —— she were working it was working —— it were working we were working —— we were working they were working —— they were working
    2.3 過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)(Past Perfect):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I had worked —— I had worked you had worked —— you had worked he had worked —— he had worked she had worked —— she had worked it had worked —— it had worked we had worked —— we had worked they had worked —— they had worked(耶,全部都用 had ! )
    2.4 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Past Perfect Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    I had been working —— I had been working you had been working —— you had been working he had been working —— he had been working she had been working —— she had been working it had been working —— it had been working we had been working —— we had been working they had been working —— they had been working(全部都是 had been 喔)
    看來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單,是吧?下回我們就要談到她的本領(lǐng)了。再見(jiàn)了!
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(三)
    虛擬語(yǔ)氣在語(yǔ)法里算得上是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。讓我們就從最簡(jiǎn)單的開(kāi)始吧。
    三、簡(jiǎn)單的祝愿和命令:
    3.1 祝愿1. May you be happy. (注意那個(gè) be ) 祝你幸福。
    2. May you have a good time. 3. May the friendship between us last long,4. Have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快!
    3.2 命令注意:1.命令虛擬語(yǔ)氣只能用在第二人稱(chēng)(you),而且通常省略主語(yǔ)(也就是you)。
    2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號(hào):!
    3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Present),如:work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令語(yǔ)氣,可用助動(dòng)詞 do,加上 not.
    1. Work !
    2. Work harder !
    3. Be more alert ! (虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞 Be)
    4. You go out !
    5. Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    6. Don't be afraid. (口語(yǔ)中常用don't 代替 do not)
    這回就談這么多,不會(huì)嫌少吧。
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(四)
    四、在現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)句里,用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(could,might,should,would)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的謙虛、客氣、有禮、委婉等:
    1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 would,表示客氣有禮)
    2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉)
    五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法:
    5.1 在wish后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣賓語(yǔ)從句(可省略它的that):表示:a.和現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反;b.和過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反;c.對(duì)將來(lái)的主觀愿望。
    5.1.1 現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬,從句用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的):
    1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 knew)
    我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)
    2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)
    但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)
    3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)
    但愿我是只小鳥(niǎo)。(事實(shí)上不可能,難道是鳥(niǎo)人?呵呵)
    4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)
    5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)
    現(xiàn)在他在中國(guó),他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)
    6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄穑?BR>    5.1.2 過(guò)去情況的虛擬,從句動(dòng)詞用"had + 過(guò)去分詞"(時(shí)間上較前):
    1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)
    2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒(méi)有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)
    3. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished,had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒(méi)同我們講)
    4. I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)
    5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(will wish,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)
    5.1.3 將來(lái)情況的虛擬(表示將來(lái)的主觀愿望),從句動(dòng)詞用"would/should/ could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后):(請(qǐng)注意:主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不相同喔)
    1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)
    我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)
    2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
    我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)
    3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
    你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒(méi)到)
    4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
    我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒(méi)那么容易就改變主意喔)
    5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
    (只是希望我們和他在一起,實(shí)際上還沒(méi)在一起)
    為了這個(gè)wish的部份,可花了我不少時(shí)間喔。I wish you would appreciate my work. hi hi……
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(五)
    5.2 除了wish之外,下列各動(dòng)詞(如 suggest)的后面的虛擬語(yǔ)氣賓語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)用:"should + 動(dòng)詞原形"表示建議(suggest)、堅(jiān)持(insist)等虛擬語(yǔ)氣:
    * suggest (建議), recommend (推薦), advise (勸告), propose (建議)
    * insist (堅(jiān)持), consent (允諾)
    * decide (決定), order (命令)
    * request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)
    * maintain (主張), urge (催促)
    1. I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.(suggest, should + start) (表示建議立即開(kāi)會(huì))
    2. The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.(suggested, should + try) (表示建議你應(yīng)該減肥喔)
    3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.(insisted, should + be) (表示堅(jiān)持,無(wú)論如何都要準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那兒。你再講也沒(méi)用哩?。?BR>    4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告訴他不可)
    5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.(ordered, should + wash) (表示命令學(xué)生們每周自己洗衣服)
    六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法:
    下列名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句,也用"should + 動(dòng)詞原形" 表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣:
    * demand (要求), desire (請(qǐng)求),requirment (要求)
    * advice (勸告), recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)
    * order (命令)
    * necessity (必要地), preference (優(yōu)先)
    * proposal (計(jì)劃), plan (計(jì)劃), idea (辦法)
    1. The advice is that we (should 可省略,下同) leave at once.(名詞advice,should + leave) (表示加以勸告)
    2. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
    3. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出計(jì)劃)
    虛擬語(yǔ)氣之類(lèi)的語(yǔ)法真是錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,不是一時(shí)半刻就能弄清楚的。再會(huì)。
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(六)
    七、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法
    句型:It is (或was) + 形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞) + that …… +should + 動(dòng)詞原形……
    句子:It is natural that she should do so. (形容詞natural, should+動(dòng)詞原形do)
    常用的形容詞:* natural (自然的), appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)模?,advisable (合適的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)
    * necessary (必須的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質(zhì)的), vital (必不可少的)
    * probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)
    * desirable (極好的)
    常用的過(guò)去分詞(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請(qǐng)求的), desired (要求)
    * suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)
    * orderd (命令)
    1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
    2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)
    3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽煙)
    4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))
    5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顧好病人)
    我們學(xué)習(xí)英文語(yǔ)法是為了在日常應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)時(shí)能夠更加得心應(yīng)手。讓我們一起學(xué)習(xí),一起進(jìn)步吧。下回見(jiàn)!
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(七)
    八、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句(Protasis)中的用法:
    條件從句有兩類(lèi):(1)真實(shí)條件句;(2)虛擬條件句。
    如果假設(shè)情況有可能發(fā)生的,就是"真實(shí)條件句".如:1. If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時(shí)間的話(huà),我們就一起去釣魚(yú)。)
    如果假設(shè)的情況與事實(shí)相反,則為"虛擬條件句".如:1. If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.(如果昨天下雨的話(huà),我們就會(huì)留在家里。)
    這回我們要談的就是關(guān)于"虛擬條件句"的一些句型。
    * 這種句子一般由"從句"(Subordinate Clause)和"主句"(Main Clause)組成。如上例:If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. "If it had rained yesterday" 就是"從句";"we would have stayed at home" 則為"主句。
    * 無(wú)論"從句"或"主句"的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。它們所用的動(dòng)詞有三種時(shí)態(tài)(Tenses),就是:現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)、將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
    * 句型:
    8.1 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)):
    從句:if + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be 用 were) + ……
    主句:主語(yǔ) + would (should, could , might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 + ……
    1. If I were you, I would go with him.(從句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)
    2. If I were you, I should buy it.(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞were,主句用動(dòng)詞原形 buy)
    3. If I had time, I would study French. (如果有時(shí)間,我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法文。)
    (從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞had,主句用動(dòng)詞原形 study)
    4. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文,她就不必要我?guī)土?。?BR>    (從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞knew, 主句用動(dòng)詞原形ask)
    注意:如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中,主句要用:"主語(yǔ) + would be + 進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 + ……"
    5. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞were, 主句用 would be speaking)
    8.2 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(假設(shè)從句的事實(shí)為過(guò)去的事):
    從句:If + 主語(yǔ) + had +過(guò)去完成式動(dòng)詞 + ……
    主句:主語(yǔ) + would (should, could, might) + have +過(guò)去完成式動(dòng)詞 +……
    1. If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had studied, 主句動(dòng)詞用have passed)
    如果你在上個(gè)學(xué)期用功一些,你就會(huì)在考試中過(guò)關(guān)了。
    2. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had taken, 主句動(dòng)詞用have failed)
    如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)從我的勸告的話(huà),你就不會(huì)在考試中失敗了。
    3. If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動(dòng)詞用had got up, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have caught)
    如果你起身得早一點(diǎn),你就會(huì)趕得上火車(chē)了。
    4. If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動(dòng)詞用had snowed, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have skied)
    如果下雪的話(huà),我就可在公園里滑雪了。
    注意:如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中,主句要用:"I主語(yǔ) + would + have + 完成進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞+……
    5. If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動(dòng)詞用had been, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have been speaking)
    8.3 與將來(lái)的事實(shí)可能相反(對(duì)將來(lái)的事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大):
    從句:If + 主語(yǔ) + should (或were) + 動(dòng)詞原形 +……
    主句:主語(yǔ) + would (could, should, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 +……
    1. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動(dòng)詞用should rain,主句動(dòng)詞用 be)
    如果天下雨,莊稼可能就收獲了。
    2. If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動(dòng)詞用were to, 主句動(dòng)詞用 tell)
    如果明天他走的話(huà),他可能會(huì)告訴你。
    3. If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動(dòng)詞用 were, 主句動(dòng)詞用 give)
    如果他在這兒,我可能會(huì)把書(shū)給他。
    注意:如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中,從句(不是主句喔)要用:"If + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞+……"
    4. If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動(dòng)詞用 were staying, 主句動(dòng)詞用 let)
    如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒,我可能會(huì)讓她騎我的馬。
    8.4 從句的 If 有時(shí)可省略,那么從句中的動(dòng)詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語(yǔ)前面:
    1. 原句:If she were younger, she would do it.去If:Were she younger, she would do it. (把動(dòng)詞were移到主語(yǔ)she的前面)
    2. 原句:If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If:Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語(yǔ)he的前面)
    8.5 有時(shí)虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個(gè):
    1. I could help you.?。ㄖ挥兄骶洌?BR>    2. If I had time. (只有從句)
    3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)
    4. If he had much more money. (只有從句)
    8.6 有時(shí)虛擬條件句的從句和主句地動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)會(huì)不一致:
    8.6.1 從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示將來(lái):
    If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
    8.6.2 從句表示將來(lái),主句表示過(guò)去:
    If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
    8.6.3 從句表示過(guò)去,主句表示將來(lái):
    If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.
    8.6.4 從句表示將來(lái),主句表示現(xiàn)在:
    If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
    你們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中有什么心得,歡迎告訴我:peng2100315@sina.com 再會(huì)!
    談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(八)
    九、其他虛擬語(yǔ)氣在句子中的應(yīng)用:
    9.1 用as if (或 as though 好象) 的狀語(yǔ)從句,表示與事實(shí)相反:
    1. He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè))
    他假裝好象完全不懂那事,其實(shí)他對(duì)那事非常了解。
    2. The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.(用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去相反的事實(shí))
    那老人看著照片,他覺(jué)得仿佛回到20年前的時(shí)光。
    3. They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動(dòng)詞meet,表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反)
    他們談了又談,仿佛他們不會(huì)再相見(jiàn)的樣子。
    9.2 用 had hoped 表示原來(lái)希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情。
    其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)要用"would + 動(dòng)詞原形":
    1. I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美國(guó)去念書(shū),但她說(shuō)她喜歡留在中國(guó)。
    9.3 用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果沒(méi)有",表示條件虛擬句:
    1. Without air, nothing could live.要是沒(méi)有空氣,什么也不能生存。
    2. But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙,我們是難有成就的。
    3. In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒(méi)有水和空氣,什么也不能生存。