2010年12月英語四六級語法：狀語從句(Adverbial Clause)
一、時間狀語從句
1. when, as, while 和whenever
when 表示某個具體的時間，可指一段時間和一點時間，可表示短暫動作，又可表示持續(xù)動作。As所表示的動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生，具有延續(xù)的含義，一般與延續(xù)性動詞連用。While只表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，強調(diào)主句的動作在從句動作發(fā)生的過程中。Whenever指的是“任何時間”。例如：
When you arrive in London, please give us a call.
When I was watching TV, my mother suddenly came in.
3) He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.
4) While she was reading a novel, her mother was cooking the dinner.
It rains whenever he has the class.
Whenever that man says “To tell you the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie.
NT: 當as意為“當…時候”時，主要與表示動作或發(fā)展過程的動詞連用，用于連接兩個逐漸發(fā)展或演變的動作或狀態(tài)。通常情況下不與表示感覺的動詞，表示感情的動詞，表示精神活動的動詞和表示擁有的動詞連用。
As the day goes on, the weather gets worse.
2．before 和after
before 引導(dǎo)的從句的動作通常發(fā)生在主句動作之后，如果從句是過去時，主句一般要用過去完成時。After引導(dǎo)的從句動作通常發(fā)生在主句動作之前，如果主句要用過去時，從句則要用過去完成時。例如：
1) The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.
2) After he had lived in the south for 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.
3) He was still tired even after he had had eight hours of sleeping.
但是如果不強調(diào)先后，或是因為從句中使用的是某個狀態(tài)動詞，after和 before句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動詞也可以都用一般過去時。例如：They arrived at the cinema after the film began.
3. till 和until
這兩個詞的用法十分近似，都表示“直到…“，但在句首只能用until 。在肯定句中，主句要用延續(xù)性動詞；在否定句中，until 或till可以和非延續(xù)性動詞連用，這時until和before同義。例如：
Not until they had finished the work did they go home.
I did not lose my confidence until I failed seven times.
I did not go to bed until my mother came back.
We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would burst.
4．a(chǎn)s long as, every time, each time, next time
as long as表示“只要”；every time 表示“每次”；each time表示“每逢”；next time 表示“下次”，它們可以直接引導(dǎo)句子。
1）I am happy as long as my children are.
2) He will continue working as long as he has the strength.
She will not sit so long as she can lie on the bed.
She smiles every time she sees me.
I am going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
5. once, as soon as, the instant (that), the moment(that),, the minute(that), directly 和immediately
這幾個連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句動作一發(fā)生，主句動作隨即發(fā)生, 意為“一…就”。例如：
1) She came to the scene immediately she heard of the bad news.
2) They told me the news the moment they got the message.
3) Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
4) She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news.
6. No sooner … than 和hardly (scarcely) … when
這兩個連詞詞組都是表示主句與從句動作隨即發(fā)生，意為“一…就“。主句動詞用過去完成時。如果No sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒裝。例如：
1) He had no sooner entered the house then it began to rain.
2) No sooner had he entered the house, than it began to rain.
3) He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
4) Hardly had he gone to bed when the telephone rang.
二、地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句表示在主句中某一動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的地點或進行的方向,這類從句通常由Where, wherever或 everywhere引導(dǎo),可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。Where指“在某個地方”，wherever指“在任何一個地方”，everywhere指“每一…地方”, 意思與wherever相近。例如：
1) Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain.
2) Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be here waiting for you..
3) Everywhere you go, I will follow you.
三、條件狀語從句
1. if 和unless
if 表示正面的條件，意為“如果”，unless表示反而的條件，意為“除非，如果不”例如：
1) If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying?
2) The sports meeting will begin tomorrow unless it rains.
NT：在條件狀語從句中常用一般時表示將要發(fā)生的動作。
2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), on condition that 和in case
這些連詞（詞組）意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在…條件下”等意思。例如：
1) You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
2) On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid.
3. only if和if only
Only if 引導(dǎo)的從句用陳述語氣，意為“只要”; if only引導(dǎo)從句要用虛擬語氣，意為“要是…就好了”。
1) Only if you have persistence, you can achieve great success.
2) If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily.
4. where有時也可以表示條件(常用于諺語和習語)
1) Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者事竟成）。
2) There is never peace where men are greedy.（人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望）。
3) Birth is nothing where virtue is not.（如果沒有品德，出身再好也等于零）。
四、原因狀語從句
1．because, since, as 和for
because 表示原因語氣，常用于回答以疑問詞“why”引導(dǎo)的疑問句。 because 從句一般位于主句后面。for引導(dǎo)的從句并不說明主句行為發(fā)生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于說明情況的補充說明，且不可位于主句前。since 表示一種附帶的原因，或者表示已知的顯然理由，意為“既然”，引導(dǎo)的從句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是對主句的附帶說明，重點在主句, as通常放在主句前。例如：
1) The teacher is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
2) Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
3) As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip.
4) It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
2．seeing (that), considering (that), now (that) , in that, given (that)
這幾個連詞同since意思相近，都有“鑒于某個事實”的意思。例如：
1) Now that you are a big boy, you must behave better.
2) Men differ form brutes in that they can think and speak.
3) Given it is going to rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off to next month.
3. not…because
本結(jié)構(gòu)中not否定的是because引導(dǎo)的整個從句。例如：
I am going on a trip tomorrow, because I have to, not because I want to.
He stole, not because he wanted the money but he liked.
五、讓步狀語從句
1．though, although, even if 和even though
(1) 這四個詞（詞組）都有“雖然，即使，盡管”的意思，even if 和even though 帶有強調(diào)的意味，語氣較強，though 和although 語氣較弱，though 比although 通俗，但不如although 正式。讓步狀語從句可以放在主句前或主句后。例如：
1) Although they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits.
2) She carries on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days.
(2)英語不允許在though 或although從句后用but。如果要強調(diào)前后兩個部分的對比意義，可以在主句前加上yet或still。例如：Although she has a lot of money, yet (still) she is not happy.
2．no matter how (what, when, which, who, where)
這幾個短語意為“不管怎樣（什么，什么時候，哪一個，誰，什么地方）”，例如：
1) Do not believe the rumor, no matter who repeats it.
2) He keeps taking physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.
3．whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever however
這幾個詞也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當于no matter what (when, where , who, which, how)。例如：
1) Whatever work we do, we should do our best.
2) However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape.
NT：however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，與它所修飾的詞一起放在句首。
4．讓步狀語從句的倒裝
though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。用 as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須倒裝。如果名詞放提前放在句首，該名詞前不可加定冠詞或不定冠詞。
常用的句型為形容詞（副詞，動詞，名詞，過去分詞）＋though (as, that)＋主語＋謂語。例如：
1) Bravely though we fought, we had no chance of winning.
2) Smart as he was, he was not able to solve the problem.
3) Child as he was, he had a good command of English.
六、方式狀語從句
1．a(chǎn)s 和just as
二者都表示“如…，猶如…，正如…”。just as 比as強調(diào)的語氣更強。例如：
1) In the early days, people could not live a happy life as we do now.
2) Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
2．a(chǎn)s if 和as though
as if 或as though從句可以用陳述語氣，表示可能符合事實的情況；也可以用虛擬語氣，表示不符合事實或與事實相反的情況，意為“好像，仿佛”。例如：
1) Some rocks sparkle with an unusual brilliancy as if they contained gold.
2) It looks as though it is going to rain.
七、比較狀語從句
1．a(chǎn)s… as這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以用于同等程度的比較，否定句用not so (as) …as。例如：
1) A pound of cotton weighs as mush as a pound of iron.
2) Sound does not travel so fast in gases as in liquids.
2．a(chǎn)s 和than連接的比較狀語從句常常省去同主句相同的部分，只留下相比的部分。例如：
1) Bill is as tall as Bob (is). 2) Steel is more useful than iron (is).
3．The… the…后面分別跟形容詞或副詞的比較級，意思為“越…越…”。例如：
1) The faster, the better. 2) The higher the airplane flies, the thinner the air is.
八、目的狀語從句
1．so that 和in order that
(1) 二者都表示“為了，以便”。so that 較常用，一般放在主句之后。in order that 用于正式文體，引導(dǎo)從句可中謂語多用may/can/will+動詞原形。例如：
1) She takes notes carefully (so) that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class.
2) He plays basketball every day in order that he can be like Michael Jordan.
3) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
4) He wrote his dairy in code so that his wife wouldn’t be able to read it.
2．lest, for fear that 和in case
意思是“以防，以免”。lest, for fear that后的從句一般要用虛擬語氣，形式為“ should＋ 動詞原形”。例：
1) We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.
2) Don’t forget your umbrella in case it should rain.
3) Phone me in case you meet problems.
九、結(jié)果狀語從句
1.so …that 和such …that這兩個詞組意為“如此…以至于”
常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：so＋adj / adv＋that / so＋adj＋a (an)＋n＋that / such＋a (an)＋adj＋n＋that
1) The box is so heavy that nobody can move it away.
2) It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it away.
3) It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.
4) There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.
NT: such 不能用于much, many 之前
一、時間狀語從句
1. when, as, while 和whenever
when 表示某個具體的時間，可指一段時間和一點時間，可表示短暫動作，又可表示持續(xù)動作。As所表示的動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生，具有延續(xù)的含義，一般與延續(xù)性動詞連用。While只表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，強調(diào)主句的動作在從句動作發(fā)生的過程中。Whenever指的是“任何時間”。例如：
When you arrive in London, please give us a call.
When I was watching TV, my mother suddenly came in.
3) He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.
4) While she was reading a novel, her mother was cooking the dinner.
It rains whenever he has the class.
Whenever that man says “To tell you the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie.
NT: 當as意為“當…時候”時，主要與表示動作或發(fā)展過程的動詞連用，用于連接兩個逐漸發(fā)展或演變的動作或狀態(tài)。通常情況下不與表示感覺的動詞，表示感情的動詞，表示精神活動的動詞和表示擁有的動詞連用。
As the day goes on, the weather gets worse.
2．before 和after
before 引導(dǎo)的從句的動作通常發(fā)生在主句動作之后，如果從句是過去時，主句一般要用過去完成時。After引導(dǎo)的從句動作通常發(fā)生在主句動作之前，如果主句要用過去時，從句則要用過去完成時。例如：
1) The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.
2) After he had lived in the south for 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.
3) He was still tired even after he had had eight hours of sleeping.
但是如果不強調(diào)先后，或是因為從句中使用的是某個狀態(tài)動詞，after和 before句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動詞也可以都用一般過去時。例如：They arrived at the cinema after the film began.
3. till 和until
這兩個詞的用法十分近似，都表示“直到…“，但在句首只能用until 。在肯定句中，主句要用延續(xù)性動詞；在否定句中，until 或till可以和非延續(xù)性動詞連用，這時until和before同義。例如：
Not until they had finished the work did they go home.
I did not lose my confidence until I failed seven times.
I did not go to bed until my mother came back.
We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would burst.
4．a(chǎn)s long as, every time, each time, next time
as long as表示“只要”；every time 表示“每次”；each time表示“每逢”；next time 表示“下次”，它們可以直接引導(dǎo)句子。
1）I am happy as long as my children are.
2) He will continue working as long as he has the strength.
She will not sit so long as she can lie on the bed.
She smiles every time she sees me.
I am going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
5. once, as soon as, the instant (that), the moment(that),, the minute(that), directly 和immediately
這幾個連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句動作一發(fā)生，主句動作隨即發(fā)生, 意為“一…就”。例如：
1) She came to the scene immediately she heard of the bad news.
2) They told me the news the moment they got the message.
3) Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
4) She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news.
6. No sooner … than 和hardly (scarcely) … when
這兩個連詞詞組都是表示主句與從句動作隨即發(fā)生，意為“一…就“。主句動詞用過去完成時。如果No sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒裝。例如：
1) He had no sooner entered the house then it began to rain.
2) No sooner had he entered the house, than it began to rain.
3) He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
4) Hardly had he gone to bed when the telephone rang.
二、地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句表示在主句中某一動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的地點或進行的方向,這類從句通常由Where, wherever或 everywhere引導(dǎo),可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。Where指“在某個地方”，wherever指“在任何一個地方”，everywhere指“每一…地方”, 意思與wherever相近。例如：
1) Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain.
2) Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be here waiting for you..
3) Everywhere you go, I will follow you.
三、條件狀語從句
1. if 和unless
if 表示正面的條件，意為“如果”，unless表示反而的條件，意為“除非，如果不”例如：
1) If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying?
2) The sports meeting will begin tomorrow unless it rains.
NT：在條件狀語從句中常用一般時表示將要發(fā)生的動作。
2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), on condition that 和in case
這些連詞（詞組）意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在…條件下”等意思。例如：
1) You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
2) On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid.
3. only if和if only
Only if 引導(dǎo)的從句用陳述語氣，意為“只要”; if only引導(dǎo)從句要用虛擬語氣，意為“要是…就好了”。
1) Only if you have persistence, you can achieve great success.
2) If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily.
4. where有時也可以表示條件(常用于諺語和習語)
1) Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者事竟成）。
2) There is never peace where men are greedy.（人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望）。
3) Birth is nothing where virtue is not.（如果沒有品德，出身再好也等于零）。
四、原因狀語從句
1．because, since, as 和for
because 表示原因語氣，常用于回答以疑問詞“why”引導(dǎo)的疑問句。 because 從句一般位于主句后面。for引導(dǎo)的從句并不說明主句行為發(fā)生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于說明情況的補充說明，且不可位于主句前。since 表示一種附帶的原因，或者表示已知的顯然理由，意為“既然”，引導(dǎo)的從句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是對主句的附帶說明，重點在主句, as通常放在主句前。例如：
1) The teacher is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
2) Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
3) As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip.
4) It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
2．seeing (that), considering (that), now (that) , in that, given (that)
這幾個連詞同since意思相近，都有“鑒于某個事實”的意思。例如：
1) Now that you are a big boy, you must behave better.
2) Men differ form brutes in that they can think and speak.
3) Given it is going to rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off to next month.
3. not…because
本結(jié)構(gòu)中not否定的是because引導(dǎo)的整個從句。例如：
I am going on a trip tomorrow, because I have to, not because I want to.
He stole, not because he wanted the money but he liked.
五、讓步狀語從句
1．though, although, even if 和even though
(1) 這四個詞（詞組）都有“雖然，即使，盡管”的意思，even if 和even though 帶有強調(diào)的意味，語氣較強，though 和although 語氣較弱，though 比although 通俗，但不如although 正式。讓步狀語從句可以放在主句前或主句后。例如：
1) Although they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits.
2) She carries on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days.
(2)英語不允許在though 或although從句后用but。如果要強調(diào)前后兩個部分的對比意義，可以在主句前加上yet或still。例如：Although she has a lot of money, yet (still) she is not happy.
2．no matter how (what, when, which, who, where)
這幾個短語意為“不管怎樣（什么，什么時候，哪一個，誰，什么地方）”，例如：
1) Do not believe the rumor, no matter who repeats it.
2) He keeps taking physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.
3．whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever however
這幾個詞也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當于no matter what (when, where , who, which, how)。例如：
1) Whatever work we do, we should do our best.
2) However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape.
NT：however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，與它所修飾的詞一起放在句首。
4．讓步狀語從句的倒裝
though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。用 as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須倒裝。如果名詞放提前放在句首，該名詞前不可加定冠詞或不定冠詞。
常用的句型為形容詞（副詞，動詞，名詞，過去分詞）＋though (as, that)＋主語＋謂語。例如：
1) Bravely though we fought, we had no chance of winning.
2) Smart as he was, he was not able to solve the problem.
3) Child as he was, he had a good command of English.
六、方式狀語從句
1．a(chǎn)s 和just as
二者都表示“如…，猶如…，正如…”。just as 比as強調(diào)的語氣更強。例如：
1) In the early days, people could not live a happy life as we do now.
2) Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
2．a(chǎn)s if 和as though
as if 或as though從句可以用陳述語氣，表示可能符合事實的情況；也可以用虛擬語氣，表示不符合事實或與事實相反的情況，意為“好像，仿佛”。例如：
1) Some rocks sparkle with an unusual brilliancy as if they contained gold.
2) It looks as though it is going to rain.
七、比較狀語從句
1．a(chǎn)s… as這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以用于同等程度的比較，否定句用not so (as) …as。例如：
1) A pound of cotton weighs as mush as a pound of iron.
2) Sound does not travel so fast in gases as in liquids.
2．a(chǎn)s 和than連接的比較狀語從句常常省去同主句相同的部分，只留下相比的部分。例如：
1) Bill is as tall as Bob (is). 2) Steel is more useful than iron (is).
3．The… the…后面分別跟形容詞或副詞的比較級，意思為“越…越…”。例如：
1) The faster, the better. 2) The higher the airplane flies, the thinner the air is.
八、目的狀語從句
1．so that 和in order that
(1) 二者都表示“為了，以便”。so that 較常用，一般放在主句之后。in order that 用于正式文體，引導(dǎo)從句可中謂語多用may/can/will+動詞原形。例如：
1) She takes notes carefully (so) that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class.
2) He plays basketball every day in order that he can be like Michael Jordan.
3) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
4) He wrote his dairy in code so that his wife wouldn’t be able to read it.
2．lest, for fear that 和in case
意思是“以防，以免”。lest, for fear that后的從句一般要用虛擬語氣，形式為“ should＋ 動詞原形”。例：
1) We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.
2) Don’t forget your umbrella in case it should rain.
3) Phone me in case you meet problems.
九、結(jié)果狀語從句
1.so …that 和such …that這兩個詞組意為“如此…以至于”
常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：so＋adj / adv＋that / so＋adj＋a (an)＋n＋that / such＋a (an)＋adj＋n＋that
1) The box is so heavy that nobody can move it away.
2) It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it away.
3) It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.
4) There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.
NT: such 不能用于much, many 之前