介詞用法口訣:
早、午、晚要用in，at 黎明、午夜、點(diǎn)與分。
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周，陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒in。
將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后，小處at 大處in。
有形with 無(wú)形by，語(yǔ)言、單位、材料in。
特征、方面與方式，心情成語(yǔ)慣用in。
介詞at 和to 表方向，攻擊、位置、惡、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、農(nóng)暢?值日on，關(guān)于、基穿?靠、著論。
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，準(zhǔn)。
特定時(shí)日和"一……就"，on 后常接動(dòng)名詞。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of 之前on 代in。
步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage 則用in。
at 山腳、門口、在當(dāng)前，速、溫、日落、價(jià)、核心。
工具、和、同隨with，具有、獨(dú)立、就、原因。
就……來(lái)說(shuō)賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀、表細(xì)分。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被by，單數(shù)、人類know to man。
this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣。
over、under正上下，above、below 則不然，
若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無(wú)關(guān)。
beyond 超出、無(wú)、不能，against 靠著，對(duì)與反。
besides，except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi)along 沿。
同類比較except，加for 異類記心間。
原狀because of,、owing to、due to 表語(yǔ)形容詞
under后接修、建中，of、from 物、化分。
before、after 表一點(diǎn), ago、later 表一段。
before 能接完成時(shí)，ago 過(guò)去極有限。
since 以來(lái)during 間，since 時(shí)態(tài)多變換。
與之相比beside，除了last but one。
復(fù)不定for、找、價(jià)、原，對(duì)、給、段、去、為、作、贊。
快到、對(duì)、向towards，工、學(xué)、軍、城、北、上、南。
but for 否定用虛擬，復(fù)合介詞待后言。
ing 型由于鑒，除了除外與包合。
之后、關(guān)于、在......方面，有關(guān)介詞須記全。
in 內(nèi)to 外表位置，山、水、國(guó)界to 在前。
如果能大體掌握如上介詞用法口訣，就不易出錯(cuò)。當(dāng)然，至于介詞的詳盡用法，同形詞又是連詞及副詞等內(nèi)容在此不講。今后我們將對(duì)該口訣分別舉例幫助你理解消化。
早、午、晚要用in
例：in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at 黎明、午、夜、點(diǎn)與分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明時(shí)候
at noon 在中午
at night 在夜間
at midnight 在午夜
以上短語(yǔ)都不用冠詞
at six o'clock 在6點(diǎn)鐘
at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7點(diǎn)半
at half past eleven 在11 點(diǎn)半
at nine fifteen 在9點(diǎn)15 分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10 點(diǎn)30 分
也可以寫(xiě)成
seven to five 5點(diǎn)差7 分(半小時(shí)以上)
five minutes after two 2點(diǎn)過(guò)5 分
at a quarter to two 1點(diǎn)45 分
at the weekend 在周末
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周
即在"來(lái)年"，在"某月"，在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某
日則用on)，在四季，在第幾周等都要用in。
例；in 1986 在1986 年
in 1927 在1927 年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December 1986 1986 年12 月
in July l983 1983年7 月
in spring 在春季in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 這學(xué)期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒in，
即在陽(yáng)光下，在燈下，在樹(shù)陰下，穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in。
例：Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的燈光下看書(shū)。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他們?cè)诿髁恋臒艄庀聫?fù)習(xí)功課。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他們坐在樹(shù)陰下乘涼。
a prisoner in irons 帶著鐐銬的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到車站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 舊社會(huì)窮人們衣衫襤褸．
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的陽(yáng)光下
a merchant in disguise 喬裝的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿著白(黑、紅、黃)色衣服的婦女
in uniform 穿著制服
in mourning 穿著喪服
in brown shoes 穿著棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿著襯衫
將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他們將10 天以后回來(lái)。
I'll come round in a day or two. 我一兩天就回來(lái)。
We'll be back in no time. 我們一會(huì)兒就回來(lái)。
Come and see me in two days' time. 兩天后來(lái)看我。(從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始)
after... (從過(guò)去開(kāi)始)
小處at 大處in
例：Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到達(dá)黑山縣，一切很好，
勿念。
I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在
大城市，我姐姐住在一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)，而我的父母則住在農(nóng)村。
I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在遼寧省鞍山市．
有形with 無(wú)形by，語(yǔ)言、單位、材料in
例：The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人們正用石子鋪路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戲。(無(wú)形)
The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 這種產(chǎn)品是用蒸餾分離出氣油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法--無(wú)形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed． 我確實(shí)不能用英語(yǔ)流利地表達(dá)我的思想。(表示某種語(yǔ)言用in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄語(yǔ)寫(xiě)了一本小說(shuō)。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)度單位。(表示度、量、衡單位的用in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 長(zhǎng)度是以米、公里、厘米為單位來(lái)計(jì)算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 這個(gè)牌匾是銅鑄的，不是金鑄的。
特征、方面與方式、心情、成語(yǔ)慣用in
特征或狀態(tài)：
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那時(shí)民主黨執(zhí)政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)病人處于昏迷狀態(tài)。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他幾年來(lái)身體一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 許多人帶著絕望情緒而來(lái)，卻滿懷希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 這房屋成了廢墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 這個(gè)貧苦女孩淚流滿面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我說(shuō)這話只是開(kāi)玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 與其說(shuō)她講得很氣憤，不如說(shuō)她講得很傷心。
還有一些短語(yǔ)也用in，如：
in jest 詼諧地，in joke 開(kāi)玩笑地，in spite 惡意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 報(bào)復(fù), in mercy 寬大，in
sorrow 傷心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他腦子里很亂。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都興高采烈，沒(méi)有一個(gè)情緒低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同學(xué)都正值妙齡。
The compaign was in full swing. 運(yùn)動(dòng)正值高潮中。
方面：
例：we accepted the item in principle. 我們?cè)谠瓌t上接受了這個(gè)條款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他們從來(lái)不怕發(fā)表自己的意見(jiàn)。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 這個(gè)落后的地區(qū)在糧食方面已能自給。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一個(gè)好的教師必須是學(xué)習(xí)的模范。
方式：
例：All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有報(bào)告都用速記記錄下來(lái)了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 黨一貫以愛(ài)國(guó)主義和國(guó)際主義精神教育我們。
如下成語(yǔ)慣用in
例如： in all 總計(jì)
in advance 事前
in the meantime 與此同時(shí)
in place 適當(dāng)?shù)?BR> in hopes of(或in the hope of) 懷著.......希望
in connection with 和……有關(guān)
in contact with 和……聯(lián)系
in addition to 除......以外
in case of 倘若，萬(wàn)一
in conflict with 和......沖突
in force 有效的，大批
in depth 徹底地
in regard to 關(guān)于
in the neighborhood of 大約、鄰近
in retrospect 回顧，一想起
in behalf of 代表......利益
in the least 一點(diǎn)，絲毫
in alarm 驚慌、擔(dān)心
in the opinion of 據(jù)……見(jiàn)解
in the long run 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)說(shuō)來(lái)
in one's opinion 在……看來(lái)
in word 口頭上
in a word 總之
in vain 無(wú)益地, 白白地
in case 如果，萬(wàn)一，以防
in detail 詳細(xì)地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 總之
in spite of 盡管
in other words... 換句話說(shuō)
in return 作為回報(bào)
in the name of 以......名義
be confident in 對(duì)......有信心
be interested in 對(duì)......感興趣
in doubt 懷疑
in love 戀愛(ài)中
in debt 負(fù)債
in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地
in hesitation 猶豫不決
in wonder 在驚奇中
in public (secret) 公開(kāi)他(秘密地)
in a good humour 心情(情緒)好
"介詞at、to 表方向，攻擊、位置、善、惡、分"。
介詞at 和to 都可以表示方向; 用at 表示方向時(shí)，側(cè)重于攻擊的目標(biāo)，往往表示惡意；用to 表示方向時(shí)，突出運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置或動(dòng)
作的對(duì)象，側(cè)重表示善意。試比較下列各句：
1. A．She came at me. 她向我撲過(guò)來(lái)。
B．She came to me. 她向我走過(guò)來(lái)。
2．A．Jake ran at John. 杰克向約翰撲過(guò)去。
B．Jake ran to John. 杰克朝約翰跑去。
3．A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿著劍向那婦女撲過(guò)去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他帶著劍向那婦女跑過(guò)去。
4．A．He shouted at the old man. 他大聲喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大聲向那老人說(shuō)
5．A．I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在抱怨小李。
B．I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在同小李低聲說(shuō)話。
6．A. She talked at you just now. 她剛才還說(shuō)你壞話呢。
B．She talked to you just now. 她剛才還同你談話呢.
7．A．She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一塊骨頭砸狗。
B．She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一塊骨頭扔給狗吃。
8．A．He presented a pistol at me. 他用手槍對(duì)著我。
B．He presented a pistol to me. 他贈(zèng)送我一支手槍。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚：以下皆用on。
例: on Octorber the first 1949 1949 年10 月1 日
on February the thirteenth l893 1893 年2 月13 日
on May the first 5月1日
on the first 1號(hào)
on the sixteenth 16號(hào)
on the second of January 或on January the second 1月2 日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一個(gè)夜晚
on Boxing Day 在節(jié)禮日(圣誕節(jié)次日)
on New Year's Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日
但in the Christmas holidays 在圣誕節(jié)假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世紀(jì); in ancient times 在古代; in earlier
times 在早期; in modern times 在現(xiàn)代，則用in，the present time 現(xiàn)在，at the present day 當(dāng)今則用at。
on May Day 在"五·一"節(jié)
on winter day 在冬天
on Decenber 12th 1950 l950 年12 月12 日
on Sunday 在星期天
on Monday 在星期一
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上; on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)，in time 及時(shí)，等則不同。
年月日，加早午晚，of 之前on 代in
例： on the morning of 18th 18 日早晨
on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他們?cè)谂R行
前夕舉行了告別宴會(huì)，他們的團(tuán)長(zhǎng)發(fā)表了告別講話。
收音、農(nóng)場(chǎng)，值日on
例：Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?
您的導(dǎo)師喜歡昨天從收音機(jī)里聽(tīng)到的故事嗎?
I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我從收音機(jī)里聽(tīng)到了這一條消息。
talk over the radio 由無(wú)線電播音
on TV 從電視里......
hear something on the wireless 在無(wú)線電里聽(tīng)到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一個(gè)軍墾農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 學(xué)生們正在校辦農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)。
This is a farmer's house on a farm. 這是農(nóng)場(chǎng)的農(nóng)舍。
Who is on duty, tody? 今天誰(shuí)值日?
We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我們上午8 點(diǎn)鐘上班。
關(guān)于、基穿?靠、著論
例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我們要聽(tīng)關(guān)于國(guó)際形
勢(shì)的報(bào)告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授將給我們做關(guān)于美國(guó)之行的報(bào)告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在這些問(wèn)題上你的看法都錯(cuò)了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 這種信念是以實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理論必須以實(shí)踐為基穿?
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month． 靠月薪100 元的收入，你是買不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food． 她用精飼料喂養(yǎng)她心愛(ài)的狗。
He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一個(gè)小偷，專靠損害別人過(guò)日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 讓水壺的水一直開(kāi)著。
The enemy are on the run (=running). 敵人在逃跑。
on后接the 加上一個(gè)作名詞的動(dòng)詞．其意義與現(xiàn)在分詞所表達(dá)的相近。類似例子很多如：
on the march 在行軍中，on the mend 在好轉(zhuǎn)中，on the prowl 徘徊，on the move 活動(dòng)中，on the scrounge 巧取豪奪(埋
語(yǔ))，on the go 活躍，忙碌，on the lookout 注意, 警戒，on the watch監(jiān)視著。on the hop 趁不備抓住某人等等。
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<實(shí)踐論>>和<<矛盾論>>
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<論人民民主專政>>
"on Coalition Government" <<論聯(lián)合政府>>
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、準(zhǔn)
注：口訣中的"著"是指著火，罷指罷工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、辦公事；假指休假，準(zhǔn)指準(zhǔn)時(shí)。
例：The house next to mine was on fire. 我鄰居的房子著火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike. 鐵路工人罷工了。
Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
do something on the sly (quiet). 秘密地(暗地里，偷偷地)做某事。
I've come here on business. 我是有公事來(lái)的。
They went to Bern on a mission. 他們到伯爾尼去執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)使命。
They has been away on a long trip. 他們出去做長(zhǎng)途旅行。
I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我將休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的，不是不告而別。
She came to see you on purpose. 她是專程來(lái)看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到這來(lái)是要與你討論這件事的。
This lunch is on me.
"No. let's go Dutch."
"這頓午飯我付錢。"
"不，還是各付各的。"
On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反，這事兒很容易理解。
P1ease come on time. (on schedule). 請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)。
注：in time 是"及時(shí)"的意思。
The train arrived on schedule. 火車準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。
特定時(shí)間和"一……就"，左右on 后動(dòng)名詞
例：Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 氣體加熱時(shí)膨脹，冷卻時(shí)收縮。(特定時(shí)間)
On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一進(jìn)屋，他就發(fā)現(xiàn)他的朋友們?cè)谟淇斓靥琛?BR> On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就給老楊打了一個(gè)電話。
I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的來(lái)信就給他寫(xiě)信。(一……就)
以及on the left, right 向左向右，on the stair 在臺(tái)階上等。
步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage 用in：
例：On foot 步行; on horse騎馬; on donkey 騎驢。
He rode on, blood flowing from his side. 他騎著馬，鮮血從腰部流下來(lái)。
The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 為趕上
部隊(duì)，那位八路軍戰(zhàn)士騎馬日行百里。
Go on horse back! 騎馬去！
You are having me on! 你和我開(kāi)玩笑呢!
in cab和in carriage 不能用on 或by cab或carrige。
at 山腳、門口在當(dāng)前，速、溫、日落價(jià)核心：
即在山腳下、在門口、在目前，速度、以……速率、溫度、在日落時(shí)、在……核心要用at。
例：At the foot of the mountain, there are thirty of our comrades. 在山腳下，有我們30 個(gè)同志。
There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山腳下有一個(gè)美麗的湖。
At the gate of the house there are many children playing glassball. 門口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。
Who's standing there at the door? 誰(shuí)站在門口?
I don't need the dictionary at present. 我現(xiàn)在還不需要這本詞典。
He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在華盛頓。
The train runs at fifty kilometres an hour. 火車每小時(shí)行駛50 公里。
we built the plant at top speed and minimun cost. 我們以低的投資，高的速度修建了該工廠。
at home 在國(guó)內(nèi)，在家里
at ten degrees centigrade 在攝氏10 度
at minus ten degrees centigrade 攝氏零下10 度
Water freezes at 0°centigrade. 水在鑷氏零度結(jié)冰。
Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在攝氏100 度沸騰。
at zero 在零度
at the rate of 45 miles an hour
at full speed 全速
at a good price 高價(jià)
at a low cost 低成本
at a great cost 花了很大代價(jià)
at that time 在當(dāng)時(shí)
Evaporation takes place at all tempertures. 蒸發(fā)在任何溫度下都能發(fā)生。
at 1000RPM (revolution per minute) 每分鐘1000 轉(zhuǎn)
at a high speed 高速
The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 戰(zhàn)士們?cè)谌章鋾r(shí)對(duì)敵人發(fā)起了攻擊。
at daybreak 日出時(shí)
The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們事業(yè)的核心力量是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨。
The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一個(gè)原子核。
At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 這學(xué)期開(kāi)始，我們的班主
任老師對(duì)我們要求非常嚴(yán)格。
以及At the first session of the First National People's congress of the People's Republic of China. 在中華人民共和國(guó)第全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第會(huì)議上.
常用的at 短語(yǔ)有:
at first 首先，開(kāi)始時(shí)
at least 至少
at all events 無(wú)論如何
at home 在家，無(wú)拘束
at one stroke 一下子
at a loss 不知怎辦
at any rate 不管怎樣
at length 詳細(xì)地
be at high tide 處于高潮期
at our invitation 應(yīng)我們的邀請(qǐng)
at our request 應(yīng)我們的請(qǐng)求
at the news 聽(tīng)到這消息
at the risk of 冒......危險(xiǎn)
at a great expense 以巨大費(fèi)用
at a stroke 一舉
at intervals of 每隔
at liberty 有權(quán)，隨意
at the sight of 一見(jiàn)到
at the point of 接近，靠近
at the thought of 一想到
at the speed of 以......速度
at the cost (price) of 以......為代價(jià)
at leisure 閑著、失業(yè)
at the disposal of 任憑……使用
at stake 在危險(xiǎn)中、在成敗關(guān)頭
at bottom 實(shí)際上、本質(zhì)上
at short notice 一得到通知
at seeing us 看到我們
at the happy tidings 聽(tīng)到喜訊
at sixteen 在16 歲時(shí)
at the present stage 在現(xiàn)階段
at the weekend 周末
at all times 永遠(yuǎn)
at 405 Victory Road 在勝利路405 號(hào)
工具、同、和、隨with，具有，獨(dú)立、就、原因：
例：We write with ballpens. 我們用油筆寫(xiě)字。(工具)
但He write in blue ink. 他用藍(lán)水筆寫(xiě)字(墨水用in 不用with)
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理論必須同實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。(同)
He is talking with friends. 他正同朋友們談話?！餐?
I'd like to have a dinner with a friend. 我喜歡同朋友共同進(jìn)餐。
We must co-operate closely with them. 我們必須同他們緊密合作。(同)
We, as human beings are going to leave, but friendship has taken roots among us and our hearts are linked withyours. 我們雖然就要走了，但是友誼卻在我們之間扎了根，我們的心和你們的心是緊緊相連的。(和或同〕
A cadre must become one with the masses.干部必須和群眾打成一片。
I'm with you. 我同意你。
An atom is so small that we can't see it with a microscope. 原子太小，即使用顯微鏡也看不見(jiàn)它。(工具)
In the past I had to part with my wife. 舊社會(huì)我不得不和妻子離別。(和)
The socialist revolution is deepening with each passing day. 社會(huì)主義革命日益深入。(隨著)
They sail with the wind. 他們順風(fēng)航行。(隨著)
With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的改變，上層建筑也必須改變。(隨著)
With the battlle of Waterloo, Napoleon's rule in Europe was ended. 滑鐵盧一戰(zhàn)，拿破侖對(duì)歐洲的統(tǒng)治就完蛋了。
The modern electron tube. 隨著電子管的發(fā)明而誕生了現(xiàn)代電子工業(yè)．
She is with child. = She is in a very interesting condition. = in a family way, = She is pregnant (inpregnancy). 她懷孕了。(有)
但She is with a child．意為:"她領(lǐng)著一個(gè)孩子。"
China is a very large country with a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的大國(guó)。(具有)
China is a country with a population of ten billion people. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)有10 億人口的國(guó)家。（具有）
What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就，關(guān)于)
How is it with you? 你怎么啦？(就，關(guān)于)
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。(就……)
It is a very intense flash with a lot of power packed into it. 由于聚集了大量的能，所以閃光非常強(qiáng)烈。（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
注；即分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用with。
With a new welding technique introduced, the use of stainless steel was no longer limited to making small thingsonly. 由于新的焊接技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，不銹鋼的使用就不僅僅局限在微小的物件上了。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
With all its beams advancing in step with each other the laser possessed very particular properties which noordinary light ever has. 由于激光的光束同步，所以它具有普通光所沒(méi)有的特殊性質(zhì)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
Without the temperature or pressure changed matter can never change from one state into another. 沒(méi)有溫度或壓力的變化，物質(zhì)永遠(yuǎn)不能以一種狀態(tài)變到另一種狀態(tài)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
The evil landlord was trembling with fear. 那個(gè)萬(wàn)惡的地主嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。(原因)
My wife's hands were rough with work. 我愛(ài)人因?yàn)槔细苫睿趾茏獠凇?原因)．
With the help of my classmate's taperecorder I listen to the Voice of America and B.B.C every day. 借助于我同學(xué)的錄音機(jī)，我每天收聽(tīng)美國(guó)之音和B.B.C。(原因)
With televition, we can see all kinds of programmes on the screen sitting at home without going to the movies and theatres. 因?yàn)橛辛穗娨?，我們坐在家里就能看到各種節(jié)目, 而不必去*、戲院了。(原因)
就......來(lái)說(shuō)賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀、表細(xì)分：這里的with 后邊的賓語(yǔ)常譯成主語(yǔ)。
例：How are the things with you? 你情況怎樣？
What's wrong with your eyes? 你的眼睛怎么啦?
Something is wrong with my hands. 我手出點(diǎn)毛博?
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。
Parents must be strict with their children. 父母對(duì)子女要嚴(yán)格。(對(duì))
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位醫(yī)生對(duì)患者非常耐心。(對(duì))
I'm quite satisfied with your answer. 我對(duì)你的回答很滿意。(對(duì))
Many intellectuals with revolutionary tendencies went to the liberated areas. 許多帶有革命傾向的知識(shí)分子都投奔解放區(qū)了。(有)
These apartment houses are for workers with families. 這些住宅樓是給有家屬的工人蓋的。
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. 他兩手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(狀語(yǔ))獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work. 它們是高度機(jī)械化的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，所有工作都由機(jī)器進(jìn)行。(狀語(yǔ))獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
上兩句是with 引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
I will be with you again in half an hour. 過(guò)半個(gè)鐘頭我還會(huì)跟你們?cè)谝黄鸬摹?BR> (with 的介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)。另注意in 將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in 以后)
Our sympathies were with the students persecuted by the gang of four during the cultural revolution. 我們是非常同情"*"中被"四人幫"迫害的青年學(xué)生的。(with 的介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ))。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被by，單數(shù)人類known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus)
陸路(航空，水陸，水路，乘公共汽車)
by micro bus 坐小面包車(微型汽車)
by mini bus 坐小面包車
by train 坐火車
by trolley bus 坐無(wú)軌電車
by tram 坐有軌電車
by bike 騎自行車
by motor car 騎摩托車
by tube 坐地鐵
by airbus 坐大型客機(jī)(空中汽車〕
by jeep 坐吉普車
by chance 偶然
by accident 偶然，無(wú)意中
以及by virture of 靠、由于
by leaps and bounds 大幅度地
by way of 經(jīng)由
by the book 按常規(guī)
The list of discoveries by "accident" could fill a long book. 偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以寫(xiě)一本很厚的書(shū)。(偶然)
The law of relativity was formulated by Einstein. 相對(duì)論是愛(ài)因斯坦創(chuàng)立的。(被動(dòng))
The book was written by Mr. Zhang. 這本書(shū)是張先生寫(xiě)的。(被動(dòng))
That in 1969 the first artificial satellite was launched to the space is known to man. 1969 年第一顆人造衛(wèi)星上了天是眾所周知的。
這里用to man 而不用by。即當(dāng)單數(shù)又無(wú)冠詞的man和known搭配時(shí)，表示人類不用by。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one
接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣
例；一天one day (不說(shuō)on one day)
one summer 在一個(gè)夏天
one year 一年
Iast nieht 昨天夜里
last Friday 上個(gè)星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下個(gè)月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
無(wú)論前面介詞in、on 還是at，通通可省略，不能說(shuō)at last night, on last Friday, in last month, in this year這些都是不對(duì)的，須去掉介詞。
over, under正上下，above, below 則不然
若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無(wú)關(guān)
例：There is a picture over the window.窗戶上面有一幅畫(huà)。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過(guò)城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 這時(shí)月亮已經(jīng)在東邊樹(shù)林的上方。(非正上方)
Don't stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群眾之上。(比喻一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 這座山海拔700 米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小樓房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潛水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feer below the surface. 在地面下10 英尺處找到了水。(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 農(nóng)民們正在樹(shù)下乘涼。(正下方)
over under正上下，低高below 與above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃. 室溫是攝氏30 度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000? 你們有哪些價(jià)格低于10000 美元的計(jì)算機(jī)?（數(shù)量詞兩者皆可〕
beyond 超出、無(wú)、不能
例：It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。
Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock. 不要在外呆到10 點(diǎn)以后還不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 發(fā)自肺腑的對(duì)學(xué)生們和我的老同事們的感激之心使我毫不緊張，毫不拘束；
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it can't be praised enough. 你的成績(jī)是贊揚(yáng)不盡的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke. 那樣開(kāi)玩笑太過(guò)火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他們被感動(dòng)得無(wú)法形容。(無(wú))
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 辦這事我無(wú)能為力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 這是必然的，毫無(wú)疑義的。(無(wú))
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.
句子中的beyond 是"那邊"的意思。
against 靠著，對(duì)與反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the
door. 立柜前面是兩把沙發(fā)椅，靠著南城門附近。（靠著）
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110. 新總統(tǒng)以274 票對(duì)110 票的多數(shù)當(dāng)雪?(對(duì)……)
besides, except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi)along 沿
例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost. 除費(fèi)用低外，該設(shè)計(jì)還有許多其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在內(nèi))
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell. 他沒(méi)有時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備講稿，而且他的身體也不大舒適。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我們都去參觀了展覽會(huì)。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，沒(méi)人遲到。
同類比較except，加for 異類記心間。
He's composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的這篇作文寫(xiě)得很好，只是有幾處拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。(非同類比較用except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一個(gè)老姑媽，她別無(wú)親人。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her. (without＝except) 當(dāng)安娜發(fā)現(xiàn)除她外，他們都去游泳了，她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples. 除了那些古寺以外，獅頭山?jīng)]什么可看的。
Among other things, we are interested in drawing. 我們對(duì)圖畫(huà)和別的一些東西很感興趣。(among之內(nèi)即包括在內(nèi))
原狀because of, owing to, due to 表語(yǔ)形容詞
例：Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule. 由于我們的共同努力，任務(wù)提前完成了。
注：Owing to 和because of 都做原因狀語(yǔ)，而due to 只能做表語(yǔ)形容詞。所以此句。owing to 的介詞短語(yǔ)做原因狀語(yǔ)。
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party. 我們的一切成績(jī)都?xì)w功于黨。(due to 做表語(yǔ)形容詞)
under后接修、建中，of，from 物化分
例：The road is under repair now． 這條路正在修建中。
The now railway is stil under construction. 新鐵路尚在修筑中。(不能用in)
under discussion 在討論中(不能用in) under considerat 在考慮中(不能用in)
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是木頭做的。(物理變化用of)
The wine is made from grape. 這種酒是用葡萄釀造的。(化學(xué)變化)
The bridge is made of steel. 這座橋是鋼制的。(物理變化)
Steel is made from iron. 鋼是由鐵煉成的。(化學(xué)變化)
before, after 表一點(diǎn)，ago, later 表示一段
即before, after 常表示一個(gè)點(diǎn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而ago，later 常表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例如：前天the day before yesterday;前年the year before last; 大上星期the week before last 等等都表示點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的。
要想準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地使用好before 和ago, after 和later 比較困難，但要是以"點(diǎn)"和"段"來(lái)區(qū)別就容易得多。
例：晚飯前before supper
解放前before liberation
1970 年前before 1970
*前before cultural revolution
國(guó)慶前before National Day
入大學(xué)前before coming to college
這些都是"點(diǎn)"狀語(yǔ)，因?yàn)?970 年前即1970 年1 月1日前。國(guó)慶節(jié)即10 月1 日前。
ago 表示一段時(shí)間。
例：一分鐘前a minute ago
半小時(shí)前half an hour ago
兩天前two days ago
一星期前a week ago
五年前five years ago
因?yàn)閍 minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years等都表示一段時(shí)間，所以用ago。以及ten days later 等皆如此。
before 可接完成時(shí)，ago 過(guò)去級(jí)有限
這時(shí)的before 是連詞(也可做介詞)
例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain. 我們剛離開(kāi)學(xué)校，天就下雨了。(完成時(shí))
I had studied French for four months before I came here. 我來(lái)這兒以前就已學(xué)了四個(gè)月法語(yǔ)了。(before 接完成時(shí))
He fell ill three days ago. 他病了三天了。(ago 則只能接動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式，同時(shí)注意瞬間動(dòng)詞的問(wèn)題。)
He left two months ago. 兩個(gè)月前他離開(kāi)了。（同上)
I met her a few minutes ago. 我在幾分鐘前碰到他了。(同上)
since以來(lái)during 間，since 時(shí)態(tài)多變換
與之相比beside, 除了last but one。
即beside 的一般用法是"在......旁邊", 但還有"和......相比"等特殊用法。
例：I feIt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他們相比，我感到我的口語(yǔ)太差。
Beside work and study, all else was trivial. 同工作和學(xué)習(xí)比起來(lái)，其他一切都是小事。
除了last but one，即but 多指"除了"的意思，也有"倒數(shù)第幾"的意思。last but one 即不是后一個(gè)。
例：I haven't told anybody but one. 除了我愛(ài)人，我誰(shuí)也沒(méi)告訴。(除了)
Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working one. 如果他勤奮好學(xué)的話，除了傻瓜誰(shuí)都能學(xué)好外語(yǔ)。(除了)
Look at the last page but one. 請(qǐng)看倒數(shù)第2頁(yè)。
He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他這次數(shù)學(xué)考試成績(jī)倒數(shù)第四。
They live in the next house but one. 他們住在隔壁過(guò)去一家。
復(fù)不定for、找，價(jià)，原，對(duì)，給，段，去，為，作，贊
復(fù)不定for，即用for 引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是for 加名(代)加不定式；找，意為找到，提供; 價(jià)，意為價(jià)格、工資；原意為原因；段，意為時(shí)間或距離; 去，意為去某地或開(kāi)往某地；作，意為作為; 贊，意為贊成(用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)。)
例：It is high time for us to start. 我們不該再遲延了。
The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done. 員重要的事情是我們要把準(zhǔn)備工作做好。
I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine. 我想她學(xué)醫(yī)不適合。
Your parents and relatives are anxious for you to go to college. 你的父母和親戚渴望你上大學(xué)。
My home town has changed too much for me to recognize. 我的家鄉(xiāng)變化太大，簡(jiǎn)直認(rèn)不出來(lái)了。
以上例句都是for 在不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法。
Someone is asking for you on the telephone. 有人找你接電話。(找)
You'd better write to me for more information about it. 如需更多這方面的資科和信息，你好給我寫(xiě)信。(提問(wèn)，索要)
They worked in the company for 200 yuan a month. 他們?cè)谶@個(gè)公司干活，每月嫌200 元。(價(jià)格)
How much did you pay for the second-hand colour TV? 這臺(tái)用過(guò)的彩電你花了多少錢2(價(jià)格)
Thank you very much for your coming. 謝謝您的光臨?！苍?
Thank you for your warm hospitality. 謝謝您的熱情款待。(原因)
Forgive me for being tardy. 請(qǐng)?jiān)徫疫t到了。(原因)
I'm much obliged to you for telling me. 非常感謝你給我談了這個(gè)情況。(原因)
We have boundless admiration for your struggle. 對(duì)你們酌斗爭(zhēng)我們無(wú)限欽佩。(對(duì))
Listening comprehension materials are good for training our minds. 聽(tīng)力材料對(duì)訓(xùn)練我們的腦子根有好處。(對(duì))
Take the bitter medicine. It's good for you. 吃下這藥吧，對(duì)你有好處。(對(duì))
There is a telegram for Mr. Wang. 這有一份王先生的電報(bào)。(給)
May I use it for a minute? 我用一會(huì)兒好嗎?(一段時(shí)間)
I followed the stealer for some distance. 我跟蹤那個(gè)小愉一段路。(一段距離)
The ship was for Dalian. 這破船開(kāi)往大連。(去某地)
We are off for Shanghai tomorrow. 明天我們?nèi)ド虾！?去某地)
The medicine is for reducing your temperature. 這藥是退燒的。(為……目的)
After breakfast. I'll go for a stroll round the town. 吃完飯我要在城里到處走走。(為……目的)
I'll keep the lighter given by a foreign friend for a souvenir. 我要把外賓送給我的打火機(jī)作為紀(jì)念。(作為)
It is only meant for a joke. 這只是當(dāng)笑話說(shuō)說(shuō)罷了。(作為)
We are all for cutting down the cost of production. 我們都贊成降低生產(chǎn)成本。(贊成)
快到、對(duì)、向towards，工、學(xué)、軍、城、上、北、南
例：It's getting on towards the end of term now. 現(xiàn)在已快到學(xué)期未了。(快到)
Towards midnight my husband came back. 快到半夜了我的丈夫才回來(lái)。(快到)
Our teacher was very lenient towards us. 我們的老師對(duì)我們很松。(對(duì))
What you have invented is really a big contribution towards our company. 你所發(fā)明的對(duì)我們公司確實(shí)是一大貢獻(xiàn)。(對(duì))
The boy came running towards his mother. 那個(gè)男孩向他母親跑去。(向著)
所謂工、學(xué)、軍、城、上、北、南，是說(shuō)up 和down 的用法。這也是漢英翻譯時(shí)要注意的。例如：招工，上大學(xué)，參軍，進(jìn)城，上山，向北方等都屬于up。而相反的下鄉(xiāng)，向南，落榜等都屬于down。"大軍南下，北上抗日"大概由此而來(lái)。
but for 否定用虛擬，復(fù)合介詞待后言。
but for是"若不是"的意思。
例：But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's happiness. 若沒(méi)有偉大的共產(chǎn)黨，我們決不會(huì)有今天的幸福生活。
But for this chemical the vapour inside the system would not have been absorbed so completely. 若沒(méi)有這個(gè)化學(xué)劑的作用，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的蒸氣不可能被吸收得這么徹底。
but for將在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中詳講。
以上講到了某些常用介詞in 用法，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，就拿做插入語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)就數(shù)不勝數(shù)。以下固定搭配不可隨意改動(dòng)：
例：in general 一般說(shuō)來(lái)
in short 簡(jiǎn)言之
in other words 換言之
in my opinion 依我看
in simple words 簡(jiǎn)言之
on the whole 基本上
for instance 例如
for short 簡(jiǎn)稱
after all 畢竟
above all 首先
此外考試中常出現(xiàn)的成語(yǔ)前置詞也須牢記其用法。
by appearance 從外表
by the atd of 借……的幫助
by far ……得多
by course of ......照......常例
by reason of 由于
by request 應(yīng)邀
by right of 由于憑借
out of date 過(guò)時(shí)
out of harmony with 與...... 不一致
out of harmony with 擺脫困境
out of bounds 超出權(quán)限
out of proportion to 與......不相稱
out of reach 力量不及
out of one's wits 不知所措
out of question 沒(méi)問(wèn)題
out of the question 不可能的
to a great extent 很大程度上
Io one's taste 合......胃口
to one's thinking 據(jù)……看來(lái)
to one's heart's content 盡情地
to the utmost 盡力
behind schedule 不準(zhǔn)時(shí)
behind the times 過(guò)時(shí)的
behind the curtain 在幕后
within reach 能力所及
within a hair's breadth 差-點(diǎn)
wlthin a stone's throw of 在附近
beyond description 無(wú)法形容
beyond reason 毫無(wú)道理
beyond reproach 無(wú)可指責(zé)
beyond one's expectation 超出......范圍
beyond expression 無(wú)法表達(dá)
ing 型由于、鑒，除了，除外與包含。
之后，關(guān)于，在……方面，有關(guān)介詞須記全。
后，英語(yǔ)中v.+ing分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成的特殊介詞，更須注意，根據(jù)其語(yǔ)法功能，把它們同現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)名詞和連同區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。即：
respecting 由于, 鑒于; considering 由于, 鑒于; excepting 除了; concerning 關(guān)于; excepting for 除外; excluding除外； without excepting sb. 包含; including 包括，包含； following 在……之后; regarding 關(guān)于； respecting 在......方面; concerning 有關(guān);例：considering 由于；
Considering that table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food, the diet usually calls for eating salt-free
foods. 由于食鹽是鈉在食物中普遍的來(lái)源，醫(yī)生給病人規(guī)定的，飲食通常要求吃無(wú)鹽食品。
respecting 鑒于:
Respecting the heavy rain, we had to put off the match. 鑒于下大雨，我們不得不推遲了這場(chǎng)比賽。
excepting 除了：
excepting 可單獨(dú)使用，可以與always或否定詞not 連用，也可以與for, without 之類介詞連用。
Excepting one of his close friends, they were present at the party. 除了他的一個(gè)摯友外，他們都來(lái)赴宴了。
He is an honest man, excepting for his quick temper. 他是個(gè)老實(shí)人，只是("除了" 脾氣暴躁。(同類比較except，加for 異類記心間)。
Everybody is in high spirits, always excepting him. 大家都情緒高昂，唯他"除外"(例外)。
Only a few survivors without excepting him were living in the settlement. 包括他在內(nèi)，只有幾個(gè)幸存者住在新拓居地。
including 包含：
The new apartment consists of three rooms including the kitchen. 這套公寓有三間，包括廚房。
following 在......之后: 相當(dāng)于after
The week following his first visit to the newsroom he was appointed editor of the important column. 在拜訪該報(bào)社編輯部的"第二個(gè)"星期，他放任命為該報(bào)重要專欄的主筆。
regarding 關(guān)于：相當(dāng)于about
Regarding research investment and number of researchers engaged in this field of research, the U.S.A.
commands an overwhelming position followed by Japan. "關(guān)于"投入該領(lǐng)域研究的投資額和研究人員的數(shù)量，美國(guó)占?jí)旱箖?yōu)勢(shì)，其次是日本。
respecting 在……方面：
Respecting education, health, medical care as well as production and labor technological development will have
to be evaluated with due thought given to social systems and humanism. "在"教育、衛(wèi)生、生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)"方面", 評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)的發(fā)展需根據(jù)社會(huì)制度和人道主義。
concerning 有關(guān)：
The following are some of the arguments both pros and cons concerning computers, thinking, and artificial
intelligence. 下面是"有關(guān)"計(jì)算機(jī)、思維和人工智能方面持贊成和反對(duì)態(tài)度的一些論據(jù)。
當(dāng)然，這些ing 型的介詞，在句子中也有分詞、動(dòng)名詞和連詞的語(yǔ)法功能。excluding 和including，表示排除與包含。
Last year British sales to the rigion were more than $8 billion, while French exports, excluding arms brought in
around $3 billion. 去年，英國(guó)對(duì)這個(gè)地區(qū)的銷售額達(dá)80 多億美元，而法國(guó)的出口額(武器除外)約為30 億美元。
Stress may deplete vitamin C in your body, as can smoking, drinking and a variety of drugs, not excepting aspirin. 生活緊張會(huì)耗盡你體內(nèi)的維生素c，正如吸煙、飲酒、服用某些藥物(包括阿斯匹林)一樣。
至于介詞與形容詞、動(dòng)詞、名詞的搭配以及復(fù)合介詞(又稱復(fù)雜介詞)、介詞詞組與從句的變換則涉及更多的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容。
早、午、晚要用in，at 黎明、午夜、點(diǎn)與分。
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周，陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒in。
將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后，小處at 大處in。
有形with 無(wú)形by，語(yǔ)言、單位、材料in。
特征、方面與方式，心情成語(yǔ)慣用in。
介詞at 和to 表方向，攻擊、位置、惡、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、農(nóng)暢?值日on，關(guān)于、基穿?靠、著論。
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，準(zhǔn)。
特定時(shí)日和"一……就"，on 后常接動(dòng)名詞。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of 之前on 代in。
步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage 則用in。
at 山腳、門口、在當(dāng)前，速、溫、日落、價(jià)、核心。
工具、和、同隨with，具有、獨(dú)立、就、原因。
就……來(lái)說(shuō)賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀、表細(xì)分。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被by，單數(shù)、人類know to man。
this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣。
over、under正上下，above、below 則不然，
若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無(wú)關(guān)。
beyond 超出、無(wú)、不能，against 靠著，對(duì)與反。
besides，except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi)along 沿。
同類比較except，加for 異類記心間。
原狀because of,、owing to、due to 表語(yǔ)形容詞
under后接修、建中，of、from 物、化分。
before、after 表一點(diǎn), ago、later 表一段。
before 能接完成時(shí)，ago 過(guò)去極有限。
since 以來(lái)during 間，since 時(shí)態(tài)多變換。
與之相比beside，除了last but one。
復(fù)不定for、找、價(jià)、原，對(duì)、給、段、去、為、作、贊。
快到、對(duì)、向towards，工、學(xué)、軍、城、北、上、南。
but for 否定用虛擬，復(fù)合介詞待后言。
ing 型由于鑒，除了除外與包合。
之后、關(guān)于、在......方面，有關(guān)介詞須記全。
in 內(nèi)to 外表位置，山、水、國(guó)界to 在前。
如果能大體掌握如上介詞用法口訣，就不易出錯(cuò)。當(dāng)然，至于介詞的詳盡用法，同形詞又是連詞及副詞等內(nèi)容在此不講。今后我們將對(duì)該口訣分別舉例幫助你理解消化。
早、午、晚要用in
例：in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at 黎明、午、夜、點(diǎn)與分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明時(shí)候
at noon 在中午
at night 在夜間
at midnight 在午夜
以上短語(yǔ)都不用冠詞
at six o'clock 在6點(diǎn)鐘
at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7點(diǎn)半
at half past eleven 在11 點(diǎn)半
at nine fifteen 在9點(diǎn)15 分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10 點(diǎn)30 分
也可以寫(xiě)成
seven to five 5點(diǎn)差7 分(半小時(shí)以上)
five minutes after two 2點(diǎn)過(guò)5 分
at a quarter to two 1點(diǎn)45 分
at the weekend 在周末
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周
即在"來(lái)年"，在"某月"，在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某
日則用on)，在四季，在第幾周等都要用in。
例；in 1986 在1986 年
in 1927 在1927 年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December 1986 1986 年12 月
in July l983 1983年7 月
in spring 在春季in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 這學(xué)期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒in，
即在陽(yáng)光下，在燈下，在樹(shù)陰下，穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in。
例：Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的燈光下看書(shū)。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他們?cè)诿髁恋臒艄庀聫?fù)習(xí)功課。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他們坐在樹(shù)陰下乘涼。
a prisoner in irons 帶著鐐銬的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到車站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 舊社會(huì)窮人們衣衫襤褸．
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的陽(yáng)光下
a merchant in disguise 喬裝的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿著白(黑、紅、黃)色衣服的婦女
in uniform 穿著制服
in mourning 穿著喪服
in brown shoes 穿著棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿著襯衫
將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他們將10 天以后回來(lái)。
I'll come round in a day or two. 我一兩天就回來(lái)。
We'll be back in no time. 我們一會(huì)兒就回來(lái)。
Come and see me in two days' time. 兩天后來(lái)看我。(從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始)
after... (從過(guò)去開(kāi)始)
小處at 大處in
例：Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到達(dá)黑山縣，一切很好，
勿念。
I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在
大城市，我姐姐住在一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)，而我的父母則住在農(nóng)村。
I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在遼寧省鞍山市．
有形with 無(wú)形by，語(yǔ)言、單位、材料in
例：The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人們正用石子鋪路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戲。(無(wú)形)
The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 這種產(chǎn)品是用蒸餾分離出氣油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法--無(wú)形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed． 我確實(shí)不能用英語(yǔ)流利地表達(dá)我的思想。(表示某種語(yǔ)言用in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄語(yǔ)寫(xiě)了一本小說(shuō)。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)度單位。(表示度、量、衡單位的用in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 長(zhǎng)度是以米、公里、厘米為單位來(lái)計(jì)算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 這個(gè)牌匾是銅鑄的，不是金鑄的。
特征、方面與方式、心情、成語(yǔ)慣用in
特征或狀態(tài)：
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那時(shí)民主黨執(zhí)政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)病人處于昏迷狀態(tài)。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他幾年來(lái)身體一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 許多人帶著絕望情緒而來(lái)，卻滿懷希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 這房屋成了廢墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 這個(gè)貧苦女孩淚流滿面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我說(shuō)這話只是開(kāi)玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 與其說(shuō)她講得很氣憤，不如說(shuō)她講得很傷心。
還有一些短語(yǔ)也用in，如：
in jest 詼諧地，in joke 開(kāi)玩笑地，in spite 惡意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 報(bào)復(fù), in mercy 寬大，in
sorrow 傷心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他腦子里很亂。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都興高采烈，沒(méi)有一個(gè)情緒低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同學(xué)都正值妙齡。
The compaign was in full swing. 運(yùn)動(dòng)正值高潮中。
方面：
例：we accepted the item in principle. 我們?cè)谠瓌t上接受了這個(gè)條款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他們從來(lái)不怕發(fā)表自己的意見(jiàn)。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 這個(gè)落后的地區(qū)在糧食方面已能自給。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一個(gè)好的教師必須是學(xué)習(xí)的模范。
方式：
例：All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有報(bào)告都用速記記錄下來(lái)了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 黨一貫以愛(ài)國(guó)主義和國(guó)際主義精神教育我們。
如下成語(yǔ)慣用in
例如： in all 總計(jì)
in advance 事前
in the meantime 與此同時(shí)
in place 適當(dāng)?shù)?BR> in hopes of(或in the hope of) 懷著.......希望
in connection with 和……有關(guān)
in contact with 和……聯(lián)系
in addition to 除......以外
in case of 倘若，萬(wàn)一
in conflict with 和......沖突
in force 有效的，大批
in depth 徹底地
in regard to 關(guān)于
in the neighborhood of 大約、鄰近
in retrospect 回顧，一想起
in behalf of 代表......利益
in the least 一點(diǎn)，絲毫
in alarm 驚慌、擔(dān)心
in the opinion of 據(jù)……見(jiàn)解
in the long run 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)說(shuō)來(lái)
in one's opinion 在……看來(lái)
in word 口頭上
in a word 總之
in vain 無(wú)益地, 白白地
in case 如果，萬(wàn)一，以防
in detail 詳細(xì)地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 總之
in spite of 盡管
in other words... 換句話說(shuō)
in return 作為回報(bào)
in the name of 以......名義
be confident in 對(duì)......有信心
be interested in 對(duì)......感興趣
in doubt 懷疑
in love 戀愛(ài)中
in debt 負(fù)債
in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地
in hesitation 猶豫不決
in wonder 在驚奇中
in public (secret) 公開(kāi)他(秘密地)
in a good humour 心情(情緒)好
"介詞at、to 表方向，攻擊、位置、善、惡、分"。
介詞at 和to 都可以表示方向; 用at 表示方向時(shí)，側(cè)重于攻擊的目標(biāo)，往往表示惡意；用to 表示方向時(shí)，突出運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置或動(dòng)
作的對(duì)象，側(cè)重表示善意。試比較下列各句：
1. A．She came at me. 她向我撲過(guò)來(lái)。
B．She came to me. 她向我走過(guò)來(lái)。
2．A．Jake ran at John. 杰克向約翰撲過(guò)去。
B．Jake ran to John. 杰克朝約翰跑去。
3．A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿著劍向那婦女撲過(guò)去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他帶著劍向那婦女跑過(guò)去。
4．A．He shouted at the old man. 他大聲喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大聲向那老人說(shuō)
5．A．I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在抱怨小李。
B．I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在同小李低聲說(shuō)話。
6．A. She talked at you just now. 她剛才還說(shuō)你壞話呢。
B．She talked to you just now. 她剛才還同你談話呢.
7．A．She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一塊骨頭砸狗。
B．She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一塊骨頭扔給狗吃。
8．A．He presented a pistol at me. 他用手槍對(duì)著我。
B．He presented a pistol to me. 他贈(zèng)送我一支手槍。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚：以下皆用on。
例: on Octorber the first 1949 1949 年10 月1 日
on February the thirteenth l893 1893 年2 月13 日
on May the first 5月1日
on the first 1號(hào)
on the sixteenth 16號(hào)
on the second of January 或on January the second 1月2 日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一個(gè)夜晚
on Boxing Day 在節(jié)禮日(圣誕節(jié)次日)
on New Year's Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日
但in the Christmas holidays 在圣誕節(jié)假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世紀(jì); in ancient times 在古代; in earlier
times 在早期; in modern times 在現(xiàn)代，則用in，the present time 現(xiàn)在，at the present day 當(dāng)今則用at。
on May Day 在"五·一"節(jié)
on winter day 在冬天
on Decenber 12th 1950 l950 年12 月12 日
on Sunday 在星期天
on Monday 在星期一
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上; on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)，in time 及時(shí)，等則不同。
年月日，加早午晚，of 之前on 代in
例： on the morning of 18th 18 日早晨
on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他們?cè)谂R行
前夕舉行了告別宴會(huì)，他們的團(tuán)長(zhǎng)發(fā)表了告別講話。
收音、農(nóng)場(chǎng)，值日on
例：Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?
您的導(dǎo)師喜歡昨天從收音機(jī)里聽(tīng)到的故事嗎?
I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我從收音機(jī)里聽(tīng)到了這一條消息。
talk over the radio 由無(wú)線電播音
on TV 從電視里......
hear something on the wireless 在無(wú)線電里聽(tīng)到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一個(gè)軍墾農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 學(xué)生們正在校辦農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)。
This is a farmer's house on a farm. 這是農(nóng)場(chǎng)的農(nóng)舍。
Who is on duty, tody? 今天誰(shuí)值日?
We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我們上午8 點(diǎn)鐘上班。
關(guān)于、基穿?靠、著論
例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我們要聽(tīng)關(guān)于國(guó)際形
勢(shì)的報(bào)告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授將給我們做關(guān)于美國(guó)之行的報(bào)告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在這些問(wèn)題上你的看法都錯(cuò)了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 這種信念是以實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理論必須以實(shí)踐為基穿?
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month． 靠月薪100 元的收入，你是買不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food． 她用精飼料喂養(yǎng)她心愛(ài)的狗。
He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一個(gè)小偷，專靠損害別人過(guò)日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 讓水壺的水一直開(kāi)著。
The enemy are on the run (=running). 敵人在逃跑。
on后接the 加上一個(gè)作名詞的動(dòng)詞．其意義與現(xiàn)在分詞所表達(dá)的相近。類似例子很多如：
on the march 在行軍中，on the mend 在好轉(zhuǎn)中，on the prowl 徘徊，on the move 活動(dòng)中，on the scrounge 巧取豪奪(埋
語(yǔ))，on the go 活躍，忙碌，on the lookout 注意, 警戒，on the watch監(jiān)視著。on the hop 趁不備抓住某人等等。
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<實(shí)踐論>>和<<矛盾論>>
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<論人民民主專政>>
"on Coalition Government" <<論聯(lián)合政府>>
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、準(zhǔn)
注：口訣中的"著"是指著火，罷指罷工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、辦公事；假指休假，準(zhǔn)指準(zhǔn)時(shí)。
例：The house next to mine was on fire. 我鄰居的房子著火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike. 鐵路工人罷工了。
Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
do something on the sly (quiet). 秘密地(暗地里，偷偷地)做某事。
I've come here on business. 我是有公事來(lái)的。
They went to Bern on a mission. 他們到伯爾尼去執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)使命。
They has been away on a long trip. 他們出去做長(zhǎng)途旅行。
I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我將休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的，不是不告而別。
She came to see you on purpose. 她是專程來(lái)看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到這來(lái)是要與你討論這件事的。
This lunch is on me.
"No. let's go Dutch."
"這頓午飯我付錢。"
"不，還是各付各的。"
On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反，這事兒很容易理解。
P1ease come on time. (on schedule). 請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)。
注：in time 是"及時(shí)"的意思。
The train arrived on schedule. 火車準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。
特定時(shí)間和"一……就"，左右on 后動(dòng)名詞
例：Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 氣體加熱時(shí)膨脹，冷卻時(shí)收縮。(特定時(shí)間)
On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一進(jìn)屋，他就發(fā)現(xiàn)他的朋友們?cè)谟淇斓靥琛?BR> On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就給老楊打了一個(gè)電話。
I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的來(lái)信就給他寫(xiě)信。(一……就)
以及on the left, right 向左向右，on the stair 在臺(tái)階上等。
步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage 用in：
例：On foot 步行; on horse騎馬; on donkey 騎驢。
He rode on, blood flowing from his side. 他騎著馬，鮮血從腰部流下來(lái)。
The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 為趕上
部隊(duì)，那位八路軍戰(zhàn)士騎馬日行百里。
Go on horse back! 騎馬去！
You are having me on! 你和我開(kāi)玩笑呢!
in cab和in carriage 不能用on 或by cab或carrige。
at 山腳、門口在當(dāng)前，速、溫、日落價(jià)核心：
即在山腳下、在門口、在目前，速度、以……速率、溫度、在日落時(shí)、在……核心要用at。
例：At the foot of the mountain, there are thirty of our comrades. 在山腳下，有我們30 個(gè)同志。
There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山腳下有一個(gè)美麗的湖。
At the gate of the house there are many children playing glassball. 門口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。
Who's standing there at the door? 誰(shuí)站在門口?
I don't need the dictionary at present. 我現(xiàn)在還不需要這本詞典。
He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在華盛頓。
The train runs at fifty kilometres an hour. 火車每小時(shí)行駛50 公里。
we built the plant at top speed and minimun cost. 我們以低的投資，高的速度修建了該工廠。
at home 在國(guó)內(nèi)，在家里
at ten degrees centigrade 在攝氏10 度
at minus ten degrees centigrade 攝氏零下10 度
Water freezes at 0°centigrade. 水在鑷氏零度結(jié)冰。
Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在攝氏100 度沸騰。
at zero 在零度
at the rate of 45 miles an hour
at full speed 全速
at a good price 高價(jià)
at a low cost 低成本
at a great cost 花了很大代價(jià)
at that time 在當(dāng)時(shí)
Evaporation takes place at all tempertures. 蒸發(fā)在任何溫度下都能發(fā)生。
at 1000RPM (revolution per minute) 每分鐘1000 轉(zhuǎn)
at a high speed 高速
The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 戰(zhàn)士們?cè)谌章鋾r(shí)對(duì)敵人發(fā)起了攻擊。
at daybreak 日出時(shí)
The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們事業(yè)的核心力量是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨。
The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一個(gè)原子核。
At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 這學(xué)期開(kāi)始，我們的班主
任老師對(duì)我們要求非常嚴(yán)格。
以及At the first session of the First National People's congress of the People's Republic of China. 在中華人民共和國(guó)第全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第會(huì)議上.
常用的at 短語(yǔ)有:
at first 首先，開(kāi)始時(shí)
at least 至少
at all events 無(wú)論如何
at home 在家，無(wú)拘束
at one stroke 一下子
at a loss 不知怎辦
at any rate 不管怎樣
at length 詳細(xì)地
be at high tide 處于高潮期
at our invitation 應(yīng)我們的邀請(qǐng)
at our request 應(yīng)我們的請(qǐng)求
at the news 聽(tīng)到這消息
at the risk of 冒......危險(xiǎn)
at a great expense 以巨大費(fèi)用
at a stroke 一舉
at intervals of 每隔
at liberty 有權(quán)，隨意
at the sight of 一見(jiàn)到
at the point of 接近，靠近
at the thought of 一想到
at the speed of 以......速度
at the cost (price) of 以......為代價(jià)
at leisure 閑著、失業(yè)
at the disposal of 任憑……使用
at stake 在危險(xiǎn)中、在成敗關(guān)頭
at bottom 實(shí)際上、本質(zhì)上
at short notice 一得到通知
at seeing us 看到我們
at the happy tidings 聽(tīng)到喜訊
at sixteen 在16 歲時(shí)
at the present stage 在現(xiàn)階段
at the weekend 周末
at all times 永遠(yuǎn)
at 405 Victory Road 在勝利路405 號(hào)
工具、同、和、隨with，具有，獨(dú)立、就、原因：
例：We write with ballpens. 我們用油筆寫(xiě)字。(工具)
但He write in blue ink. 他用藍(lán)水筆寫(xiě)字(墨水用in 不用with)
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理論必須同實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。(同)
He is talking with friends. 他正同朋友們談話?！餐?
I'd like to have a dinner with a friend. 我喜歡同朋友共同進(jìn)餐。
We must co-operate closely with them. 我們必須同他們緊密合作。(同)
We, as human beings are going to leave, but friendship has taken roots among us and our hearts are linked withyours. 我們雖然就要走了，但是友誼卻在我們之間扎了根，我們的心和你們的心是緊緊相連的。(和或同〕
A cadre must become one with the masses.干部必須和群眾打成一片。
I'm with you. 我同意你。
An atom is so small that we can't see it with a microscope. 原子太小，即使用顯微鏡也看不見(jiàn)它。(工具)
In the past I had to part with my wife. 舊社會(huì)我不得不和妻子離別。(和)
The socialist revolution is deepening with each passing day. 社會(huì)主義革命日益深入。(隨著)
They sail with the wind. 他們順風(fēng)航行。(隨著)
With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的改變，上層建筑也必須改變。(隨著)
With the battlle of Waterloo, Napoleon's rule in Europe was ended. 滑鐵盧一戰(zhàn)，拿破侖對(duì)歐洲的統(tǒng)治就完蛋了。
The modern electron tube. 隨著電子管的發(fā)明而誕生了現(xiàn)代電子工業(yè)．
She is with child. = She is in a very interesting condition. = in a family way, = She is pregnant (inpregnancy). 她懷孕了。(有)
但She is with a child．意為:"她領(lǐng)著一個(gè)孩子。"
China is a very large country with a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的大國(guó)。(具有)
China is a country with a population of ten billion people. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)有10 億人口的國(guó)家。（具有）
What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就，關(guān)于)
How is it with you? 你怎么啦？(就，關(guān)于)
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。(就……)
It is a very intense flash with a lot of power packed into it. 由于聚集了大量的能，所以閃光非常強(qiáng)烈。（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
注；即分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用with。
With a new welding technique introduced, the use of stainless steel was no longer limited to making small thingsonly. 由于新的焊接技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，不銹鋼的使用就不僅僅局限在微小的物件上了。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
With all its beams advancing in step with each other the laser possessed very particular properties which noordinary light ever has. 由于激光的光束同步，所以它具有普通光所沒(méi)有的特殊性質(zhì)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
Without the temperature or pressure changed matter can never change from one state into another. 沒(méi)有溫度或壓力的變化，物質(zhì)永遠(yuǎn)不能以一種狀態(tài)變到另一種狀態(tài)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
The evil landlord was trembling with fear. 那個(gè)萬(wàn)惡的地主嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。(原因)
My wife's hands were rough with work. 我愛(ài)人因?yàn)槔细苫睿趾茏獠凇?原因)．
With the help of my classmate's taperecorder I listen to the Voice of America and B.B.C every day. 借助于我同學(xué)的錄音機(jī)，我每天收聽(tīng)美國(guó)之音和B.B.C。(原因)
With televition, we can see all kinds of programmes on the screen sitting at home without going to the movies and theatres. 因?yàn)橛辛穗娨?，我們坐在家里就能看到各種節(jié)目, 而不必去*、戲院了。(原因)
就......來(lái)說(shuō)賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀、表細(xì)分：這里的with 后邊的賓語(yǔ)常譯成主語(yǔ)。
例：How are the things with you? 你情況怎樣？
What's wrong with your eyes? 你的眼睛怎么啦?
Something is wrong with my hands. 我手出點(diǎn)毛博?
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。
Parents must be strict with their children. 父母對(duì)子女要嚴(yán)格。(對(duì))
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位醫(yī)生對(duì)患者非常耐心。(對(duì))
I'm quite satisfied with your answer. 我對(duì)你的回答很滿意。(對(duì))
Many intellectuals with revolutionary tendencies went to the liberated areas. 許多帶有革命傾向的知識(shí)分子都投奔解放區(qū)了。(有)
These apartment houses are for workers with families. 這些住宅樓是給有家屬的工人蓋的。
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. 他兩手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(狀語(yǔ))獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work. 它們是高度機(jī)械化的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，所有工作都由機(jī)器進(jìn)行。(狀語(yǔ))獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
上兩句是with 引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
I will be with you again in half an hour. 過(guò)半個(gè)鐘頭我還會(huì)跟你們?cè)谝黄鸬摹?BR> (with 的介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)。另注意in 將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in 以后)
Our sympathies were with the students persecuted by the gang of four during the cultural revolution. 我們是非常同情"*"中被"四人幫"迫害的青年學(xué)生的。(with 的介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ))。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被by，單數(shù)人類known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus)
陸路(航空，水陸，水路，乘公共汽車)
by micro bus 坐小面包車(微型汽車)
by mini bus 坐小面包車
by train 坐火車
by trolley bus 坐無(wú)軌電車
by tram 坐有軌電車
by bike 騎自行車
by motor car 騎摩托車
by tube 坐地鐵
by airbus 坐大型客機(jī)(空中汽車〕
by jeep 坐吉普車
by chance 偶然
by accident 偶然，無(wú)意中
以及by virture of 靠、由于
by leaps and bounds 大幅度地
by way of 經(jīng)由
by the book 按常規(guī)
The list of discoveries by "accident" could fill a long book. 偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以寫(xiě)一本很厚的書(shū)。(偶然)
The law of relativity was formulated by Einstein. 相對(duì)論是愛(ài)因斯坦創(chuàng)立的。(被動(dòng))
The book was written by Mr. Zhang. 這本書(shū)是張先生寫(xiě)的。(被動(dòng))
That in 1969 the first artificial satellite was launched to the space is known to man. 1969 年第一顆人造衛(wèi)星上了天是眾所周知的。
這里用to man 而不用by。即當(dāng)單數(shù)又無(wú)冠詞的man和known搭配時(shí)，表示人類不用by。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one
接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣
例；一天one day (不說(shuō)on one day)
one summer 在一個(gè)夏天
one year 一年
Iast nieht 昨天夜里
last Friday 上個(gè)星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下個(gè)月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
無(wú)論前面介詞in、on 還是at，通通可省略，不能說(shuō)at last night, on last Friday, in last month, in this year這些都是不對(duì)的，須去掉介詞。
over, under正上下，above, below 則不然
若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無(wú)關(guān)
例：There is a picture over the window.窗戶上面有一幅畫(huà)。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過(guò)城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 這時(shí)月亮已經(jīng)在東邊樹(shù)林的上方。(非正上方)
Don't stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群眾之上。(比喻一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 這座山海拔700 米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小樓房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潛水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feer below the surface. 在地面下10 英尺處找到了水。(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 農(nóng)民們正在樹(shù)下乘涼。(正下方)
over under正上下，低高below 與above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃. 室溫是攝氏30 度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000? 你們有哪些價(jià)格低于10000 美元的計(jì)算機(jī)?（數(shù)量詞兩者皆可〕
beyond 超出、無(wú)、不能
例：It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。
Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock. 不要在外呆到10 點(diǎn)以后還不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 發(fā)自肺腑的對(duì)學(xué)生們和我的老同事們的感激之心使我毫不緊張，毫不拘束；
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it can't be praised enough. 你的成績(jī)是贊揚(yáng)不盡的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke. 那樣開(kāi)玩笑太過(guò)火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他們被感動(dòng)得無(wú)法形容。(無(wú))
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 辦這事我無(wú)能為力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 這是必然的，毫無(wú)疑義的。(無(wú))
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.
句子中的beyond 是"那邊"的意思。
against 靠著，對(duì)與反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the
door. 立柜前面是兩把沙發(fā)椅，靠著南城門附近。（靠著）
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110. 新總統(tǒng)以274 票對(duì)110 票的多數(shù)當(dāng)雪?(對(duì)……)
besides, except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi)along 沿
例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost. 除費(fèi)用低外，該設(shè)計(jì)還有許多其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在內(nèi))
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell. 他沒(méi)有時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備講稿，而且他的身體也不大舒適。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我們都去參觀了展覽會(huì)。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，沒(méi)人遲到。
同類比較except，加for 異類記心間。
He's composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的這篇作文寫(xiě)得很好，只是有幾處拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。(非同類比較用except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一個(gè)老姑媽，她別無(wú)親人。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her. (without＝except) 當(dāng)安娜發(fā)現(xiàn)除她外，他們都去游泳了，她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples. 除了那些古寺以外，獅頭山?jīng)]什么可看的。
Among other things, we are interested in drawing. 我們對(duì)圖畫(huà)和別的一些東西很感興趣。(among之內(nèi)即包括在內(nèi))
原狀because of, owing to, due to 表語(yǔ)形容詞
例：Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule. 由于我們的共同努力，任務(wù)提前完成了。
注：Owing to 和because of 都做原因狀語(yǔ)，而due to 只能做表語(yǔ)形容詞。所以此句。owing to 的介詞短語(yǔ)做原因狀語(yǔ)。
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party. 我們的一切成績(jī)都?xì)w功于黨。(due to 做表語(yǔ)形容詞)
under后接修、建中，of，from 物化分
例：The road is under repair now． 這條路正在修建中。
The now railway is stil under construction. 新鐵路尚在修筑中。(不能用in)
under discussion 在討論中(不能用in) under considerat 在考慮中(不能用in)
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是木頭做的。(物理變化用of)
The wine is made from grape. 這種酒是用葡萄釀造的。(化學(xué)變化)
The bridge is made of steel. 這座橋是鋼制的。(物理變化)
Steel is made from iron. 鋼是由鐵煉成的。(化學(xué)變化)
before, after 表一點(diǎn)，ago, later 表示一段
即before, after 常表示一個(gè)點(diǎn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而ago，later 常表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例如：前天the day before yesterday;前年the year before last; 大上星期the week before last 等等都表示點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的。
要想準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地使用好before 和ago, after 和later 比較困難，但要是以"點(diǎn)"和"段"來(lái)區(qū)別就容易得多。
例：晚飯前before supper
解放前before liberation
1970 年前before 1970
*前before cultural revolution
國(guó)慶前before National Day
入大學(xué)前before coming to college
這些都是"點(diǎn)"狀語(yǔ)，因?yàn)?970 年前即1970 年1 月1日前。國(guó)慶節(jié)即10 月1 日前。
ago 表示一段時(shí)間。
例：一分鐘前a minute ago
半小時(shí)前half an hour ago
兩天前two days ago
一星期前a week ago
五年前five years ago
因?yàn)閍 minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years等都表示一段時(shí)間，所以用ago。以及ten days later 等皆如此。
before 可接完成時(shí)，ago 過(guò)去級(jí)有限
這時(shí)的before 是連詞(也可做介詞)
例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain. 我們剛離開(kāi)學(xué)校，天就下雨了。(完成時(shí))
I had studied French for four months before I came here. 我來(lái)這兒以前就已學(xué)了四個(gè)月法語(yǔ)了。(before 接完成時(shí))
He fell ill three days ago. 他病了三天了。(ago 則只能接動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式，同時(shí)注意瞬間動(dòng)詞的問(wèn)題。)
He left two months ago. 兩個(gè)月前他離開(kāi)了。（同上)
I met her a few minutes ago. 我在幾分鐘前碰到他了。(同上)
since以來(lái)during 間，since 時(shí)態(tài)多變換
與之相比beside, 除了last but one。
即beside 的一般用法是"在......旁邊", 但還有"和......相比"等特殊用法。
例：I feIt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他們相比，我感到我的口語(yǔ)太差。
Beside work and study, all else was trivial. 同工作和學(xué)習(xí)比起來(lái)，其他一切都是小事。
除了last but one，即but 多指"除了"的意思，也有"倒數(shù)第幾"的意思。last but one 即不是后一個(gè)。
例：I haven't told anybody but one. 除了我愛(ài)人，我誰(shuí)也沒(méi)告訴。(除了)
Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working one. 如果他勤奮好學(xué)的話，除了傻瓜誰(shuí)都能學(xué)好外語(yǔ)。(除了)
Look at the last page but one. 請(qǐng)看倒數(shù)第2頁(yè)。
He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他這次數(shù)學(xué)考試成績(jī)倒數(shù)第四。
They live in the next house but one. 他們住在隔壁過(guò)去一家。
復(fù)不定for、找，價(jià)，原，對(duì)，給，段，去，為，作，贊
復(fù)不定for，即用for 引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是for 加名(代)加不定式；找，意為找到，提供; 價(jià)，意為價(jià)格、工資；原意為原因；段，意為時(shí)間或距離; 去，意為去某地或開(kāi)往某地；作，意為作為; 贊，意為贊成(用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)。)
例：It is high time for us to start. 我們不該再遲延了。
The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done. 員重要的事情是我們要把準(zhǔn)備工作做好。
I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine. 我想她學(xué)醫(yī)不適合。
Your parents and relatives are anxious for you to go to college. 你的父母和親戚渴望你上大學(xué)。
My home town has changed too much for me to recognize. 我的家鄉(xiāng)變化太大，簡(jiǎn)直認(rèn)不出來(lái)了。
以上例句都是for 在不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法。
Someone is asking for you on the telephone. 有人找你接電話。(找)
You'd better write to me for more information about it. 如需更多這方面的資科和信息，你好給我寫(xiě)信。(提問(wèn)，索要)
They worked in the company for 200 yuan a month. 他們?cè)谶@個(gè)公司干活，每月嫌200 元。(價(jià)格)
How much did you pay for the second-hand colour TV? 這臺(tái)用過(guò)的彩電你花了多少錢2(價(jià)格)
Thank you very much for your coming. 謝謝您的光臨?！苍?
Thank you for your warm hospitality. 謝謝您的熱情款待。(原因)
Forgive me for being tardy. 請(qǐng)?jiān)徫疫t到了。(原因)
I'm much obliged to you for telling me. 非常感謝你給我談了這個(gè)情況。(原因)
We have boundless admiration for your struggle. 對(duì)你們酌斗爭(zhēng)我們無(wú)限欽佩。(對(duì))
Listening comprehension materials are good for training our minds. 聽(tīng)力材料對(duì)訓(xùn)練我們的腦子根有好處。(對(duì))
Take the bitter medicine. It's good for you. 吃下這藥吧，對(duì)你有好處。(對(duì))
There is a telegram for Mr. Wang. 這有一份王先生的電報(bào)。(給)
May I use it for a minute? 我用一會(huì)兒好嗎?(一段時(shí)間)
I followed the stealer for some distance. 我跟蹤那個(gè)小愉一段路。(一段距離)
The ship was for Dalian. 這破船開(kāi)往大連。(去某地)
We are off for Shanghai tomorrow. 明天我們?nèi)ド虾！?去某地)
The medicine is for reducing your temperature. 這藥是退燒的。(為……目的)
After breakfast. I'll go for a stroll round the town. 吃完飯我要在城里到處走走。(為……目的)
I'll keep the lighter given by a foreign friend for a souvenir. 我要把外賓送給我的打火機(jī)作為紀(jì)念。(作為)
It is only meant for a joke. 這只是當(dāng)笑話說(shuō)說(shuō)罷了。(作為)
We are all for cutting down the cost of production. 我們都贊成降低生產(chǎn)成本。(贊成)
快到、對(duì)、向towards，工、學(xué)、軍、城、上、北、南
例：It's getting on towards the end of term now. 現(xiàn)在已快到學(xué)期未了。(快到)
Towards midnight my husband came back. 快到半夜了我的丈夫才回來(lái)。(快到)
Our teacher was very lenient towards us. 我們的老師對(duì)我們很松。(對(duì))
What you have invented is really a big contribution towards our company. 你所發(fā)明的對(duì)我們公司確實(shí)是一大貢獻(xiàn)。(對(duì))
The boy came running towards his mother. 那個(gè)男孩向他母親跑去。(向著)
所謂工、學(xué)、軍、城、上、北、南，是說(shuō)up 和down 的用法。這也是漢英翻譯時(shí)要注意的。例如：招工，上大學(xué)，參軍，進(jìn)城，上山，向北方等都屬于up。而相反的下鄉(xiāng)，向南，落榜等都屬于down。"大軍南下，北上抗日"大概由此而來(lái)。
but for 否定用虛擬，復(fù)合介詞待后言。
but for是"若不是"的意思。
例：But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's happiness. 若沒(méi)有偉大的共產(chǎn)黨，我們決不會(huì)有今天的幸福生活。
But for this chemical the vapour inside the system would not have been absorbed so completely. 若沒(méi)有這個(gè)化學(xué)劑的作用，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的蒸氣不可能被吸收得這么徹底。
but for將在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中詳講。
以上講到了某些常用介詞in 用法，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，就拿做插入語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)就數(shù)不勝數(shù)。以下固定搭配不可隨意改動(dòng)：
例：in general 一般說(shuō)來(lái)
in short 簡(jiǎn)言之
in other words 換言之
in my opinion 依我看
in simple words 簡(jiǎn)言之
on the whole 基本上
for instance 例如
for short 簡(jiǎn)稱
after all 畢竟
above all 首先
此外考試中常出現(xiàn)的成語(yǔ)前置詞也須牢記其用法。
by appearance 從外表
by the atd of 借……的幫助
by far ……得多
by course of ......照......常例
by reason of 由于
by request 應(yīng)邀
by right of 由于憑借
out of date 過(guò)時(shí)
out of harmony with 與...... 不一致
out of harmony with 擺脫困境
out of bounds 超出權(quán)限
out of proportion to 與......不相稱
out of reach 力量不及
out of one's wits 不知所措
out of question 沒(méi)問(wèn)題
out of the question 不可能的
to a great extent 很大程度上
Io one's taste 合......胃口
to one's thinking 據(jù)……看來(lái)
to one's heart's content 盡情地
to the utmost 盡力
behind schedule 不準(zhǔn)時(shí)
behind the times 過(guò)時(shí)的
behind the curtain 在幕后
within reach 能力所及
within a hair's breadth 差-點(diǎn)
wlthin a stone's throw of 在附近
beyond description 無(wú)法形容
beyond reason 毫無(wú)道理
beyond reproach 無(wú)可指責(zé)
beyond one's expectation 超出......范圍
beyond expression 無(wú)法表達(dá)
ing 型由于、鑒，除了，除外與包含。
之后，關(guān)于，在……方面，有關(guān)介詞須記全。
后，英語(yǔ)中v.+ing分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成的特殊介詞，更須注意，根據(jù)其語(yǔ)法功能，把它們同現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)名詞和連同區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。即：
respecting 由于, 鑒于; considering 由于, 鑒于; excepting 除了; concerning 關(guān)于; excepting for 除外; excluding除外； without excepting sb. 包含; including 包括，包含； following 在……之后; regarding 關(guān)于； respecting 在......方面; concerning 有關(guān);例：considering 由于；
Considering that table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food, the diet usually calls for eating salt-free
foods. 由于食鹽是鈉在食物中普遍的來(lái)源，醫(yī)生給病人規(guī)定的，飲食通常要求吃無(wú)鹽食品。
respecting 鑒于:
Respecting the heavy rain, we had to put off the match. 鑒于下大雨，我們不得不推遲了這場(chǎng)比賽。
excepting 除了：
excepting 可單獨(dú)使用，可以與always或否定詞not 連用，也可以與for, without 之類介詞連用。
Excepting one of his close friends, they were present at the party. 除了他的一個(gè)摯友外，他們都來(lái)赴宴了。
He is an honest man, excepting for his quick temper. 他是個(gè)老實(shí)人，只是("除了" 脾氣暴躁。(同類比較except，加for 異類記心間)。
Everybody is in high spirits, always excepting him. 大家都情緒高昂，唯他"除外"(例外)。
Only a few survivors without excepting him were living in the settlement. 包括他在內(nèi)，只有幾個(gè)幸存者住在新拓居地。
including 包含：
The new apartment consists of three rooms including the kitchen. 這套公寓有三間，包括廚房。
following 在......之后: 相當(dāng)于after
The week following his first visit to the newsroom he was appointed editor of the important column. 在拜訪該報(bào)社編輯部的"第二個(gè)"星期，他放任命為該報(bào)重要專欄的主筆。
regarding 關(guān)于：相當(dāng)于about
Regarding research investment and number of researchers engaged in this field of research, the U.S.A.
commands an overwhelming position followed by Japan. "關(guān)于"投入該領(lǐng)域研究的投資額和研究人員的數(shù)量，美國(guó)占?jí)旱箖?yōu)勢(shì)，其次是日本。
respecting 在……方面：
Respecting education, health, medical care as well as production and labor technological development will have
to be evaluated with due thought given to social systems and humanism. "在"教育、衛(wèi)生、生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)"方面", 評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)的發(fā)展需根據(jù)社會(huì)制度和人道主義。
concerning 有關(guān)：
The following are some of the arguments both pros and cons concerning computers, thinking, and artificial
intelligence. 下面是"有關(guān)"計(jì)算機(jī)、思維和人工智能方面持贊成和反對(duì)態(tài)度的一些論據(jù)。
當(dāng)然，這些ing 型的介詞，在句子中也有分詞、動(dòng)名詞和連詞的語(yǔ)法功能。excluding 和including，表示排除與包含。
Last year British sales to the rigion were more than $8 billion, while French exports, excluding arms brought in
around $3 billion. 去年，英國(guó)對(duì)這個(gè)地區(qū)的銷售額達(dá)80 多億美元，而法國(guó)的出口額(武器除外)約為30 億美元。
Stress may deplete vitamin C in your body, as can smoking, drinking and a variety of drugs, not excepting aspirin. 生活緊張會(huì)耗盡你體內(nèi)的維生素c，正如吸煙、飲酒、服用某些藥物(包括阿斯匹林)一樣。
至于介詞與形容詞、動(dòng)詞、名詞的搭配以及復(fù)合介詞(又稱復(fù)雜介詞)、介詞詞組與從句的變換則涉及更多的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容。