??在英語(yǔ)中,句子的被動(dòng)意義常用動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)(即be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞)。但是,在我們使用英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中不難發(fā)現(xiàn)某些句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式在表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí)并非局限于常見(jiàn)的由過(guò)去分詞組成的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。如下例:
Her novels sell well.她的小說(shuō)銷路好。(=Her novels are sold well.)
No sooner had he entered the room than the door closed.他剛一進(jìn)屋,屋門(mén)就關(guān)上了。
All substances consist of small particles.所有物質(zhì)都是由離子組成。
The book is printing.書(shū)正在螢?(=The book is being printed.)
The movie is worth watching.這部電影值得一看。(=The movie is worthy to be watched.)
I have a few words to say.我有幾句話要說(shuō)。(=I have a few words to be said.)
??從以上例句中,我們可以看出英語(yǔ)中表示被動(dòng)意義的還可以是動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式(包括某些動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體,動(dòng)詞的 -ing形式及動(dòng)詞不定式)。
??一、動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有:sell,wear,lock, feel,peel,open,close,change,end,burst,increase,act,read,write,wash,taste,smell,etc.例如:
Nowadays leather shoes won't wear long.如今的皮鞋不耐穿。
The door locks easily.這門(mén)容易鎖上。
Iron feels very cold in winter.冬天,鐵摸起來(lái)很冷。
The library opens at 7:30.圖書(shū)館7:30開(kāi)門(mén)。
The balloon suddenly burst.氣球突然爆炸了。
At that time the prices always increased.那時(shí)物價(jià)總是上漲。
The food tastes delicious.這吃的嘗起來(lái)味道很好。
二、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(有的本身就含有被動(dòng)意義)有:consist of,add up to,divide into/go into,take place,come into being,run out,etc.例如:
Great changes have taken place in China recently.近年來(lái),中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
All the gasoline has run out.所有的汽油都用完了。
Water consists of Oxygen and Hydrogen.
The class divides into four groups.這個(gè)班分成4組。
All the single number adds up to a large number.所有這些單個(gè)數(shù)加起來(lái)就是個(gè)大數(shù)。
??三、動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式的進(jìn)行體表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞(往往不強(qiáng)調(diào)這些動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者)有:print,bake,bind,cook, owe,etc.例如:
The breakfast is cooking.正在做早飯。
The book is binding.書(shū)正在裝訂。
The bread is baking.正在烤面包。
$100is still owing to me.還欠我$100。
??四、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞如:need,deserve,require,want, be worth等詞后可跟主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義,相當(dāng)于"to be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞?。例如:
The classroom needs cleaning.教室需要打掃。(=The classroom needs to be cleaned.) The murderer deserves hanging.殺人犯該絞死。(=The murderer deserves to be hanged.)
His words require investigating.他的話需要調(diào)查核實(shí)。(=His words require to be in- vestigated.)
The method is worth trying.這個(gè)辦法值得一試。(=The method is worthy to be tried.)
??五、動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??1.在"subj.+link V.+to V.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
The theory of relativity is hard to explain.(=The theory of relativity is hard to be explained.)
English is difficult to learn.(=English is difficult to be learned.)
A lot remains to do.(=A lot remains to be done.)
You are to blame for this.(=Y(jié)ou are to be blamed for this.)
注:并非所有的動(dòng)詞不定式都可以這樣用。在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)不同的兩種含義。例如:
There was nothing to see.沒(méi)什么值得看的。
There was nothing to be seen.什么也沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
??2.在"subj.+have /has +obj.+to V.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
I have some words to say.我有幾句話要說(shuō)。
We have many problems to solve.我們有許多問(wèn)題要解決。
I have a lot of things to do in the evening.我今晚有許多事要做。
??3.在"subj.+V.+Oi+Od+toV.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,直接賓語(yǔ)(Od)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
She offered me a novel to read.她給我一本小說(shuō)讀。
The director assigned us an essay to write.導(dǎo)師給我們布置了一篇文章寫(xiě)。
??4.在"subj.+V.+obj.+comple.+toV.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
He found the job difficult to finish.他發(fā)現(xiàn)工作很難完成。
We all consider the teacher easy to get along with.我們都認(rèn)為這個(gè)老師很好相處。
They made the situation hard to control.他們使得形勢(shì)很難控制。
Her novels sell well.她的小說(shuō)銷路好。(=Her novels are sold well.)
No sooner had he entered the room than the door closed.他剛一進(jìn)屋,屋門(mén)就關(guān)上了。
All substances consist of small particles.所有物質(zhì)都是由離子組成。
The book is printing.書(shū)正在螢?(=The book is being printed.)
The movie is worth watching.這部電影值得一看。(=The movie is worthy to be watched.)
I have a few words to say.我有幾句話要說(shuō)。(=I have a few words to be said.)
??從以上例句中,我們可以看出英語(yǔ)中表示被動(dòng)意義的還可以是動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式(包括某些動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體,動(dòng)詞的 -ing形式及動(dòng)詞不定式)。
??一、動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有:sell,wear,lock, feel,peel,open,close,change,end,burst,increase,act,read,write,wash,taste,smell,etc.例如:
Nowadays leather shoes won't wear long.如今的皮鞋不耐穿。
The door locks easily.這門(mén)容易鎖上。
Iron feels very cold in winter.冬天,鐵摸起來(lái)很冷。
The library opens at 7:30.圖書(shū)館7:30開(kāi)門(mén)。
The balloon suddenly burst.氣球突然爆炸了。
At that time the prices always increased.那時(shí)物價(jià)總是上漲。
The food tastes delicious.這吃的嘗起來(lái)味道很好。
二、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(有的本身就含有被動(dòng)意義)有:consist of,add up to,divide into/go into,take place,come into being,run out,etc.例如:
Great changes have taken place in China recently.近年來(lái),中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
All the gasoline has run out.所有的汽油都用完了。
Water consists of Oxygen and Hydrogen.
The class divides into four groups.這個(gè)班分成4組。
All the single number adds up to a large number.所有這些單個(gè)數(shù)加起來(lái)就是個(gè)大數(shù)。
??三、動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式的進(jìn)行體表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞(往往不強(qiáng)調(diào)這些動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者)有:print,bake,bind,cook, owe,etc.例如:
The breakfast is cooking.正在做早飯。
The book is binding.書(shū)正在裝訂。
The bread is baking.正在烤面包。
$100is still owing to me.還欠我$100。
??四、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞如:need,deserve,require,want, be worth等詞后可跟主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義,相當(dāng)于"to be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞?。例如:
The classroom needs cleaning.教室需要打掃。(=The classroom needs to be cleaned.) The murderer deserves hanging.殺人犯該絞死。(=The murderer deserves to be hanged.)
His words require investigating.他的話需要調(diào)查核實(shí)。(=His words require to be in- vestigated.)
The method is worth trying.這個(gè)辦法值得一試。(=The method is worthy to be tried.)
??五、動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
??1.在"subj.+link V.+to V.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
The theory of relativity is hard to explain.(=The theory of relativity is hard to be explained.)
English is difficult to learn.(=English is difficult to be learned.)
A lot remains to do.(=A lot remains to be done.)
You are to blame for this.(=Y(jié)ou are to be blamed for this.)
注:并非所有的動(dòng)詞不定式都可以這樣用。在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)不同的兩種含義。例如:
There was nothing to see.沒(méi)什么值得看的。
There was nothing to be seen.什么也沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
??2.在"subj.+have /has +obj.+to V.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
I have some words to say.我有幾句話要說(shuō)。
We have many problems to solve.我們有許多問(wèn)題要解決。
I have a lot of things to do in the evening.我今晚有許多事要做。
??3.在"subj.+V.+Oi+Od+toV.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,直接賓語(yǔ)(Od)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
She offered me a novel to read.她給我一本小說(shuō)讀。
The director assigned us an essay to write.導(dǎo)師給我們布置了一篇文章寫(xiě)。
??4.在"subj.+V.+obj.+comple.+toV.?結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如:
He found the job difficult to finish.他發(fā)現(xiàn)工作很難完成。
We all consider the teacher easy to get along with.我們都認(rèn)為這個(gè)老師很好相處。
They made the situation hard to control.他們使得形勢(shì)很難控制。