動名詞的語法特征及用法 - 四級語法

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??動名詞由動詞加-ing詞尾構(gòu)成,既有名詞的特征,又有動詞的特征。了解動名詞的語法特征可幫助學習者深入理解動名詞的意義,從而正確使用動名詞。
    ??一、動名詞的名詞特征
    ??動名詞的名詞特征表現(xiàn)在它可在句子中當名詞來用,作主語、賓語、表語、定語。例如:
    Beating a child will do more harm than good.打孩子弊大于利。(作主語)
    Do you mind answering my question?你不介意回答我的問題吧?(作賓語)
    To keep money that you have found is stealing.把拾到的錢留起來是偷盜行為。(作表語)
    No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.閱覽室里不許大聲說話。(作定語)
    在動名詞擔任這些句子成分時,學習者需注意的是:
    ??1、有些動詞后只能用動名詞作賓語,構(gòu)成固定搭配,需特別記憶。常見的這類動詞有:admit(承認),advise(建議),allow(允許), appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),can't help(禁不住),consider(考慮),deny(否認),dislike(不喜歡),enjoy(喜歡),escape(逃脫),excuse(原諒),feel like(想要),finish(結(jié)束),give up(放棄),imagine(想象),involve(包含),keep(保持),mind(介意),miss(錯過),permit(允許),practise(練習),quit(停止),recollect(記得),recommend(推薦),suggest(建議),stop(停止),resent(對……感到憤恨、怨恨),risk(冒……危險),cannot stand(受不了)等。例如:
    We do not permit smoking in the office.我們不允許在辦公室吸煙。
    ??In fighting the fire,he risked being burnt to death.在救火中,他冒著被燒死的危險。
    She denied having stolen anything.她否認偷過任何東西。
    ??I suggest doing it in a different way.我建議換一個方法做這件事。
    ??2、動名詞常用于一些固定句型中,常見的有:It is no use /no good...;It is a waste oftime...;It is fun /nice /good...;There isno...(不可以/不可能……)等。例如:
    ??It is no use asking him.He doesn't know any more than you do.
    ??問他也沒用,他并不比你知道得更多。
    ??It's no fun being lost in rain.在雨中迷路可不是好玩的。
    ??It's a waste of time your reasoning with him.你和他講道理是在浪費時間。
    ??There is no joking about such matter.對這樣的事不可開玩笑。
    ??There is no getting along with him.簡直無法與他相處。
    ??二、動名詞的動詞特征
    ??由于動名詞是由動詞變化而來,它仍保留著動詞的某些特征,具有動詞的某些變化形式,用以表達名詞所不能表達的較為復雜的意念。動名詞的動詞特征主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾點:
    ??1、動名詞可帶狀語,如果是及物動詞,需跟賓語。例如:
    ??It was obvious that he was trying to avoid answering that question.
    ??顯然他在試圖避免回答那個問題。(跟賓語)
    ??Reading without thorough comprehension is no good.
    ??沒有透徹理解地閱讀是無用的。(跟狀語)
    ??Getting a job in a large city in Japan is very difficult.
    ??在日本的大城市獲得一份工作是很難的。(既跟賓語又跟狀語)
    ??2、動名詞可具有時態(tài)意義
    ??動名詞可以像動詞那樣表現(xiàn)時態(tài)意義,有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)之分。動名詞的時態(tài)意義是一個相對的概念,從屬于句中謂語動詞。一般式表示動名詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生,或表示一般性動作,沒有時間概念;完成式表示動名詞的動作在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生。例如:
    ??She is proud of being beautiful.她為自己的美麗而驕傲。(同時)
    ??I am thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon.
    ??我想下午去看工業(yè)展覽。(在其后)
    ??I prefer making an outline before I do my oral composition.
    ??我喜歡在做口語作文之前先寫一個提綱。(一般情況)
    ??I apologize for not having kept my promise.
    ??我為沒能遵守諾言表示歉意。(之前發(fā)生)
    ??He was praised for having made such a contribution to the country.
    ??他因?qū)易隽诉@樣大的貢獻而受到表揚。(之前發(fā)生)
    ??3、動名詞可具有語態(tài)意義
    ??如果動名詞與句中的邏輯主語構(gòu)成被動關系,即邏輯主語接受動名詞的動作,需用其被動形式(being done,having been done)。例如:
    ??They couldn't stand being treated like that.他們無法忍受這樣的待遇。(與其邏輯主語?They構(gòu)成被動關系,比較:They are treated like that.)
    ??I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我聽說他被選為那個隊的教練。(與其邏輯主語his構(gòu)成被動關系,比較:He was chosen to be the coach of the team.)
    Nowadays being killed in traffic accidents is a common occurrence.當今在交通事故中喪生是 常發(fā)生的事。(其邏輯主語泛指people,與之構(gòu)成被動關系,比較:It is common that people are killed in traffic accidents.)
    ??但是在want,need,require,deserve等動詞之后作賓語時,常用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義,但如果用不定式則用被動式。例如:
    ??The flowers in the garden want watering.花園里的花需要澆水了。(比較:The flowers in the garden want to be watered.)
    ??That's one of those questions that really don't need answering.那是一個那種真的不需回答的問題。(比較:The questions don't need to be answered.)
    ??4、動名詞可帶有自己的邏輯主語
    ??一般情況下,動名詞的邏輯主語可泛指任何人或與句中主語一致。例如:
    ??He could not bear being made fun of like that.他受不了別人拿他那么開玩笑。(邏輯主語為句子的主語He)
    ??I don't remember having ever promised you that.我不記得曾經(jīng)答應過你這件事。(邏輯主語為句子的主語I)
    ??Working in these conditions is no easy job.在這樣的條件下工作是不容易的。(泛指)
    但出于句意表達的需要,動名詞常常帶有自己的邏輯主語。動名詞自己帶的邏輯主語有兩種形式:a)在動名詞前加“物主代詞或名詞的所有格”;b)在動名詞前加“名詞的通格或人稱代詞的賓格”。兩者的區(qū)別是:前者為正式語體,后者多用于非正式語體,多見于口語和動名詞位于句中時。因此,在書面文體中,盡量用前者,不用后者;但在口語中使用后者更為自然。例如:
    ??Do you mind my smoking in the room?你介意我在室內(nèi)吸煙嗎?
    ??His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard's coming back to us excitedly.理查德興沖沖地回到我們中間來,妨礙了他進一步考慮這個問題。
    ??I don't remember my mother complaining.我不記得我母親抱怨過。
    ??I object to him making private calls on the office phone.我反對他為私事使用辦公室電話。
    ??但在下列情況下,不能使用所有格:a)代詞all,both,each,few,several,some, this等作邏輯主語時;b)數(shù)詞、名詞化形容詞(如the three,the old等)作邏輯主語時;c)結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語是句子或短語,或受從句或短語修飾時。例如:
    ??In spite of the three telling the same story,I could not believe it.盡管他們?nèi)酥v得相同,我還是不能相信。
    ??I remember each one of them saying it.我記得他們每個人都這么說。
    ??I have never heard of that being possi- ble.我從沒聽說過那種事是可能的。
    ??Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder?屋子后面的人講話聲音能大一點嗎?