21.Inability to build high-voltage generators and motors gives to the transformer immediate recognition as a highly flexible link between the generation and distribution of electrical energy.
制造高壓發(fā)電機(jī)和高壓電動機(jī)是不可能的，這就立即使人們認(rèn)識到變壓器是發(fā)電與配電之間靈活性很高的中間環(huán)節(jié)?！。ū揪涫呛唵尉?。主語是inability，謂語是gives，賓語是recognition.不定式短語to build.……motors作定語，修飾inability.give recognition to.……as.……，“承認(rèn)……是……”。介詞短語between—。energy作定語，修飾link.）
22.The mildness of its climate，with slight temperature variations and infrequent rainfall，combined with a high average level of sunshine and brilliant shies，a11 make it idea for tourism whether by winter or by summer.
宜人的氣候、變化不大的溫度、稀少的雨量、燦爛的陽光以及明媚的天空，所有這一切使突尼斯成為冬夏理想的旅游勝地。（with.……和combined with把三個主語連接起來。all是總括詞，總括上述的三個主語。idea是it賓語補(bǔ)足語。it代替上文中Tunisia突尼斯。 bywinter.……這里by作“當(dāng)……時候”解。例：They don't work by day but by night.他們?nèi)臻g不工作，夜間工作。whether.。or，“不論是……還是”，用作連詞，連接兩個并列成分。）
23.We explain the differences between gases and liquids bysaying that the molecules in a liquid are not moving about so fredy as the molecules in a gas and are very much closer together.
液體分子不像氣體分子那樣能自由地到處運(yùn)動，而是比較緊密地聚集在一起，我們以此來解釋氣體和液體之間的區(qū)別。（介詞短語by saying.……作方式方法狀語，說明謂語explain.）
24.For about the last 200 years，the structural theory has been devdoped by scientists，mathematicians and engineers，with the very practical object of providing a reliable basis for the design of structures by calculation.
大約近200年來，科學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家和工程師們發(fā)展了結(jié)構(gòu)理論，其目的在于通過計(jì)算給結(jié)構(gòu)物的設(shè)計(jì)工作提供可靠的基礎(chǔ)。?。╳ith.……obiect.……for.……是介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，起目的狀語作用。）
25.By the quiet persistence of the truth-seekers， working upstream against the flow of ancient prejudice，mankind has entered into new realm of health，and the borderlines of death have been pressed farther back.
由于真理探索者頂著守舊派偏見的逆流，默默無聞、堅(jiān)持不懈地努力工作，人類才得以進(jìn) 入了新的健康王國，而死亡的界線則被拋到離我們更遠(yuǎn)的地方。（介詞短語By.……truth-seekers用作原因狀語，說明謂語動詞hasentered.）
26.When a man picks up a weight from the floor and raises it above his head， he has in effect inserted his body between the weight and the earth and pushed the weight one way with his hands，and thee arth the other way with his feet.
當(dāng)一個人從地板上拿起重物并把它舉到頭頂上時，實(shí)際上他是把自己的身體置于重物與地面之間，他用雙手朝著一個方向推著重物，而用雙腳朝著另一方向推著地面。（pick up，“拿起”。in effect，“實(shí)際上”。one way，“朝著一個方向”。the other way，“朝著另一方向”。這兩個短語前均省略介詞in，作狀語。and與the earth之間省略了謂語pushed.）
27.But this is not possible because of the size of the country，with the distance from Dehli to Madras，for example，being greater than that from London to Rome.
但這是不可能的，因?yàn)橛《让娣e大，譬如，從德里到馬德拉斯的距離，就比倫敦到羅馬還要遠(yuǎn)。（with，名詞 分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，可用作狀語和定語。句中with the distance.……being用作定語，對size進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。that from.……that代替distance.）
28.Even at this moment many Of the earth's natural treasures are being destroyed，manyvaluable animals and plants are been killed off，it is becoming increasingly difficult to grow enough foods to preserve much of the earth's population from stavation.
甚至現(xiàn)在，地球上的許多自然財(cái)富正遭到破壞，許多珍稀動植物已面臨滅絕之災(zāi)，為使地球上大多數(shù)人口免于饑餓而生產(chǎn)出足夠的糧食也越來越困難了。（to preserve.……from，“使……免于”。）
29.If the Earth，Moon and Sun move into a direct line，with the Moon in the middle，the dark body of the Moon blots out the briliant disk of the Sun，and we witness a solar eslipse.
假如地球、月球和太陽運(yùn)行到一條直線上，月球在中間，那么月球的暗體就遮住了太陽的亮盤，于是我們便看到日食。（with the Moon in the middle是with引出的介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中起補(bǔ)充說明作用。）
30.As natural science treats of the mutual transformation，changes and development of various kinds of matter，it is of great tmportance for us to make a profound study of it so that we may control the phenomena of nature.
自于自然科學(xué)研究的是各種物質(zhì)的相互轉(zhuǎn)化、變化和發(fā)展，因而我們深入研究自然科學(xué)以便控制各種自然現(xiàn)象，這具有重大意義。（treat of.。，“論述”。帶邏輯主體for us的不定式短浯to make.……nature作主語，it是形式主語。so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。be of.。，“具有”。）
31.With irrigation came surplus food，which meant that large numbers of people were freed trom the land to pursue nonagrarian specialities—technological development，scholarship for its sake——and war.
隨著有了灌溉，糧食就有了剩余，這就意味著大批人就可解脫出來從事農(nóng)業(yè)以外的工作一發(fā)展工藝，研究其學(xué)問——甚至參加戰(zhàn)爭?！。╳ith.……“隨著”，引導(dǎo)的短語作狀語。
With the approach of sunset it became chilly，come surplus food是倒裝語序，food是主語，came是謂語。which引導(dǎo)特種定語從句，指上句話。不定式to pursue.……war有結(jié)果狀語的意味。）
32.First of all， Kepler found that each planet goes around the sun in a curve called an ellipse，with the sun at a focus of the ellipse. -
開普勒首先發(fā)現(xiàn)了每個行星都以橢圓曲線繞太陽運(yùn)行，太陽則位于橢圓的焦點(diǎn)。（with the sun at，……為介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，補(bǔ)充說明。）
33.It should be noted that a rocket does not depend on the atmosphere for its propulsion，but would actually perform better in the absence of an atmosphere becauseOf lessened air resistance.
應(yīng)該注意，火箭的推力與大氣無關(guān)，在沒有大氣的情況下，由于空氣阻力減小，火箭實(shí)際上會運(yùn)行得更好。（in the absence of anatmosphere含有虛擬條件的意味。）
34.Electrical power is always carried over long distances as a high-tension current at low-currentstrength.It is also sent as an alternating current，for such current is comparatively easily transformed eitherup ordown in voltage.
電力總是以高電壓低電流的方式進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)距離輸送的，又是以交流電的形式送電的，因?yàn)檫@種交流電易于升壓或降壓。（兩個as構(gòu)成的介詞短語都用作方式方法狀語，分別說明iscarried和issent.）
35.When one considers the immense change in the size and reliability of computers and all other electronic devices that has taken place，it is clean that computers for doing this type of control of movement according to sense impression will certainly be available.
當(dāng)我們考慮到計(jì)算機(jī)和其他所有電子器件在尺寸和可靠性方面所發(fā)生的極大變化時，就不難明白，根據(jù)感覺進(jìn)行這類活動控制的計(jì)算機(jī)一定會出現(xiàn)。 （for.……movement是computers的定語，介詞短語according to sense impression作狀語，說明動名詞doing.）
36.In l664 the great English diarist，John Evelyn，published，with the approval of the Royal Society of London，a book Sylva or a Discourse of Forest Trees in which one sees，perhaps for the first time，a realization that trees，then so important in the construction of ships，were indeed becoming sadly depleted and that something urgently needed to be done by way of deliberate planting to ensure enough for the future.
1664.年，英國偉大的日記作家J.Evelyn，經(jīng)倫敦皇家學(xué)會批準(zhǔn)出版了一部森林志，即《林木論》。在這本著作中，人們可以說是第一次了解到一個現(xiàn)實(shí)：當(dāng)時，在造船業(yè)中如此重要的樹木的確正在悲慘地遭到浩劫；必須采取緊急措施，通過認(rèn)真植樹以便確保未來有足夠的樹木。（with.…… London介詞短語作條件狀語修飾published，其賓語是a book.在which定語從句中，one泛指人們。a realization是謂語sees的賓語。so important in……ship是非限定性定語，用來修飾trees.句中兩個that均引導(dǎo)同位語從句用來揭示realization的概念內(nèi)涵。）
37.As a magnetic material becomes more and more magnetized，more and more of its magnetic domains line up，with their north poles a11 pointing inone direction and their south poles in the opposite direction.
隨著材料的磁性變強(qiáng)，材料中越來越多的磁疇便會排列起來，其N極均指向一個方向， 而S極則指向相反的方向?！。ń樵~復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)with.一用來對主句中的謂語lineup進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。）
38.Since the earth is slightly flattened at its poles，the distance of its surface at the north pole or south pole from its center is less than that at the equator.
由于地球的兩極略為扁平，所以南北兩極地表面離地心的距離比赤道地表面離地心的距離要近一些。（distancefrom.。，“離……的距離”。that代替distance.）
39.Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of energy，particularly since those areas most in need of water lie rather close to the equator and have a relatively clear atmosphere.
太陽能似乎比任何其他能源更有希望，尤其是因?yàn)檫@些迫切需要水的地區(qū)離赤道很近，那里有較清潔的大氣。（lie和have是兩個謂語，主語是those areas.most in need of water為介詞短語作定語修飾areas.）
40.For a very long time man has been seeking the possibility of combining various metals into alloys with a view to obtaining better materials for given purposes.
長期以來，人們一直在尋找把各種金屬熔成合金的可能性，其目的在于為某些用途獲得更好的材料。（with.viewto.。，“以……為目的”，“為……起見”，是短語介詞，引出的介詞短語起目的狀語作用。）
41.It means reorganising them on democratic lines，with governing boards made up of workers and technicians from the trade unions concerned，loyal to the concept of nationalisation as a force for social changes and operating their industry according to anational plan arrived at democratically by the community as a whole.
這意味著：要以民主的方式，由有關(guān)工會的工人和技術(shù)員所組成的管理董事會來改組各項(xiàng)工業(yè)。這些工人和技術(shù)員作為社會改革的一支力量要忠實(shí)于國有化這一觀念，同時他們必須按照由作為整體的社會用民主方法制定的全國性計(jì)劃來管理各工業(yè)。（on.……1ines，“按照……方針，辦法”，作狀語。 with.……concerned介詞短語作狀語，用來修飾動名詞reorganising.Made up of.……過去分詞短語作定語修飾boards.loyal.……changes為形容詞短語修飾workers and technicians.as force for social changes是“工人和技術(shù)員”的同位語，operating.……as a whole為現(xiàn)
在分詞短語作定語，也是用來修飾workers and technidans.它是與形容詞短語loyal……。是并列關(guān)系。arrive at作出（決定），得出（結(jié)論）等。句中arrived at.……whole是過去分詞短語作定語修飾plan.）
42.Thirty-five seconds into the flight，with the solid rockets pumping out maximum power，Challenger—like all its predecessors—was undergoing severe aerodynamic stress.
“挑戰(zhàn)者”號在其固體燃料助推火箭發(fā)出推力的推動下，飛行了35秒后，同以前的航天飛機(jī)一樣，正在承受著巨大的空氣動力的壓力。（with the solid.……復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作狀語，有條件意味。）
43.A gas，such as steam （water vapor） in the cylinder of asteam engine，has neither deftnite shape nor definite volume-it changes its sshape and also its svolume with change in the shape and volume of the container.
氣體，例如蒸汽機(jī)汽缸中的水蒸氣，既無一定的形狀，也無一定的體積。氣體的形狀和體積是隨著容器的形狀和體積的改變而變化的。（change.……with，“隨……而變化”。）
44.Their wide use in industry is due not only to these properties but to the fact that the common metals can be shaped into required objects by deformation and by casting into mold，and to the fact that their properties can be greatly altered by alloying with other metals.
金屬在工業(yè)中之所以得到廣泛的應(yīng)用，不僅是由于它們具有上述這些性能，而且還由于普通的金屬可以通過加工和鑄造而形成所需要的制品，同時還由于金屬的特性可通過與其他金屬熔成合金而顯著地改變。（due to，“由于”。to these properties，to the fact，and to the fact都是due所要求的。句中兩個that均引出同位語從句。）
45.Newton generalized the idea by supposing that any two particles in the universe gravitate towards each other with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly as the product of their masses.
宇宙中任意兩個質(zhì)點(diǎn)均以某種力在相互吸引，該力與兩質(zhì)點(diǎn)之間距離的平方成反比，而與它們質(zhì)量的乘積成正比，牛頓就是通過這一假設(shè)概括了這種思想。 （with a force varying.……為介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語，說明gravitate.vary directly as……，“與……成正比”。vary inverse1yas，“與……成反比”。）
制造高壓發(fā)電機(jī)和高壓電動機(jī)是不可能的，這就立即使人們認(rèn)識到變壓器是發(fā)電與配電之間靈活性很高的中間環(huán)節(jié)?！。ū揪涫呛唵尉?。主語是inability，謂語是gives，賓語是recognition.不定式短語to build.……motors作定語，修飾inability.give recognition to.……as.……，“承認(rèn)……是……”。介詞短語between—。energy作定語，修飾link.）
22.The mildness of its climate，with slight temperature variations and infrequent rainfall，combined with a high average level of sunshine and brilliant shies，a11 make it idea for tourism whether by winter or by summer.
宜人的氣候、變化不大的溫度、稀少的雨量、燦爛的陽光以及明媚的天空，所有這一切使突尼斯成為冬夏理想的旅游勝地。（with.……和combined with把三個主語連接起來。all是總括詞，總括上述的三個主語。idea是it賓語補(bǔ)足語。it代替上文中Tunisia突尼斯。 bywinter.……這里by作“當(dāng)……時候”解。例：They don't work by day but by night.他們?nèi)臻g不工作，夜間工作。whether.。or，“不論是……還是”，用作連詞，連接兩個并列成分。）
23.We explain the differences between gases and liquids bysaying that the molecules in a liquid are not moving about so fredy as the molecules in a gas and are very much closer together.
液體分子不像氣體分子那樣能自由地到處運(yùn)動，而是比較緊密地聚集在一起，我們以此來解釋氣體和液體之間的區(qū)別。（介詞短語by saying.……作方式方法狀語，說明謂語explain.）
24.For about the last 200 years，the structural theory has been devdoped by scientists，mathematicians and engineers，with the very practical object of providing a reliable basis for the design of structures by calculation.
大約近200年來，科學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家和工程師們發(fā)展了結(jié)構(gòu)理論，其目的在于通過計(jì)算給結(jié)構(gòu)物的設(shè)計(jì)工作提供可靠的基礎(chǔ)。?。╳ith.……obiect.……for.……是介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，起目的狀語作用。）
25.By the quiet persistence of the truth-seekers， working upstream against the flow of ancient prejudice，mankind has entered into new realm of health，and the borderlines of death have been pressed farther back.
由于真理探索者頂著守舊派偏見的逆流，默默無聞、堅(jiān)持不懈地努力工作，人類才得以進(jìn) 入了新的健康王國，而死亡的界線則被拋到離我們更遠(yuǎn)的地方。（介詞短語By.……truth-seekers用作原因狀語，說明謂語動詞hasentered.）
26.When a man picks up a weight from the floor and raises it above his head， he has in effect inserted his body between the weight and the earth and pushed the weight one way with his hands，and thee arth the other way with his feet.
當(dāng)一個人從地板上拿起重物并把它舉到頭頂上時，實(shí)際上他是把自己的身體置于重物與地面之間，他用雙手朝著一個方向推著重物，而用雙腳朝著另一方向推著地面。（pick up，“拿起”。in effect，“實(shí)際上”。one way，“朝著一個方向”。the other way，“朝著另一方向”。這兩個短語前均省略介詞in，作狀語。and與the earth之間省略了謂語pushed.）
27.But this is not possible because of the size of the country，with the distance from Dehli to Madras，for example，being greater than that from London to Rome.
但這是不可能的，因?yàn)橛《让娣e大，譬如，從德里到馬德拉斯的距離，就比倫敦到羅馬還要遠(yuǎn)。（with，名詞 分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，可用作狀語和定語。句中with the distance.……being用作定語，對size進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。that from.……that代替distance.）
28.Even at this moment many Of the earth's natural treasures are being destroyed，manyvaluable animals and plants are been killed off，it is becoming increasingly difficult to grow enough foods to preserve much of the earth's population from stavation.
甚至現(xiàn)在，地球上的許多自然財(cái)富正遭到破壞，許多珍稀動植物已面臨滅絕之災(zāi)，為使地球上大多數(shù)人口免于饑餓而生產(chǎn)出足夠的糧食也越來越困難了。（to preserve.……from，“使……免于”。）
29.If the Earth，Moon and Sun move into a direct line，with the Moon in the middle，the dark body of the Moon blots out the briliant disk of the Sun，and we witness a solar eslipse.
假如地球、月球和太陽運(yùn)行到一條直線上，月球在中間，那么月球的暗體就遮住了太陽的亮盤，于是我們便看到日食。（with the Moon in the middle是with引出的介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中起補(bǔ)充說明作用。）
30.As natural science treats of the mutual transformation，changes and development of various kinds of matter，it is of great tmportance for us to make a profound study of it so that we may control the phenomena of nature.
自于自然科學(xué)研究的是各種物質(zhì)的相互轉(zhuǎn)化、變化和發(fā)展，因而我們深入研究自然科學(xué)以便控制各種自然現(xiàn)象，這具有重大意義。（treat of.。，“論述”。帶邏輯主體for us的不定式短浯to make.……nature作主語，it是形式主語。so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。be of.。，“具有”。）
31.With irrigation came surplus food，which meant that large numbers of people were freed trom the land to pursue nonagrarian specialities—technological development，scholarship for its sake——and war.
隨著有了灌溉，糧食就有了剩余，這就意味著大批人就可解脫出來從事農(nóng)業(yè)以外的工作一發(fā)展工藝，研究其學(xué)問——甚至參加戰(zhàn)爭?！。╳ith.……“隨著”，引導(dǎo)的短語作狀語。
With the approach of sunset it became chilly，come surplus food是倒裝語序，food是主語，came是謂語。which引導(dǎo)特種定語從句，指上句話。不定式to pursue.……war有結(jié)果狀語的意味。）
32.First of all， Kepler found that each planet goes around the sun in a curve called an ellipse，with the sun at a focus of the ellipse. -
開普勒首先發(fā)現(xiàn)了每個行星都以橢圓曲線繞太陽運(yùn)行，太陽則位于橢圓的焦點(diǎn)。（with the sun at，……為介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，補(bǔ)充說明。）
33.It should be noted that a rocket does not depend on the atmosphere for its propulsion，but would actually perform better in the absence of an atmosphere becauseOf lessened air resistance.
應(yīng)該注意，火箭的推力與大氣無關(guān)，在沒有大氣的情況下，由于空氣阻力減小，火箭實(shí)際上會運(yùn)行得更好。（in the absence of anatmosphere含有虛擬條件的意味。）
34.Electrical power is always carried over long distances as a high-tension current at low-currentstrength.It is also sent as an alternating current，for such current is comparatively easily transformed eitherup ordown in voltage.
電力總是以高電壓低電流的方式進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)距離輸送的，又是以交流電的形式送電的，因?yàn)檫@種交流電易于升壓或降壓。（兩個as構(gòu)成的介詞短語都用作方式方法狀語，分別說明iscarried和issent.）
35.When one considers the immense change in the size and reliability of computers and all other electronic devices that has taken place，it is clean that computers for doing this type of control of movement according to sense impression will certainly be available.
當(dāng)我們考慮到計(jì)算機(jī)和其他所有電子器件在尺寸和可靠性方面所發(fā)生的極大變化時，就不難明白，根據(jù)感覺進(jìn)行這類活動控制的計(jì)算機(jī)一定會出現(xiàn)。 （for.……movement是computers的定語，介詞短語according to sense impression作狀語，說明動名詞doing.）
36.In l664 the great English diarist，John Evelyn，published，with the approval of the Royal Society of London，a book Sylva or a Discourse of Forest Trees in which one sees，perhaps for the first time，a realization that trees，then so important in the construction of ships，were indeed becoming sadly depleted and that something urgently needed to be done by way of deliberate planting to ensure enough for the future.
1664.年，英國偉大的日記作家J.Evelyn，經(jīng)倫敦皇家學(xué)會批準(zhǔn)出版了一部森林志，即《林木論》。在這本著作中，人們可以說是第一次了解到一個現(xiàn)實(shí)：當(dāng)時，在造船業(yè)中如此重要的樹木的確正在悲慘地遭到浩劫；必須采取緊急措施，通過認(rèn)真植樹以便確保未來有足夠的樹木。（with.…… London介詞短語作條件狀語修飾published，其賓語是a book.在which定語從句中，one泛指人們。a realization是謂語sees的賓語。so important in……ship是非限定性定語，用來修飾trees.句中兩個that均引導(dǎo)同位語從句用來揭示realization的概念內(nèi)涵。）
37.As a magnetic material becomes more and more magnetized，more and more of its magnetic domains line up，with their north poles a11 pointing inone direction and their south poles in the opposite direction.
隨著材料的磁性變強(qiáng)，材料中越來越多的磁疇便會排列起來，其N極均指向一個方向， 而S極則指向相反的方向?！。ń樵~復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)with.一用來對主句中的謂語lineup進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。）
38.Since the earth is slightly flattened at its poles，the distance of its surface at the north pole or south pole from its center is less than that at the equator.
由于地球的兩極略為扁平，所以南北兩極地表面離地心的距離比赤道地表面離地心的距離要近一些。（distancefrom.。，“離……的距離”。that代替distance.）
39.Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of energy，particularly since those areas most in need of water lie rather close to the equator and have a relatively clear atmosphere.
太陽能似乎比任何其他能源更有希望，尤其是因?yàn)檫@些迫切需要水的地區(qū)離赤道很近，那里有較清潔的大氣。（lie和have是兩個謂語，主語是those areas.most in need of water為介詞短語作定語修飾areas.）
40.For a very long time man has been seeking the possibility of combining various metals into alloys with a view to obtaining better materials for given purposes.
長期以來，人們一直在尋找把各種金屬熔成合金的可能性，其目的在于為某些用途獲得更好的材料。（with.viewto.。，“以……為目的”，“為……起見”，是短語介詞，引出的介詞短語起目的狀語作用。）
41.It means reorganising them on democratic lines，with governing boards made up of workers and technicians from the trade unions concerned，loyal to the concept of nationalisation as a force for social changes and operating their industry according to anational plan arrived at democratically by the community as a whole.
這意味著：要以民主的方式，由有關(guān)工會的工人和技術(shù)員所組成的管理董事會來改組各項(xiàng)工業(yè)。這些工人和技術(shù)員作為社會改革的一支力量要忠實(shí)于國有化這一觀念，同時他們必須按照由作為整體的社會用民主方法制定的全國性計(jì)劃來管理各工業(yè)。（on.……1ines，“按照……方針，辦法”，作狀語。 with.……concerned介詞短語作狀語，用來修飾動名詞reorganising.Made up of.……過去分詞短語作定語修飾boards.loyal.……changes為形容詞短語修飾workers and technicians.as force for social changes是“工人和技術(shù)員”的同位語，operating.……as a whole為現(xiàn)
在分詞短語作定語，也是用來修飾workers and technidans.它是與形容詞短語loyal……。是并列關(guān)系。arrive at作出（決定），得出（結(jié)論）等。句中arrived at.……whole是過去分詞短語作定語修飾plan.）
42.Thirty-five seconds into the flight，with the solid rockets pumping out maximum power，Challenger—like all its predecessors—was undergoing severe aerodynamic stress.
“挑戰(zhàn)者”號在其固體燃料助推火箭發(fā)出推力的推動下，飛行了35秒后，同以前的航天飛機(jī)一樣，正在承受著巨大的空氣動力的壓力。（with the solid.……復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作狀語，有條件意味。）
43.A gas，such as steam （water vapor） in the cylinder of asteam engine，has neither deftnite shape nor definite volume-it changes its sshape and also its svolume with change in the shape and volume of the container.
氣體，例如蒸汽機(jī)汽缸中的水蒸氣，既無一定的形狀，也無一定的體積。氣體的形狀和體積是隨著容器的形狀和體積的改變而變化的。（change.……with，“隨……而變化”。）
44.Their wide use in industry is due not only to these properties but to the fact that the common metals can be shaped into required objects by deformation and by casting into mold，and to the fact that their properties can be greatly altered by alloying with other metals.
金屬在工業(yè)中之所以得到廣泛的應(yīng)用，不僅是由于它們具有上述這些性能，而且還由于普通的金屬可以通過加工和鑄造而形成所需要的制品，同時還由于金屬的特性可通過與其他金屬熔成合金而顯著地改變。（due to，“由于”。to these properties，to the fact，and to the fact都是due所要求的。句中兩個that均引出同位語從句。）
45.Newton generalized the idea by supposing that any two particles in the universe gravitate towards each other with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly as the product of their masses.
宇宙中任意兩個質(zhì)點(diǎn)均以某種力在相互吸引，該力與兩質(zhì)點(diǎn)之間距離的平方成反比，而與它們質(zhì)量的乘積成正比，牛頓就是通過這一假設(shè)概括了這種思想。 （with a force varying.……為介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語，說明gravitate.vary directly as……，“與……成正比”。vary inverse1yas，“與……成反比”。）