46. If an engineer applies aformula or a tabulation or a curve blindly， without knowing its history，its accuracy and the limits of its sapplicability，the results that he obtains will be neither intelligent nor practical.
如果一個(gè)工程師盲目地應(yīng)用一個(gè)公式、一張圖表或一條曲線，而對(duì)它的來(lái)歷、精確度和應(yīng)用范圍卻一無(wú)所知，那么他所得到的結(jié)果既不明智，也不實(shí)際。 （without.……applicability介詞短語(yǔ)作謂語(yǔ)applies的條件狀語(yǔ)。that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作obtains的賓語(yǔ)。）
47.The neutron carries no electrical charge and in some respects acts as though it were composed of a proton and electron combined，with the positive charge of the proton neutralized by the negative charge of the electron.
中子不帶電荷，并且有點(diǎn)像是由質(zhì)子和電子結(jié)合而成的，質(zhì)子的正電荷被電子的負(fù)電荷中和了。（in somerespects，“在某些方面”，“有點(diǎn)”。act as though，“表現(xiàn)得似乎”。as though引導(dǎo)方式方法狀語(yǔ)從句，其謂語(yǔ)常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句末with引出介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)前句的謂語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。）
48.We know that the rate of cooling from above the critical range will greatly change the structure and therefore the properties of any steel.
我們知道，從臨界溫度以上冷卻的速率會(huì)大大改變?nèi)魏我环N鋼的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而會(huì)改變其性能。（from above.。，“從……以上”，是雙重介詞。）
49.Increasing problems of all kinds with fossil fuel power plants are turning power and utility companiesmoreandmore tOtheuseOfnuclearpoweredelectricgeneratingplants.
礦物燃料發(fā)電廠所產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題日益增多，這就促使電力公司和公用事業(yè)公司越來(lái)越傾向于采用核動(dòng)力發(fā)電廠。（problem.……with，“在……方面產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題”，with有表示“范圍”。）
50.Ever since，people have had difficulty in deciding whether the hovercraft should be ranged among ships，planes，or land vehicles—for it is something in between a boat and anaircraft.
從那以后，人們感到很難確定把這種氣墊船歸為哪一類：船、飛機(jī)還是車輛，因?yàn)樗且环N介于船與飛機(jī)之間的交通工具。（in between，“介于兩者之間”，作定語(yǔ)修飾something.）
51.The electric resistance of a wire is the ratio of the potential difference between it stwo ends to the current in thewire.
導(dǎo)線的電阻等于該導(dǎo)線兩端之間的電位差與導(dǎo)線中電流的比值。（tothecurrent.……是ratio要求的。the ratio of A to B，“A與B之比”。）
52.Pollution is caused either by man's release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment，or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance，such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.
引起污染有兩種途徑：一是人們經(jīng)常把全新的人造物質(zhì)釋放到環(huán)境中，或是把大量的天然物質(zhì)譬如油輪溢出的石油釋放到海里。（此句為簡(jiǎn)單句，主要是由兩個(gè) by引出的短語(yǔ)把這個(gè)句變得復(fù)雜了。第一個(gè)into是名詞~ease要求的。第二個(gè)into是動(dòng)名詞releasing要求的。From oil tankers作定語(yǔ)修飾oil.）
53.Hardening of grey cast iron may be carried out by heating the casting to above the critical range and then cooling it，usually in oil.
灰口鑄鐵的淬火過(guò)程是：先把鑄鐵加熱到臨界溫度以上，然后加以冷卻，通常在油里冷卻。（heating.……to above，“把……加熱到……之上”。to above是雙重介詞。）
54.Motion in the most general sense，conceived as the mode of existance，the inherent attribute，of matter，comprehends a11 changes and processes occurring in the universe，from mere change of place right up to thinking.
從最普遍的意義上來(lái)看，可以認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)是物質(zhì)存在的形式，是物質(zhì)的固有屬性，運(yùn)動(dòng)包括宇宙中所發(fā)生的一切變化和過(guò)程，從單純位置的變化直到思維。（主語(yǔ)是motion，謂語(yǔ)是comprehends，被一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)inthemostgeneralsense和一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)conceived as……隔開(kāi)了。of matter既說(shuō)明existance，也說(shuō)明attribute.介詞短語(yǔ)from.……用來(lái)說(shuō)明a11 changes and processes.）
55.The air is heated by the flame，expands，and thus becomes less dense. Denser air flows in from below and the result is that irregular layers of air of different densities are formed above the flame.
空氣受火焰加熱而膨脹，于是變得比較稀薄。較密的空氣從底下流人，其結(jié)果是，火焰上 方形成了密度不同的不規(guī)則的空氣層?！。╢low in， “流人”。from below， “自下”， “從下面”。 above the flame作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。）
56.Weather is a product of many pLysical factors operating in and on the troposphere with the principal ones being the unequal heating of the earth's surface by the sun and the rather rapid rota tion of the planet on its axis.
天氣是許多自然因素在對(duì)流層中起作用并對(duì)其施加影響的結(jié)果，其中太陽(yáng)對(duì)地球表面加熱不均等和地球自轉(zhuǎn)比較快則是主要的因素。（with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾factors，ones代替factors.）
57.It is the village which suffers most，for it is not easy to break the traditional bonds uniting agriculturist families to families of craftsmen，nor to dispel the idea that some one who follows the traditional calling of this caste is acting in a more“suitable” way than some one who takes up a different occupation.
鄉(xiāng)村受害，因?yàn)閺氖罗r(nóng)業(yè)家庭與從事手工業(yè)家庭的傳統(tǒng)結(jié)合是很難分割的。此外，一些人認(rèn)為一個(gè)人遵照等級(jí)制度的傳統(tǒng)職業(yè)來(lái)辦事要比從事不同的職業(yè)更為“合適”，這種想法也很難去掉?！。╤is.……which為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)the village.原句是簡(jiǎn)單句，The village suffers most.for是連詞，“因?yàn)椤薄niting.……to，“把……與……連接”，是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾bonds.nor連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，把to break.……和to dispel.……兩個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)連接起來(lái)。that.……occupation為同位語(yǔ)從句，用來(lái)揭示idea的概念內(nèi)涵。calling意為“職業(yè)”，與occupation相呼應(yīng)。 ina.……way，“以……方式”。）
58.Forging and press-production methods of shaping metal are of tremendous importance in machine-building in general，and in automobile and tractor industry in particular.
金屬成形的鍛壓加工方法，一般在機(jī)器制造業(yè)、特別是在汽車和拖拉機(jī)工業(yè)中具有重大意義。（be of……“具有”。in general，“通?！保籭n particular，“特別”，這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)介詞在句中作插入語(yǔ)用。）
59.In fact， in the nineteeth century people used to make gardens in the shape of aclock face，with different flowers opening at different times.
在19世紀(jì)，人們常常把花園做成鐘盤(pán)形，不同的花在不同的時(shí)間開(kāi)放?！。╳ith引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有定語(yǔ)的意味，用來(lái)對(duì)the shape of a clock進(jìn)行修飾。）
60.The modern scientific method Was born with Galileo in the 17th century；however，the development of the natural sciences began to gain speed only in the latter part of the 18th and the early part of the 19th centuries.
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法產(chǎn)生于17世紀(jì)的伽利略時(shí)代；然而，只是在18世紀(jì)后期和19世紀(jì)初期，自然科學(xué)才開(kāi)始迅速發(fā)展。（with Galileo.……century有表示時(shí)間與空間范圍之意，這里是表示時(shí)間即伽利略時(shí)代。）
61.All of the atoms of an element contain the same number of protons in their muclei， and the atoms of one element differ from those of all other elements in the number of protons so contained.
同一種元素的所有原子的原子核中含有的質(zhì)子數(shù)都是相同的，而一種元素的原子與其他一切元素的原子的不同點(diǎn)，就在于它們含有的質(zhì)子數(shù)不同。（AdiffersfromBinC.A與B在C方面是不同的。句中in the number.……是differ要求的。）
62.The kinds of evidence for the roundness of the world that led finally to its general accep tance included such data as the shape of the shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse of the moon，the fact that as one sails from port on a ship the building of the port gradually seem to sink below the surface of the water，and，most convincing，the fact that it is possible to sail all around the world and return to the starting point of the voyage.
最終為人們普遍接受的有關(guān)地球是圓形的種種論據(jù)，包括：月蝕時(shí)地球投在月球表面的陰影形狀；當(dāng)人們乘船離開(kāi)港口時(shí)，港口的建筑物似乎逐漸沉入水下；而最令人信服的是，人們環(huán)繞地球航行時(shí)，有可能又回到原來(lái)的起航點(diǎn)。（The kinds為主句中的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是included.
介詞as引導(dǎo)三個(gè)并列同位語(yǔ)：shape，the fact，the fact，說(shuō)明data.在兩個(gè)fact后的that都引出同位語(yǔ)從句。）
63.The technological breakthrough and the lndustrial Revolution brought with them a mastery of food production and control of infectious disease that reduced the normal death-rate to below 1.5 per cent.
技術(shù)革新和工業(yè)革命促進(jìn)了食品生產(chǎn)，控制了傳染病的流行，這使人口正常死亡率降到1.5％以下。（to below是雙重介詞，reduce.……tobelow，“降到……以下”。）
64.There are a few specially designed homes that are heated primarily by the sun but there is no practical and economic means for converting solar energy directly into that great convenience，electricity.
現(xiàn)在已有一些專門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)的住宅主要利用太陽(yáng)能取暖，但還沒(méi)有一種實(shí)用和經(jīng)濟(jì)的辦法把太陽(yáng)能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為便于使用的電能。（介詞短語(yǔ)for.……electridty用來(lái)修飾means.，oonverting.……into，“把……轉(zhuǎn)化為……”。）
65.A balance consists of an arlTl balanced at its middle， with known weights hung on one hand and the object whose weight is to be found on the other.
天平由一個(gè)在中央平衡的臂組成，已知重量的砝碼掛在平衡臂的一端，而把要稱出重量的物體掛在平衡臂的另一端?！。ǚ衷~短語(yǔ)balanced at its middle用來(lái)修飾arm.with……weights hung…是介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用來(lái)對(duì)balance作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，過(guò)去分詞known作定語(yǔ)，修飾weights.hung是hang的過(guò)去分詞。）
如果一個(gè)工程師盲目地應(yīng)用一個(gè)公式、一張圖表或一條曲線，而對(duì)它的來(lái)歷、精確度和應(yīng)用范圍卻一無(wú)所知，那么他所得到的結(jié)果既不明智，也不實(shí)際。 （without.……applicability介詞短語(yǔ)作謂語(yǔ)applies的條件狀語(yǔ)。that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作obtains的賓語(yǔ)。）
47.The neutron carries no electrical charge and in some respects acts as though it were composed of a proton and electron combined，with the positive charge of the proton neutralized by the negative charge of the electron.
中子不帶電荷，并且有點(diǎn)像是由質(zhì)子和電子結(jié)合而成的，質(zhì)子的正電荷被電子的負(fù)電荷中和了。（in somerespects，“在某些方面”，“有點(diǎn)”。act as though，“表現(xiàn)得似乎”。as though引導(dǎo)方式方法狀語(yǔ)從句，其謂語(yǔ)常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句末with引出介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)前句的謂語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。）
48.We know that the rate of cooling from above the critical range will greatly change the structure and therefore the properties of any steel.
我們知道，從臨界溫度以上冷卻的速率會(huì)大大改變?nèi)魏我环N鋼的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而會(huì)改變其性能。（from above.。，“從……以上”，是雙重介詞。）
49.Increasing problems of all kinds with fossil fuel power plants are turning power and utility companiesmoreandmore tOtheuseOfnuclearpoweredelectricgeneratingplants.
礦物燃料發(fā)電廠所產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題日益增多，這就促使電力公司和公用事業(yè)公司越來(lái)越傾向于采用核動(dòng)力發(fā)電廠。（problem.……with，“在……方面產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題”，with有表示“范圍”。）
50.Ever since，people have had difficulty in deciding whether the hovercraft should be ranged among ships，planes，or land vehicles—for it is something in between a boat and anaircraft.
從那以后，人們感到很難確定把這種氣墊船歸為哪一類：船、飛機(jī)還是車輛，因?yàn)樗且环N介于船與飛機(jī)之間的交通工具。（in between，“介于兩者之間”，作定語(yǔ)修飾something.）
51.The electric resistance of a wire is the ratio of the potential difference between it stwo ends to the current in thewire.
導(dǎo)線的電阻等于該導(dǎo)線兩端之間的電位差與導(dǎo)線中電流的比值。（tothecurrent.……是ratio要求的。the ratio of A to B，“A與B之比”。）
52.Pollution is caused either by man's release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment，or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance，such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.
引起污染有兩種途徑：一是人們經(jīng)常把全新的人造物質(zhì)釋放到環(huán)境中，或是把大量的天然物質(zhì)譬如油輪溢出的石油釋放到海里。（此句為簡(jiǎn)單句，主要是由兩個(gè) by引出的短語(yǔ)把這個(gè)句變得復(fù)雜了。第一個(gè)into是名詞~ease要求的。第二個(gè)into是動(dòng)名詞releasing要求的。From oil tankers作定語(yǔ)修飾oil.）
53.Hardening of grey cast iron may be carried out by heating the casting to above the critical range and then cooling it，usually in oil.
灰口鑄鐵的淬火過(guò)程是：先把鑄鐵加熱到臨界溫度以上，然后加以冷卻，通常在油里冷卻。（heating.……to above，“把……加熱到……之上”。to above是雙重介詞。）
54.Motion in the most general sense，conceived as the mode of existance，the inherent attribute，of matter，comprehends a11 changes and processes occurring in the universe，from mere change of place right up to thinking.
從最普遍的意義上來(lái)看，可以認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)是物質(zhì)存在的形式，是物質(zhì)的固有屬性，運(yùn)動(dòng)包括宇宙中所發(fā)生的一切變化和過(guò)程，從單純位置的變化直到思維。（主語(yǔ)是motion，謂語(yǔ)是comprehends，被一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)inthemostgeneralsense和一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)conceived as……隔開(kāi)了。of matter既說(shuō)明existance，也說(shuō)明attribute.介詞短語(yǔ)from.……用來(lái)說(shuō)明a11 changes and processes.）
55.The air is heated by the flame，expands，and thus becomes less dense. Denser air flows in from below and the result is that irregular layers of air of different densities are formed above the flame.
空氣受火焰加熱而膨脹，于是變得比較稀薄。較密的空氣從底下流人，其結(jié)果是，火焰上 方形成了密度不同的不規(guī)則的空氣層?！。╢low in， “流人”。from below， “自下”， “從下面”。 above the flame作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。）
56.Weather is a product of many pLysical factors operating in and on the troposphere with the principal ones being the unequal heating of the earth's surface by the sun and the rather rapid rota tion of the planet on its axis.
天氣是許多自然因素在對(duì)流層中起作用并對(duì)其施加影響的結(jié)果，其中太陽(yáng)對(duì)地球表面加熱不均等和地球自轉(zhuǎn)比較快則是主要的因素。（with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾factors，ones代替factors.）
57.It is the village which suffers most，for it is not easy to break the traditional bonds uniting agriculturist families to families of craftsmen，nor to dispel the idea that some one who follows the traditional calling of this caste is acting in a more“suitable” way than some one who takes up a different occupation.
鄉(xiāng)村受害，因?yàn)閺氖罗r(nóng)業(yè)家庭與從事手工業(yè)家庭的傳統(tǒng)結(jié)合是很難分割的。此外，一些人認(rèn)為一個(gè)人遵照等級(jí)制度的傳統(tǒng)職業(yè)來(lái)辦事要比從事不同的職業(yè)更為“合適”，這種想法也很難去掉?！。╤is.……which為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)the village.原句是簡(jiǎn)單句，The village suffers most.for是連詞，“因?yàn)椤薄niting.……to，“把……與……連接”，是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾bonds.nor連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，把to break.……和to dispel.……兩個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)連接起來(lái)。that.……occupation為同位語(yǔ)從句，用來(lái)揭示idea的概念內(nèi)涵。calling意為“職業(yè)”，與occupation相呼應(yīng)。 ina.……way，“以……方式”。）
58.Forging and press-production methods of shaping metal are of tremendous importance in machine-building in general，and in automobile and tractor industry in particular.
金屬成形的鍛壓加工方法，一般在機(jī)器制造業(yè)、特別是在汽車和拖拉機(jī)工業(yè)中具有重大意義。（be of……“具有”。in general，“通?！保籭n particular，“特別”，這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)介詞在句中作插入語(yǔ)用。）
59.In fact， in the nineteeth century people used to make gardens in the shape of aclock face，with different flowers opening at different times.
在19世紀(jì)，人們常常把花園做成鐘盤(pán)形，不同的花在不同的時(shí)間開(kāi)放?！。╳ith引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有定語(yǔ)的意味，用來(lái)對(duì)the shape of a clock進(jìn)行修飾。）
60.The modern scientific method Was born with Galileo in the 17th century；however，the development of the natural sciences began to gain speed only in the latter part of the 18th and the early part of the 19th centuries.
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法產(chǎn)生于17世紀(jì)的伽利略時(shí)代；然而，只是在18世紀(jì)后期和19世紀(jì)初期，自然科學(xué)才開(kāi)始迅速發(fā)展。（with Galileo.……century有表示時(shí)間與空間范圍之意，這里是表示時(shí)間即伽利略時(shí)代。）
61.All of the atoms of an element contain the same number of protons in their muclei， and the atoms of one element differ from those of all other elements in the number of protons so contained.
同一種元素的所有原子的原子核中含有的質(zhì)子數(shù)都是相同的，而一種元素的原子與其他一切元素的原子的不同點(diǎn)，就在于它們含有的質(zhì)子數(shù)不同。（AdiffersfromBinC.A與B在C方面是不同的。句中in the number.……是differ要求的。）
62.The kinds of evidence for the roundness of the world that led finally to its general accep tance included such data as the shape of the shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse of the moon，the fact that as one sails from port on a ship the building of the port gradually seem to sink below the surface of the water，and，most convincing，the fact that it is possible to sail all around the world and return to the starting point of the voyage.
最終為人們普遍接受的有關(guān)地球是圓形的種種論據(jù)，包括：月蝕時(shí)地球投在月球表面的陰影形狀；當(dāng)人們乘船離開(kāi)港口時(shí)，港口的建筑物似乎逐漸沉入水下；而最令人信服的是，人們環(huán)繞地球航行時(shí)，有可能又回到原來(lái)的起航點(diǎn)。（The kinds為主句中的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是included.
介詞as引導(dǎo)三個(gè)并列同位語(yǔ)：shape，the fact，the fact，說(shuō)明data.在兩個(gè)fact后的that都引出同位語(yǔ)從句。）
63.The technological breakthrough and the lndustrial Revolution brought with them a mastery of food production and control of infectious disease that reduced the normal death-rate to below 1.5 per cent.
技術(shù)革新和工業(yè)革命促進(jìn)了食品生產(chǎn)，控制了傳染病的流行，這使人口正常死亡率降到1.5％以下。（to below是雙重介詞，reduce.……tobelow，“降到……以下”。）
64.There are a few specially designed homes that are heated primarily by the sun but there is no practical and economic means for converting solar energy directly into that great convenience，electricity.
現(xiàn)在已有一些專門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)的住宅主要利用太陽(yáng)能取暖，但還沒(méi)有一種實(shí)用和經(jīng)濟(jì)的辦法把太陽(yáng)能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為便于使用的電能。（介詞短語(yǔ)for.……electridty用來(lái)修飾means.，oonverting.……into，“把……轉(zhuǎn)化為……”。）
65.A balance consists of an arlTl balanced at its middle， with known weights hung on one hand and the object whose weight is to be found on the other.
天平由一個(gè)在中央平衡的臂組成，已知重量的砝碼掛在平衡臂的一端，而把要稱出重量的物體掛在平衡臂的另一端?！。ǚ衷~短語(yǔ)balanced at its middle用來(lái)修飾arm.with……weights hung…是介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用來(lái)對(duì)balance作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，過(guò)去分詞known作定語(yǔ)，修飾weights.hung是hang的過(guò)去分詞。）