中考英語(yǔ):如何走出“主謂一致”的三大誤區(qū)

字號(hào):

⊙ 重慶市巴川中學(xué) 潘云芬
    句子的核心是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的確定取決于主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句子含義和結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)準(zhǔn)主語(yǔ)是掌握主謂一致的必要條件;弄清主謂一致的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則和習(xí)慣是掌握主謂一致的充分條件,要正確使用主謂一致,兩個(gè)條件缺一不可,但同學(xué)們往往會(huì)走入以下三大誤區(qū)。
    誤區(qū)一 誤認(rèn)主語(yǔ)
    1. 倒裝句
    ①Between the two buildings are a big tree. (×)
    ②Between the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
    【解析】 第①句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用are,錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為the two buildings是該句的主語(yǔ),但實(shí)際上是介詞between的賓語(yǔ),一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),而介詞短語(yǔ)不能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。該句是一個(gè)倒裝句,真正主語(yǔ)是a big tree。因此第②句正確。
    特別提醒 倒裝句的常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu):副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)
    2. 主語(yǔ)之后帶有介詞短語(yǔ)
    ①The fruit like apples , oranges are good for our health. (×)
    ②The fruit like apples , oranges is good for our health. (√)
    【解析】 第①句誤認(rèn)為apples , oranges是主語(yǔ),因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用are,而實(shí)際上the fruit才是該句的主語(yǔ),like apples , oranges是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the fruit。該句譯為“像蘋(píng)果、桔子之類(lèi)的水果對(duì)我們的身體是有好處的”。因此第②句是正確的。
    特別提醒 類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)有:主語(yǔ)+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)一致,而與介詞短語(yǔ)之后的名詞無(wú)關(guān)。
    3. one of . . . + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)代詞
    ①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×)
    ②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)
    【解析】 one of the boys的中心詞是one,因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),造成第①句錯(cuò)誤的原因主要是把the boys當(dāng)成了該句的主語(yǔ)。
    4. 定語(yǔ)從句
    ①I(mǎi) like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×)
    ②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)
    【解析】 which were taken in Beijing是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,用于修飾先行詞the photos,而which本身就代替先行詞the photos。因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù),造成第①句錯(cuò)誤的原因是沒(méi)有弄清楚關(guān)系詞which的實(shí)質(zhì),只是從形式上看它是單數(shù)。
    特別提醒 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。
    誤區(qū)二 被主語(yǔ)的表象迷惑
    1. 看似復(fù)數(shù)卻表單數(shù)概念
    ①M(fèi)aths are my favourite subject. (×)
    ②Maths is my favourite subject. (√)
    【解析】 maths本身是一個(gè)以“s”結(jié)尾的單詞,而不是一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示單數(shù)概念“數(shù)學(xué)”這一學(xué)科,因此第②句正確。
    類(lèi)似的有:physics , news , politics . . .
    2. 看似單數(shù)卻表復(fù)數(shù)概念
    ①The police is searching for the robbers. (×)
    ②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
    【解析】 the police譯為“警方”,表示復(fù)數(shù)概念,而不是表示“那個(gè)警察”,因此第②句正確,類(lèi)似的詞有:people , the + 形容詞,the + 姓 + family等均表復(fù)數(shù)概念。
    3. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)同形
    ①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (×)
    ②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (√)
    【解析】 sheep是一個(gè)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞,由于sheep之前用的a little修飾,加上Can you see it中的it指代單數(shù),因此a little sheep譯為“一只小綿羊”,因此第②句正確。如果將原題改為:There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又會(huì)怎么樣呢。
    特別提醒 類(lèi)似的單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞還有fish, Chinese, Japanese等,要根據(jù)句子的含義和結(jié)構(gòu)暗示來(lái)判斷其單復(fù)數(shù)。
    4. 集合名詞
    ①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×)
    ②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
    【解析】 family是一個(gè)集合名詞,表示整體概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示個(gè)體概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。該句譯為“他們?nèi)液苄腋?,現(xiàn)在全家人正在看電視”。因此第一個(gè)family表示整體概念,譯為“家庭”,第二個(gè)family表示個(gè)體概念,譯為“家人”,第②句正確。
    特別提醒 類(lèi)似的還有g(shù)roup, class, team等既可表單數(shù)也可表復(fù)數(shù)。