38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days. Children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick, they are often transferred to a hospital, where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit terminally ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, an experience very important to one's life.人們過(guò)去生在家里,死在家里。過(guò)去,生與死作為生活一部分孩子們是經(jīng)?？吹降暮吐?tīng)到的。但現(xiàn)在情況大不相同了。
我們年輕人從來(lái)看不到嬰兒的降臨,也體驗(yàn)不到一個(gè)家人的死去。當(dāng)人患了重病,他們常被送往醫(yī)院,而孩子們通常在醫(yī)院是不受歡迎的,是不允許探視臨終的病人的。這就剝奪了孩子對(duì)死亡的體會(huì),而這個(gè)體會(huì)對(duì)人生來(lái)說(shuō)是十分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a greenhouse effect, and raising the world's average temperature.過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為大氣污染只影響工廠密集、交通繁忙的大城市周圍地區(qū)。現(xiàn)在我們懂得雖然這些地區(qū)空氣污染嚴(yán)重,但這一問(wèn)題實(shí)際上卻是全球性的。燃燒煤和油使大氣里的二氧化碳成份增加,這就帶來(lái)了溫室效應(yīng),使世界平均氣溫上升。
39 Several years decades ago, people …… Now, ……
Today, …… Why do people ……？
has such change taken place？
39.1 Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. "Why？ Maybe he is short of money, " they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job？
幾年前,人們聽(tīng)到某某大學(xué)生在打工,常會(huì)覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)驚奇。他們想:“怎么啦？他可能缺錢(qián)用吧？”但如今大學(xué)生兼做家庭教師或推銷員、導(dǎo)游是常有的事了。許多學(xué)生在招貼欄或路燈桿上貼廣告,想尋找一份短工。為什么許多學(xué)生對(duì)課余打工或暑假打工這么感興趣呢？
39.2 Several decades ago, early childhood was spent playing games on the streets. To acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But now there is an increasing awareness of the importance of learning in the early years. Failure to teach children when they are young is seen as evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at increasingly earlier ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with formal instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school students. Why has such a big change taken place？
二三十年前,孩子們是在街上玩游戲度過(guò)童年的。人們并不鼓勵(lì)從小多學(xué)知識(shí)。但現(xiàn)在人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到從小學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。如果不從小教孩子識(shí)字等,父母會(huì)被認(rèn)為對(duì)孩子不負(fù)責(zé)。所以現(xiàn)在教育越來(lái)越早。無(wú)論在家里還是幼兒園,現(xiàn)在小孩子都接受正規(guī)的教育,如識(shí)字,算數(shù),而這些以前要到小學(xué)才學(xué)。為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這么大變化呢？
39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a great change. Twenty or thirty years ago, very few people believed that the market-oriented economy could work in our society. Now, however, it is widely held that it is the only key to the development of our economy. It is in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is nearly unsophisticated as the first. Yesterday's skepticism was based on ignorance of the law of economic growth； today's assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of economy itself.人們對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的態(tài)度經(jīng)歷了很大的變化。二三十年前,很少有人認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在我們國(guó)家行得通。而今天許多人則認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是我們經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的手段。而我認(rèn)為,第二種態(tài)度同第一種差不多簡(jiǎn)單。昨天對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的懷疑態(tài)度是由于人們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)律的一無(wú)所知；而今天的絕對(duì)肯定則反映了人們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)本質(zhì)的誤解。
40 After a good many years of efforts to enthusiasm for ……, people begin to ……
40.1 After years of second-class status, smaller rewards, and lesser coverage by sports writers, women athletes are making great strides —— not just in gymnastics and swimming, but in weightlifting and football. Women can and do compete well in nearly every sport and draw as large crowds of plying customers as men.多少年來(lái)女運(yùn)動(dòng)員地位低下,報(bào)酬低,體育記者對(duì)她們報(bào)道也少。
現(xiàn)在她們正在取得很大的進(jìn)步,不僅在體操、游泳,而且在舉重和足球方面也取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。婦女在幾乎所有的體育項(xiàng)目上都能,而且也確實(shí)干得很好,她們和男運(yùn)動(dòng)員一樣能吸引許多觀眾。
40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing its appeal for many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number, newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have one at all. The latest reports show that in 1994 married couples with wives under 35 had less than one child on average, while with wives over 55 had more than three children.經(jīng)過(guò)多年的多生孩子熱后,大城市里的許多年輕夫婦對(duì)生孩子正逐漸失去興趣。越來(lái)越多的新婚夫婦推遲生育孩子或決定不要孩子。根據(jù)新的報(bào)道,1994年35歲以下的已婚女性平均生育子女還不到一個(gè),而55歲以上的婦女則超過(guò)3個(gè)。
40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action, I have firmly concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and men of average performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep human urges work together, I believe, to motivate all human discovery and achievement.經(jīng)過(guò)多年來(lái)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的人性的觀察,我得出一個(gè)肯定結(jié)論:人能成為一個(gè)杰出之材還是一個(gè)平庸之輩取決于兩個(gè)特性:好奇和不滿足。我認(rèn)為人性中的這兩個(gè)欲望,一起起作用驅(qū)使人去發(fā)現(xiàn),去取得成就。
41 It is a traditional way custom practice to…… But now the pendulum has swung to another direction. in the opposite direction. the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children？
中國(guó)的老人和他們的子女和子孫住在一起是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的習(xí)慣。年輕人以此來(lái)表示對(duì)老人的尊敬,表達(dá)對(duì)父輩養(yǎng)育之恩的報(bào)答。但近一二十年,鐘擺轉(zhuǎn)到相反的方向去了。根據(jù)1994年一項(xiàng)調(diào)查, 52％的老人獨(dú)住自己家,或住進(jìn)大城市的養(yǎng)老院,而在1954年則基本沒(méi)有這種情況。為什么越來(lái)越多的老人和他們的于女分開(kāi)住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles —— creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband.傳統(tǒng)上來(lái)說(shuō),青年人關(guān)心的是職業(yè)、成功、積累財(cái)富以及舒適的生活。但現(xiàn)在鐘擺似乎轉(zhuǎn)到另一方向去了。根據(jù)1994年的調(diào)查,許多反文化的觀念已進(jìn)入了主流文化。
許多人衡量成功的標(biāo)志不再是物質(zhì)方面,而是創(chuàng)造、自主、快樂(lè)、參與、冒險(xiǎn)、刺激和愛(ài)情。
許多人對(duì)社會(huì)提供的工作和支付的報(bào)酬發(fā)生了疑問(wèn),并且不滿足于丈夫和妻子的傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)屬性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of general / growing / healthy tendency to upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward ……
42 According to a poll study survey , there is X percent of……, compared with Y percent last year. Why……？
42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies？
近幾年,科學(xué)家正從純理論的研究轉(zhuǎn)到應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域上來(lái)。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示:光北京地區(qū)就有72％的科研工作者轉(zhuǎn)向了工業(yè)部門(mén),那里不僅工作機(jī)會(huì)多,通常工資待遇也遠(yuǎn)比理論研究部門(mén)要高得多。這種傾向是否和全國(guó)只注重經(jīng)濟(jì)的直接產(chǎn)出,不太關(guān)心長(zhǎng)期的理論研究有關(guān)呢？
42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone ——a dramatic step on the path away from the close-knit, extended families so common just a few decades ago. According to a census report, households consisting of just one person have increased to 14 percent in the past year, compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living alone？
近些年來(lái)獨(dú)身現(xiàn)象悄然出現(xiàn)。這對(duì)幾十年前相當(dāng)普遍的關(guān)系緊密的大家庭來(lái)說(shuō),是一個(gè)非常大的變化。根據(jù)一份調(diào)查報(bào)告,去年單身者家庭上升14%,而在20年前只有4%單身者家庭。為什么那些人要選擇獨(dú)身生活呢？
VI.故事法
文章開(kāi)頭講一個(gè)故事,不僅可以引起讀者的興趣,且可引出文章要討論的主題。以下是引出故事的句型。
43 Last Sunday, The other day, Some months ago, I a friend of mine …… The story case incident is not rare, unusual, it is one typical of thousands of ……
43.1 The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldn't make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss Lee's case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work.幾天前,我遇到老同學(xué)李小姐。她告訴我她決定在本學(xué)期未辭去教師工作,去一家公司供職。她說(shuō)她選擇的教師職業(yè)使她無(wú)法生活下去,即使她每周兩次晚上出去打工,還是不能擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)站據(jù)的窘境。李小姐的情況很普遍。在成千上萬(wàn)辭去自己原來(lái)工作,去尋找比較有錢(qián)的職業(yè)的青年教師中,她是個(gè)典型的例子。
43.2 Last evening, I went to visit one of my friends and was little surprised to find his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didn't she have supper with her family？ "She is going to have class in the evening school," explained her father. The case is not rare. My friend's daughter is just one of thousands of school children around the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools.昨晚我去看望一個(gè)朋友,看到她10歲的女兒正獨(dú)自吃早晚飯有些奇怪。
便問(wèn):“她為什么不和家人一起吃晚飯？”他父親解釋道:“她要上夜校去?！?BR> 這種情況并不鮮見(jiàn)。在夜校學(xué)外語(yǔ)的全市數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的在校學(xué)生中,我朋友的女兒不過(guò)是其中的一個(gè)而已。
44 Once in a hospital street newspaper , I saw read of learnt …… The problem phenomenon plight of …… has drawn arouse public nationwide general attention. concern
44.1 Once in a hospital I saw a small child with acute leukemia. She made the rounds and asked the adults —— her father, mother and relatives, "What is it going to be like when I die？" The grown-ups responded in a variety of ways, some crying out, some l osing for wards. The only message the little girl received through the grown-ups' response was that they had a lot of fear when it came to talking about death. How to help our youngsters to deal with the reality of death —— part of life that all of us eventually have to face？ The question has now drawn general attention.有我在醫(yī)院里看到一個(gè)患白血病的小女孩。她環(huán)視了一下來(lái)看望她的大人,逐個(gè)問(wèn)她的爸爸、媽媽及親戚:“我死后會(huì)怎么樣？”大人們的反應(yīng)各不相同,有的不禁失聲痛哭,有的吞吞吐吐不知如何作答。這個(gè)女孩從大人的反應(yīng)中得到的信息是,在談到死亡時(shí)他們對(duì)死都很害怕。如何來(lái)幫助孩子正確對(duì)待死,這個(gè)我們每一個(gè)人終都必須面對(duì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)呢？這個(gè)問(wèn)題已引起許多人的注意。
44.2 Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has amused nationwide concern.有在報(bào)上我讀到一則消息:一大群人對(duì)一位落水兒童的母親的哀求置之不理真令人震驚。由于這位婦女一時(shí)拿不出所要求的現(xiàn)錢(qián)的數(shù)目作為救她孩子的回報(bào),后她眼睜睜地看著兒子淹死。這種事在報(bào)紙、電視上常有報(bào)道。人們現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的這種麻木不仁、見(jiàn)死不救的態(tài)度已引起了全社會(huì)的關(guān)注。
45 I have a friend A friend of mine who …… Should Can he……？ Such a choice dilemma problem we often meet face confront in our daily life.
45.1 I have a friend who lies in a hospital, slowly dying of a painful and incurable disease. Although there is no hope of recovery, the disease sometimes permits its victim to linger on for many months in ever great torment. My friend, apprised of the outcome and knowing that the hospital expenses are a severe drain on his family's limited financial resources, decides that death had better come at once. Should the family meet his demand despite the enormous love for him？ Should the doctor run the risk of providing him with the necessary drug？ Such a dilemma we often meet in our daily life.我有一個(gè)朋友躺在醫(yī)院里,他患了不治之癥,在痛苦中慢慢死去。
雖然這種病無(wú)法醫(yī)治,但病人要在愈來(lái)愈痛苦的折磨中掙扎好幾個(gè)月。
我的朋友得知自己的病情后,考慮到耗費(fèi)在自己身上的醫(yī)藥費(fèi)時(shí)并不富裕的家來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),決定盡快結(jié)束生命。雖然他的家人很愛(ài)他,但是否應(yīng)同意他的要求呢？醫(yī)生是否應(yīng)冒險(xiǎn)向他提供結(jié)束生命必要的藥物呢？
在日常生活中我們常遇到這樣的難題。
46 Once upon a time was lived a man. …… The tale story may be apocryphal unbelievable 46 but it still has a realistic significance its underlying moral has continuing relevance now today.
46.1 Once upon a time there were a brother and sister squabbling over an apple, with each insisting on the larger slice. Just as the boy had gained control of the knife and was poised to hack off the larger share for himself, the parents said: "Hold it！ I don't care who cuts that apple into two pieces, but whoever does has to give the other the right to select the piece they want. " Naturally, to protect himself, the boy cut the apple into two pieces of equal size. The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today. There are sane situations in which the needs of the protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts firm defeating each other to defeating the problem, every one can benefit.從前有一對(duì)兄妹為一只蘋(píng)果爭(zhēng)吵,兩人都想吃大的一塊。正當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩拿起刀子準(zhǔn)備切下大的一半給自己時(shí),父母說(shuō):“住手,不管誰(shuí)把它切開(kāi),但切的人得給對(duì)方選擇他所要部分的權(quán)利?！焙茏匀?男孩為了不吃虧,把蘋(píng)果切成一般大小的兩塊。這則故事有點(diǎn)難以置信,但其中蘊(yùn)含的教益至今有用。有許多情況雙方的需求并不真正對(duì)立,只需把爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)從打敗對(duì)手轉(zhuǎn)移到解決問(wèn)題這上面來(lái),雙方便都能得益。
VII.問(wèn)題法
問(wèn)題法句型主要用于討論一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議性主題的文章。文章開(kāi)頭用一個(gè)要討論或解答的問(wèn)題設(shè)問(wèn),可以一下激起讀者的興趣。
47 Should What ……？ Opinions of Attitudes towards …… vary widely / greatly from person to person . 47 Some think of regard view …… as …… Others argue believe claim ……
47.1 Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries？ Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he needn't concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or, discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.科學(xué)家對(duì)他的發(fā)現(xiàn)該不該負(fù)責(zé)？人們有不同的看法。有的人認(rèn)為回答是否定的。
他們認(rèn)為科學(xué)家在社會(huì)中的作用就是提供知識(shí),而這些知識(shí)或發(fā)現(xiàn)如何用,他不必去關(guān)心。然而有的人則認(rèn)為科學(xué)家有責(zé)任確保其發(fā)現(xiàn)用以為社會(huì)服務(wù),而不是有害于社會(huì)。
47.2 Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients —— to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death？ People's attitude toward the doctor's lie varies from person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake； others think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted. But in medicine as in law, government and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy； to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.為了對(duì)病人有利——為了加快病人的康復(fù)或不讓病人知道自己瀕臨死亡——醫(yī)生到底該不該撒謊？對(duì)醫(yī)生的撒謊,人們的態(tài)度截然不同。有人認(rèn)為,為病人自身著想,撒謊是有必要的。有人則認(rèn)為不應(yīng)隱瞞或歪曲真相。
然而醫(yī)療行業(yè)與法律、政府及其它行業(yè)一樣,有些東西往往比誠(chéng)實(shí)更為重要。
如避免恐怖的消息所造成的后果,或必須格守保密的諾言,或需要揭露腐敗行為或促進(jìn)公眾利益。
47.3 What does it take to succeed in one's studies or career？
Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck ——being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.是什么使一個(gè)人在自己的學(xué)習(xí)或工作上獲得成功？人們的意見(jiàn)不盡相同。
在基本相同的情況下,有人認(rèn)為成功的因素主要是運(yùn)氣,即正處在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)和恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間。有的則認(rèn)為是由于全身心地投入工作以至于對(duì)自己近乎殘忍的科度。還有人認(rèn)為成功無(wú)疑取決于是否聰慧或取決于其母親受教育的程度。
48 How do you What do you Do you ever think of……？ How do you What do you Do you ever see……？ In answer reply to these questions, we must……
48.1 How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school？ How do we measure success in education？ How does education affect not only labor skills but the quality of life？ In seeking answers to such questions, there is much man —— indeed necessity —— for consideration and robust debate.我們?nèi)绾慰匆粋€(gè)學(xué)生從幼兒園到大學(xué)所承受的沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)？我們又如何來(lái)衡量一個(gè)人在學(xué)習(xí)上的成功？而教育又怎樣不僅影響一個(gè)人的工作技能而且還影響到生活質(zhì)量？要尋找這些問(wèn)題的答案,有許多地方,也確實(shí)有必要進(jìn)行思考并開(kāi)展熱烈的討論。
49 "Why do have …… . ？" Many people often ask pose the question like this.
49.1 "Why does the idea of progress loan so large in the modern world？" Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in morality, it has made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology.為什么進(jìn)步這個(gè)概念在當(dāng)今世界上如此受人重視？許多人經(jīng)常問(wèn)這一問(wèn)題。
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),這是因?yàn)槟撤N特殊的進(jìn)步實(shí)際上正在我們周圍出現(xiàn),而且變得越來(lái)越明顯。雖然人類在道德方面并無(wú)普遍的提高,但在知識(shí)和技術(shù)方面卻取得了非凡的進(jìn)步。
49.2 "Why have I chosen to attend college？ Is the four-year academic life worthwhile？" I have put these questions to myself at many times in the past two years. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue？ After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the conclusion that I have come to college not for money nor for fame but for knowledge, for a better understanding of the world around me.“我為什么要選擇讀大學(xué),這四年的學(xué)習(xí)生活是否值得？”
在過(guò)去的兩年中我不止地問(wèn)自己。我讀大學(xué)是否因父母的影響？
或有自己所要追求的目標(biāo)？經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次思考,我后得出結(jié)論,我讀大學(xué)并不是為錢(qián)、為名,而是為了知識(shí),為了更好地了解我周圍的世界。
我們年輕人從來(lái)看不到嬰兒的降臨,也體驗(yàn)不到一個(gè)家人的死去。當(dāng)人患了重病,他們常被送往醫(yī)院,而孩子們通常在醫(yī)院是不受歡迎的,是不允許探視臨終的病人的。這就剝奪了孩子對(duì)死亡的體會(huì),而這個(gè)體會(huì)對(duì)人生來(lái)說(shuō)是十分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a greenhouse effect, and raising the world's average temperature.過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為大氣污染只影響工廠密集、交通繁忙的大城市周圍地區(qū)。現(xiàn)在我們懂得雖然這些地區(qū)空氣污染嚴(yán)重,但這一問(wèn)題實(shí)際上卻是全球性的。燃燒煤和油使大氣里的二氧化碳成份增加,這就帶來(lái)了溫室效應(yīng),使世界平均氣溫上升。
39 Several years decades ago, people …… Now, ……
Today, …… Why do people ……？
has such change taken place？
39.1 Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. "Why？ Maybe he is short of money, " they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job？
幾年前,人們聽(tīng)到某某大學(xué)生在打工,常會(huì)覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)驚奇。他們想:“怎么啦？他可能缺錢(qián)用吧？”但如今大學(xué)生兼做家庭教師或推銷員、導(dǎo)游是常有的事了。許多學(xué)生在招貼欄或路燈桿上貼廣告,想尋找一份短工。為什么許多學(xué)生對(duì)課余打工或暑假打工這么感興趣呢？
39.2 Several decades ago, early childhood was spent playing games on the streets. To acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But now there is an increasing awareness of the importance of learning in the early years. Failure to teach children when they are young is seen as evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at increasingly earlier ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with formal instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school students. Why has such a big change taken place？
二三十年前,孩子們是在街上玩游戲度過(guò)童年的。人們并不鼓勵(lì)從小多學(xué)知識(shí)。但現(xiàn)在人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到從小學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。如果不從小教孩子識(shí)字等,父母會(huì)被認(rèn)為對(duì)孩子不負(fù)責(zé)。所以現(xiàn)在教育越來(lái)越早。無(wú)論在家里還是幼兒園,現(xiàn)在小孩子都接受正規(guī)的教育,如識(shí)字,算數(shù),而這些以前要到小學(xué)才學(xué)。為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這么大變化呢？
39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a great change. Twenty or thirty years ago, very few people believed that the market-oriented economy could work in our society. Now, however, it is widely held that it is the only key to the development of our economy. It is in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is nearly unsophisticated as the first. Yesterday's skepticism was based on ignorance of the law of economic growth； today's assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of economy itself.人們對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的態(tài)度經(jīng)歷了很大的變化。二三十年前,很少有人認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在我們國(guó)家行得通。而今天許多人則認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是我們經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的手段。而我認(rèn)為,第二種態(tài)度同第一種差不多簡(jiǎn)單。昨天對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的懷疑態(tài)度是由于人們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)律的一無(wú)所知；而今天的絕對(duì)肯定則反映了人們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)本質(zhì)的誤解。
40 After a good many years of efforts to enthusiasm for ……, people begin to ……
40.1 After years of second-class status, smaller rewards, and lesser coverage by sports writers, women athletes are making great strides —— not just in gymnastics and swimming, but in weightlifting and football. Women can and do compete well in nearly every sport and draw as large crowds of plying customers as men.多少年來(lái)女運(yùn)動(dòng)員地位低下,報(bào)酬低,體育記者對(duì)她們報(bào)道也少。
現(xiàn)在她們正在取得很大的進(jìn)步,不僅在體操、游泳,而且在舉重和足球方面也取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。婦女在幾乎所有的體育項(xiàng)目上都能,而且也確實(shí)干得很好,她們和男運(yùn)動(dòng)員一樣能吸引許多觀眾。
40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing its appeal for many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number, newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have one at all. The latest reports show that in 1994 married couples with wives under 35 had less than one child on average, while with wives over 55 had more than three children.經(jīng)過(guò)多年的多生孩子熱后,大城市里的許多年輕夫婦對(duì)生孩子正逐漸失去興趣。越來(lái)越多的新婚夫婦推遲生育孩子或決定不要孩子。根據(jù)新的報(bào)道,1994年35歲以下的已婚女性平均生育子女還不到一個(gè),而55歲以上的婦女則超過(guò)3個(gè)。
40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action, I have firmly concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and men of average performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep human urges work together, I believe, to motivate all human discovery and achievement.經(jīng)過(guò)多年來(lái)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的人性的觀察,我得出一個(gè)肯定結(jié)論:人能成為一個(gè)杰出之材還是一個(gè)平庸之輩取決于兩個(gè)特性:好奇和不滿足。我認(rèn)為人性中的這兩個(gè)欲望,一起起作用驅(qū)使人去發(fā)現(xiàn),去取得成就。
41 It is a traditional way custom practice to…… But now the pendulum has swung to another direction. in the opposite direction. the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children？
中國(guó)的老人和他們的子女和子孫住在一起是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的習(xí)慣。年輕人以此來(lái)表示對(duì)老人的尊敬,表達(dá)對(duì)父輩養(yǎng)育之恩的報(bào)答。但近一二十年,鐘擺轉(zhuǎn)到相反的方向去了。根據(jù)1994年一項(xiàng)調(diào)查, 52％的老人獨(dú)住自己家,或住進(jìn)大城市的養(yǎng)老院,而在1954年則基本沒(méi)有這種情況。為什么越來(lái)越多的老人和他們的于女分開(kāi)住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles —— creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband.傳統(tǒng)上來(lái)說(shuō),青年人關(guān)心的是職業(yè)、成功、積累財(cái)富以及舒適的生活。但現(xiàn)在鐘擺似乎轉(zhuǎn)到另一方向去了。根據(jù)1994年的調(diào)查,許多反文化的觀念已進(jìn)入了主流文化。
許多人衡量成功的標(biāo)志不再是物質(zhì)方面,而是創(chuàng)造、自主、快樂(lè)、參與、冒險(xiǎn)、刺激和愛(ài)情。
許多人對(duì)社會(huì)提供的工作和支付的報(bào)酬發(fā)生了疑問(wèn),并且不滿足于丈夫和妻子的傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)屬性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of general / growing / healthy tendency to upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward ……
42 According to a poll study survey , there is X percent of……, compared with Y percent last year. Why……？
42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies？
近幾年,科學(xué)家正從純理論的研究轉(zhuǎn)到應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域上來(lái)。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示:光北京地區(qū)就有72％的科研工作者轉(zhuǎn)向了工業(yè)部門(mén),那里不僅工作機(jī)會(huì)多,通常工資待遇也遠(yuǎn)比理論研究部門(mén)要高得多。這種傾向是否和全國(guó)只注重經(jīng)濟(jì)的直接產(chǎn)出,不太關(guān)心長(zhǎng)期的理論研究有關(guān)呢？
42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone ——a dramatic step on the path away from the close-knit, extended families so common just a few decades ago. According to a census report, households consisting of just one person have increased to 14 percent in the past year, compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living alone？
近些年來(lái)獨(dú)身現(xiàn)象悄然出現(xiàn)。這對(duì)幾十年前相當(dāng)普遍的關(guān)系緊密的大家庭來(lái)說(shuō),是一個(gè)非常大的變化。根據(jù)一份調(diào)查報(bào)告,去年單身者家庭上升14%,而在20年前只有4%單身者家庭。為什么那些人要選擇獨(dú)身生活呢？
VI.故事法
文章開(kāi)頭講一個(gè)故事,不僅可以引起讀者的興趣,且可引出文章要討論的主題。以下是引出故事的句型。
43 Last Sunday, The other day, Some months ago, I a friend of mine …… The story case incident is not rare, unusual, it is one typical of thousands of ……
43.1 The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldn't make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss Lee's case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work.幾天前,我遇到老同學(xué)李小姐。她告訴我她決定在本學(xué)期未辭去教師工作,去一家公司供職。她說(shuō)她選擇的教師職業(yè)使她無(wú)法生活下去,即使她每周兩次晚上出去打工,還是不能擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)站據(jù)的窘境。李小姐的情況很普遍。在成千上萬(wàn)辭去自己原來(lái)工作,去尋找比較有錢(qián)的職業(yè)的青年教師中,她是個(gè)典型的例子。
43.2 Last evening, I went to visit one of my friends and was little surprised to find his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didn't she have supper with her family？ "She is going to have class in the evening school," explained her father. The case is not rare. My friend's daughter is just one of thousands of school children around the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools.昨晚我去看望一個(gè)朋友,看到她10歲的女兒正獨(dú)自吃早晚飯有些奇怪。
便問(wèn):“她為什么不和家人一起吃晚飯？”他父親解釋道:“她要上夜校去?！?BR> 這種情況并不鮮見(jiàn)。在夜校學(xué)外語(yǔ)的全市數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的在校學(xué)生中,我朋友的女兒不過(guò)是其中的一個(gè)而已。
44 Once in a hospital street newspaper , I saw read of learnt …… The problem phenomenon plight of …… has drawn arouse public nationwide general attention. concern
44.1 Once in a hospital I saw a small child with acute leukemia. She made the rounds and asked the adults —— her father, mother and relatives, "What is it going to be like when I die？" The grown-ups responded in a variety of ways, some crying out, some l osing for wards. The only message the little girl received through the grown-ups' response was that they had a lot of fear when it came to talking about death. How to help our youngsters to deal with the reality of death —— part of life that all of us eventually have to face？ The question has now drawn general attention.有我在醫(yī)院里看到一個(gè)患白血病的小女孩。她環(huán)視了一下來(lái)看望她的大人,逐個(gè)問(wèn)她的爸爸、媽媽及親戚:“我死后會(huì)怎么樣？”大人們的反應(yīng)各不相同,有的不禁失聲痛哭,有的吞吞吐吐不知如何作答。這個(gè)女孩從大人的反應(yīng)中得到的信息是,在談到死亡時(shí)他們對(duì)死都很害怕。如何來(lái)幫助孩子正確對(duì)待死,這個(gè)我們每一個(gè)人終都必須面對(duì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)呢？這個(gè)問(wèn)題已引起許多人的注意。
44.2 Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has amused nationwide concern.有在報(bào)上我讀到一則消息:一大群人對(duì)一位落水兒童的母親的哀求置之不理真令人震驚。由于這位婦女一時(shí)拿不出所要求的現(xiàn)錢(qián)的數(shù)目作為救她孩子的回報(bào),后她眼睜睜地看著兒子淹死。這種事在報(bào)紙、電視上常有報(bào)道。人們現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的這種麻木不仁、見(jiàn)死不救的態(tài)度已引起了全社會(huì)的關(guān)注。
45 I have a friend A friend of mine who …… Should Can he……？ Such a choice dilemma problem we often meet face confront in our daily life.
45.1 I have a friend who lies in a hospital, slowly dying of a painful and incurable disease. Although there is no hope of recovery, the disease sometimes permits its victim to linger on for many months in ever great torment. My friend, apprised of the outcome and knowing that the hospital expenses are a severe drain on his family's limited financial resources, decides that death had better come at once. Should the family meet his demand despite the enormous love for him？ Should the doctor run the risk of providing him with the necessary drug？ Such a dilemma we often meet in our daily life.我有一個(gè)朋友躺在醫(yī)院里,他患了不治之癥,在痛苦中慢慢死去。
雖然這種病無(wú)法醫(yī)治,但病人要在愈來(lái)愈痛苦的折磨中掙扎好幾個(gè)月。
我的朋友得知自己的病情后,考慮到耗費(fèi)在自己身上的醫(yī)藥費(fèi)時(shí)并不富裕的家來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),決定盡快結(jié)束生命。雖然他的家人很愛(ài)他,但是否應(yīng)同意他的要求呢？醫(yī)生是否應(yīng)冒險(xiǎn)向他提供結(jié)束生命必要的藥物呢？
在日常生活中我們常遇到這樣的難題。
46 Once upon a time was lived a man. …… The tale story may be apocryphal unbelievable 46 but it still has a realistic significance its underlying moral has continuing relevance now today.
46.1 Once upon a time there were a brother and sister squabbling over an apple, with each insisting on the larger slice. Just as the boy had gained control of the knife and was poised to hack off the larger share for himself, the parents said: "Hold it！ I don't care who cuts that apple into two pieces, but whoever does has to give the other the right to select the piece they want. " Naturally, to protect himself, the boy cut the apple into two pieces of equal size. The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today. There are sane situations in which the needs of the protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts firm defeating each other to defeating the problem, every one can benefit.從前有一對(duì)兄妹為一只蘋(píng)果爭(zhēng)吵,兩人都想吃大的一塊。正當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩拿起刀子準(zhǔn)備切下大的一半給自己時(shí),父母說(shuō):“住手,不管誰(shuí)把它切開(kāi),但切的人得給對(duì)方選擇他所要部分的權(quán)利?！焙茏匀?男孩為了不吃虧,把蘋(píng)果切成一般大小的兩塊。這則故事有點(diǎn)難以置信,但其中蘊(yùn)含的教益至今有用。有許多情況雙方的需求并不真正對(duì)立,只需把爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)從打敗對(duì)手轉(zhuǎn)移到解決問(wèn)題這上面來(lái),雙方便都能得益。
VII.問(wèn)題法
問(wèn)題法句型主要用于討論一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議性主題的文章。文章開(kāi)頭用一個(gè)要討論或解答的問(wèn)題設(shè)問(wèn),可以一下激起讀者的興趣。
47 Should What ……？ Opinions of Attitudes towards …… vary widely / greatly from person to person . 47 Some think of regard view …… as …… Others argue believe claim ……
47.1 Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries？ Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he needn't concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or, discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.科學(xué)家對(duì)他的發(fā)現(xiàn)該不該負(fù)責(zé)？人們有不同的看法。有的人認(rèn)為回答是否定的。
他們認(rèn)為科學(xué)家在社會(huì)中的作用就是提供知識(shí),而這些知識(shí)或發(fā)現(xiàn)如何用,他不必去關(guān)心。然而有的人則認(rèn)為科學(xué)家有責(zé)任確保其發(fā)現(xiàn)用以為社會(huì)服務(wù),而不是有害于社會(huì)。
47.2 Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients —— to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death？ People's attitude toward the doctor's lie varies from person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake； others think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted. But in medicine as in law, government and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy； to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.為了對(duì)病人有利——為了加快病人的康復(fù)或不讓病人知道自己瀕臨死亡——醫(yī)生到底該不該撒謊？對(duì)醫(yī)生的撒謊,人們的態(tài)度截然不同。有人認(rèn)為,為病人自身著想,撒謊是有必要的。有人則認(rèn)為不應(yīng)隱瞞或歪曲真相。
然而醫(yī)療行業(yè)與法律、政府及其它行業(yè)一樣,有些東西往往比誠(chéng)實(shí)更為重要。
如避免恐怖的消息所造成的后果,或必須格守保密的諾言,或需要揭露腐敗行為或促進(jìn)公眾利益。
47.3 What does it take to succeed in one's studies or career？
Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck ——being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.是什么使一個(gè)人在自己的學(xué)習(xí)或工作上獲得成功？人們的意見(jiàn)不盡相同。
在基本相同的情況下,有人認(rèn)為成功的因素主要是運(yùn)氣,即正處在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)和恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間。有的則認(rèn)為是由于全身心地投入工作以至于對(duì)自己近乎殘忍的科度。還有人認(rèn)為成功無(wú)疑取決于是否聰慧或取決于其母親受教育的程度。
48 How do you What do you Do you ever think of……？ How do you What do you Do you ever see……？ In answer reply to these questions, we must……
48.1 How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school？ How do we measure success in education？ How does education affect not only labor skills but the quality of life？ In seeking answers to such questions, there is much man —— indeed necessity —— for consideration and robust debate.我們?nèi)绾慰匆粋€(gè)學(xué)生從幼兒園到大學(xué)所承受的沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)？我們又如何來(lái)衡量一個(gè)人在學(xué)習(xí)上的成功？而教育又怎樣不僅影響一個(gè)人的工作技能而且還影響到生活質(zhì)量？要尋找這些問(wèn)題的答案,有許多地方,也確實(shí)有必要進(jìn)行思考并開(kāi)展熱烈的討論。
49 "Why do have …… . ？" Many people often ask pose the question like this.
49.1 "Why does the idea of progress loan so large in the modern world？" Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in morality, it has made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology.為什么進(jìn)步這個(gè)概念在當(dāng)今世界上如此受人重視？許多人經(jīng)常問(wèn)這一問(wèn)題。
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),這是因?yàn)槟撤N特殊的進(jìn)步實(shí)際上正在我們周圍出現(xiàn),而且變得越來(lái)越明顯。雖然人類在道德方面并無(wú)普遍的提高,但在知識(shí)和技術(shù)方面卻取得了非凡的進(jìn)步。
49.2 "Why have I chosen to attend college？ Is the four-year academic life worthwhile？" I have put these questions to myself at many times in the past two years. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue？ After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the conclusion that I have come to college not for money nor for fame but for knowledge, for a better understanding of the world around me.“我為什么要選擇讀大學(xué),這四年的學(xué)習(xí)生活是否值得？”
在過(guò)去的兩年中我不止地問(wèn)自己。我讀大學(xué)是否因父母的影響？
或有自己所要追求的目標(biāo)？經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次思考,我后得出結(jié)論,我讀大學(xué)并不是為錢(qián)、為名,而是為了知識(shí),為了更好地了解我周圍的世界。