1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told， said， knew， heard， thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived， the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope， wish， expect， think， intend， mean， suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…".例如：
We had hoped that you would come， but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before， by， until ， when， after， once， as soon as.例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve， Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written， left B，were writing， has left C. had written， had left D. were writing， had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進行時。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told， said， knew， heard， thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived， the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope， wish， expect， think， intend， mean， suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…".例如：
We had hoped that you would come， but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before， by， until ， when， after， once， as soon as.例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve， Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written， left B，were writing， has left C. had written， had left D. were writing， had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進行時。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。