英語講義【18】特殊句子的被動語態(tài)

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前兩三期談過了被動語態(tài)的變法及在什么情況下要用被動語態(tài)。
    這里要談的是:如何處理某些句子的被動語態(tài)。
    先看看雙賓語句子如何變成被動語態(tài)。
    大家知道,英語有些句子含有兩個賓語:直接賓語和間接賓語。例如:
    “The crowd gave the guest a warm welcome ”里,就有雙賓語。一個是直接賓語“a warm welcome” ;另一個是間接賓語“the guest”。
    在變成被動語態(tài)時,其中一個賓語要成為主語。在一般情況下,我們多以間接賓語為主語,直接賓語留在原位,如:
    “The guest was given a warm welome by the crowd ”。
    但是,如果重點在直接賓語,直接賓語便要變成被動語態(tài)的主語,如:
    “We will offer any capable applicant a competitive salary.”要變成:
    “A competitive salary will be offered to any capable applicant.”
    接著,讓我們看看名詞分句如何變成被動語態(tài),例如:
    “People generally feel that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”這句子可以“it ”作為主語,然后,把名詞分句移到句子后頭去:
    “It is generally felt that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”
    另外一種變法是把名詞分句的主語轉(zhuǎn)為被動句的主語,接著把名詞分句的動詞變成不定式動詞:
    “Social workers are generally felt to be offering valuable services for the public.”
    最后,談?wù)勗鯓影巡粠А皌o”的不定式動詞變成被動語態(tài)。例如:
    “We saw them go out”和“He made her work”這兩句話里, “go out”和“work” 不帶“to ”,但是當(dāng)它們變成被動句時,“ to ”出現(xiàn)了:
    “They were seen to go out.”和“She was made to work.”
    在結(jié)束本文之前,順便指出中英文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一個差異,就是中文含有被動意義的句子,不一定要用“被”字,但在譯成英文時,卻要變成被動語態(tài)。例如:
    ①燈關(guān)掉了:The light was turned off (不是:The light turned off)
    ②會議延期舉行:The meeting will be put off. (不是:The meeting will put off)
    ③這件事必須保密:This matter should be kept secret.(不是:This matter should be secret)
    ④發(fā)展計劃提早完成:The development project was completed before schedule.
    ⑤我們學(xué)校去年建造了一個新的電腦室: Last year, a new computer room was built in our school.
    ⑥在舊社會,婦女是受輕視的:In the old society,women were looked down upon.