英語(yǔ)講義【64】容易混淆的形容詞和副詞

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形容詞用來(lái)修飾名詞;副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或整個(gè)句子??墒牵袝r(shí)形容詞和副詞容易混淆。例如“A fast train reached the destination fast”中的第一個(gè)“fast”是形容詞,第二個(gè)就是副詞。此外,有些詞既能是形容詞,也能是副詞,有些詞義不變,另些詞義不同;有些形容詞加上后綴“-ly”構(gòu)成的副詞和原來(lái)的形容詞意思相近,但有一些意義則相差甚遠(yuǎn);更有些形容詞,除自己本身能兼而充當(dāng)副詞之外,又可以再加上后綴“-ly”構(gòu)成派生副詞,若不小心,容易引起混淆。
    下面分別舉例說(shuō)明:
    ⑴可作形容詞又可作副詞,詞義不同如:
    ①a. Joelle is a pretty child.(形容詞)
    b. Tom will be back pretty soon.(副詞)
    ②a. The old man has been ill for some time.(形容詞)
    b. Don't speak ill of others.(副詞)
    ⑵既是形容詞,也是副詞,句子中的語(yǔ)法功能不同,但意義一樣,如:
    ③a. What a deep ocean it is !(深的)
    b. The boy dug deep into the ground.(深)
    ④a. Look at the high mountain!(高的)
    b. Birds fly high in the sky.(高)
    ⑶形容詞可以充當(dāng)副詞,又可以加上后綴,構(gòu)成派生副詞。在某些場(chǎng)合,兩者相近,可以通用(如例⑤和⑥);在另一些場(chǎng)合里,兩者意思有異,不可混為一談(如例⑦和⑧):
    ⑤a. Hold it tight, please!
    b. Hold it tightly, please!
    ⑥a. Please read slower.
    b. Please read more slowly.
    ⑦a. John came late yesterday.(遲)
    b. John has been working hard lately.(最近)
    ⑧a. Jason works hard.(努力地)
    b. Susan hardly works.(幾乎不)
    ⑷有些形容詞或副詞,同時(shí)有多個(gè)意思,如:
    ⑨a. Hard labour(苦工)
    b. Hard times(艱難時(shí)代)
    ⑩a. The baby is fast asleep.(睡得熟)
    b. Run fast, please!( 請(qǐng)快跑)
    c. Hold the rope fast!(緊握繩索)
    ⑸同詞根的派生形容詞和形容詞及分詞間,意思雖甚接近,但容易引起混亂,如:
    11a. The child is sleepy.(昏昏欲睡)
    b. The child is still asleep.(還在睡眠中) 
    c. Why are you looking at the sleeping child?(睡著的)
    12a. Diana feels lonely/ lonesome in the big house.(感到寂寞)
    b. Mary was alone in the office last night.(獨(dú)自)
    13a. Irene was awake the whole night last night.(整夜未眠)
    b. Tom had a wakeful night last night.(整夜未眠)
    c. What did you do during your waking hours last night?(醒著的時(shí)刻)
    (a)和(b)意思相近,但(a)的 awake 只能作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);(b)的 wakeful 則沒(méi)有這個(gè)局限。(c)里的 waking 現(xiàn)在分詞和(a)及(b)的兩個(gè)形容詞也似同非同,不易隨意取代。