英語講義【103】句型不同,句義有別

字號(hào):

在《詞序不同,句義有異》一文里,談到“形似義異”的句子。這里要從句型的變化來看句義的不同。最后還要看看同一個(gè)句子,卻有兩個(gè)意思。
    先看句型不同,句義有別的句子。
    ① We/watched/ the sunset.
    ② We/watched/the sun/set.
    ①里的句型是“主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語”。②里的句型是“主語+動(dòng)詞+ 賓語+不帶'to'的不定式動(dòng)詞”。①的意思是“某人看某事”;② 的意思是“某人看某事發(fā)生”。
    ③ Tom/ is/ going to play.
    ④ Tom/ is going/ to school.
    ③的句型是“主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)足語”。④里的句型是“主語+動(dòng)詞+ 副詞短語”。③的意思是“湯姆將要去玩?!薄"艿囊馑际恰皽吩谌W(xué)校途中”。
    ⑤ The cow/ is used/ to do the farm work.
    ⑥ The cow/ is/ used to doing the farm work.
    ⑤是被動(dòng)語態(tài)(the passive voice);⑥是主動(dòng)語態(tài)(the active voice)。⑤的句型是“主語+助動(dòng)詞+過去分詞+不定式動(dòng)詞短語”。
    ⑥的句型是“主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)足語”。注意⑥的補(bǔ)足語(the complement)是個(gè)形容詞短語“used to”,意思是“習(xí)慣于”,如:
    ⑦ Are you used to eating in a canteen?
    ⑧ Some people are not used to living in a foreign land.
    最后來看看一些“一句二義”的句子:
    ⑨ All schools here have trained teachers.
    a. All schools here HAVE TRAINED teachers.
    b. All schools here have TRAINED teachers.
    (a)指的是“在訓(xùn)練教師”;(b)指的是“有受過訓(xùn)練的教師”。
    ⑩ Mr Li is a Chinese dress tailor.
    a. Mr Li is a CHINESE dress tailor.
    b. Mr Li is a CHINESE DRESS tailor.
    (a)里的“李先生是個(gè)華籍裁縫師”;(b)里的“李先生是個(gè)華人服裝的裁縫師”。
    (11) Jenny doesn't have a single companion.
    a. Jenny doesn't have A SINGLE companion.
    b. Jenny doesn't have a SINGLE companion.
    (a)里的“珍妮連一個(gè)同伴都沒有”;(b)里的“珍妮沒有未婚的同伴”。
    (12) It is good news that his wife is expecting.
    這句話蘊(yùn)涵著兩個(gè)意思:
    (a)“他太太在等待的是個(gè)好消息”;(b)“有個(gè)好消息,就是他太太快生產(chǎn)了”。
    (a)和(b)的不同根源于“that his wife is expecting”這句話。它可以是形容詞從句(the adjective clause),也可以是名詞從句(the noun clause)。
    根據(jù)(a)的語義,所需的是個(gè)形容詞從句。根據(jù)(b)的意思,需要的是充當(dāng)同位語的名詞從句(the noun clause as the noun in apposition)。
    下面這個(gè)“that…… small”名詞從句也是名詞“The fact”的同位語;
    (13) The fact that our country is small is undeniable.