寫(xiě)作最忌拖泥帶水,文思含糊不清。無(wú)可否認(rèn),復(fù)雜的思想不是片言只字可以描繪出來(lái),但是在可能情況下,要力求用詞既簡(jiǎn)潔又準(zhǔn)確,并使內(nèi)容豐富,而不是詞藻華而不實(shí),內(nèi)容卻貧乏。
要怎樣才能用詞簡(jiǎn)潔而準(zhǔn)確呢?
這里只談準(zhǔn)確問(wèn)題,簡(jiǎn)潔問(wèn)題下文才討論。
首先,不要亂用不貼切同義詞,如:
(1) That unemployed man gained great fame as a robber.
(2) The commander's obstinacy in the face of the thunderstorm saved all the sailors in the ship.
“Fame”(好名聲)和“obstinacy”(固執(zhí))的意思適合這兩句嗎?前者需要的是個(gè)貶義詞;后者要的是個(gè)褒義詞。因此1.里的“fame”要改為“notoriety”(壞名聲),而2.里的“obstinacy”要變成“perseverance”(毅力/堅(jiān)持不懈)才貼切。
其次,注意字的拼寫(xiě)法,如:
(3) Have you read the antidote of that famous novelist?
(4) There is a very low baby morality rate here.
從拼寫(xiě)看,3.里的“antidote”(解藥)很像“anecdote”(軼事)。4.里的“morality”(道德)酷似“mortality”(死亡人數(shù))。莫怪會(huì)有拼寫(xiě)之誤,真是差之毫厘,失之千里,必須即刻糾正。
把“hungry”(饑餓)看成為“Hungary”(匈牙利)也屬于這類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤。
第三,不可杜撰派生詞,如:
(5) 由于前綴不對(duì)而派生詞有錯(cuò),如:
* inspiritual ; * unpolitical ;
*disconception ; *nonresponsible.
(6) 由于后綴錯(cuò)誤而派生詞不對(duì),如:
* understandment ; *disappearation ;
*unfriendship.
5.和6.里的派生詞都是憑私意杜撰的,必須改為:
non-spiritual, non-political,
misconception, irresponsible, understanding,
disappearance, unfriendliness.
最后,不可隨意轉(zhuǎn)化詞類(lèi),如:
(7) The lawyer opinioned that the suspect was innocent.
(8) Jason, a famous writer, planned to biography the ex-president.
7.里的“opinioned”是從名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的動(dòng)詞。據(jù)了解,這個(gè)名詞不可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞;因此,還是保持它的名詞原貌:
(9) The lawyer was of the opinion that the suspect was innocent.
同樣的道理8.里的“biography”也要打回原形,即名詞:
(10) Jason, a famous writer, planned to write a biography for the ex-president.
上述四種問(wèn)題,極為普遍,值得大家注意。當(dāng)然,用詞準(zhǔn)確與否,還牽涉到其他問(wèn)題,如詞的配搭,對(duì)句法等。由于這些問(wèn)題性質(zhì)不同,范疇有別,不可扯在一起,必須逐一分開(kāi)討論。
要怎樣才能用詞簡(jiǎn)潔而準(zhǔn)確呢?
這里只談準(zhǔn)確問(wèn)題,簡(jiǎn)潔問(wèn)題下文才討論。
首先,不要亂用不貼切同義詞,如:
(1) That unemployed man gained great fame as a robber.
(2) The commander's obstinacy in the face of the thunderstorm saved all the sailors in the ship.
“Fame”(好名聲)和“obstinacy”(固執(zhí))的意思適合這兩句嗎?前者需要的是個(gè)貶義詞;后者要的是個(gè)褒義詞。因此1.里的“fame”要改為“notoriety”(壞名聲),而2.里的“obstinacy”要變成“perseverance”(毅力/堅(jiān)持不懈)才貼切。
其次,注意字的拼寫(xiě)法,如:
(3) Have you read the antidote of that famous novelist?
(4) There is a very low baby morality rate here.
從拼寫(xiě)看,3.里的“antidote”(解藥)很像“anecdote”(軼事)。4.里的“morality”(道德)酷似“mortality”(死亡人數(shù))。莫怪會(huì)有拼寫(xiě)之誤,真是差之毫厘,失之千里,必須即刻糾正。
把“hungry”(饑餓)看成為“Hungary”(匈牙利)也屬于這類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤。
第三,不可杜撰派生詞,如:
(5) 由于前綴不對(duì)而派生詞有錯(cuò),如:
* inspiritual ; * unpolitical ;
*disconception ; *nonresponsible.
(6) 由于后綴錯(cuò)誤而派生詞不對(duì),如:
* understandment ; *disappearation ;
*unfriendship.
5.和6.里的派生詞都是憑私意杜撰的,必須改為:
non-spiritual, non-political,
misconception, irresponsible, understanding,
disappearance, unfriendliness.
最后,不可隨意轉(zhuǎn)化詞類(lèi),如:
(7) The lawyer opinioned that the suspect was innocent.
(8) Jason, a famous writer, planned to biography the ex-president.
7.里的“opinioned”是從名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的動(dòng)詞。據(jù)了解,這個(gè)名詞不可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞;因此,還是保持它的名詞原貌:
(9) The lawyer was of the opinion that the suspect was innocent.
同樣的道理8.里的“biography”也要打回原形,即名詞:
(10) Jason, a famous writer, planned to write a biography for the ex-president.
上述四種問(wèn)題,極為普遍,值得大家注意。當(dāng)然,用詞準(zhǔn)確與否,還牽涉到其他問(wèn)題,如詞的配搭,對(duì)句法等。由于這些問(wèn)題性質(zhì)不同,范疇有別,不可扯在一起,必須逐一分開(kāi)討論。

