第2課
非謂語動詞與獨立主格：短語，句子（或者句子，短語）
1.當(dāng)短語部分有獨立主語，并且該主語不同于句子主語，這時短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格。（它明顯的特點是短語部分有獨立的主語）。
獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)1：名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞]
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的，正在進(jìn)行的行為；過去分詞表示被動的，已經(jīng)完成的行為。 作題時要通過判斷動作與名詞（代詞）之間的關(guān)系來確定是使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。當(dāng)動作由名詞（代詞）發(fā)出時使用現(xiàn)在分詞，而名詞（代詞）是受動者時則用過去分詞。
54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
A followed B following C to follow D being followed
49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
call off 取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四級中的考點就是現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別。
獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with + 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [句子當(dāng)中作狀語]
36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
as well as 和（相當(dāng)于and）； be encouraged不會考。
動詞不定式有預(yù)示將來行為的含義。to be encouraged 將要被鼓勵；
been encouraged 已經(jīng)被鼓勵完了，與主句的謂語動詞相對；being encouraged 正在被鼓勵
2.短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語）
句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發(fā)出動作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出，則使用過去分詞。
43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 將要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的動詞：
第一點：forget 忘記； [反義] remember 記得；
這兩個詞后加動詞不定式表示將要進(jìn)行的行為；這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式表示已經(jīng)做過的事情。
注意：動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，但含義不同。這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式都是動名詞。
forget to do sth. 忘記要去做某事； forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事；
remember to do sth. 記得要去做某事； remember doing sth. 記得做過某事；
62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
offer vt. 提出，提供； offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正確。
動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：凡是一個動詞的后面可以加動名詞，就可以加動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
動作發(fā)出者 + 動名詞；當(dāng)動作發(fā)出者名字給出時：名詞所有格 + 動名詞；當(dāng)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在文章中出現(xiàn)，且動作發(fā)出者在前文中提過時：形容詞物主代詞（賓格）+ 動名詞。
形容詞物主代詞：his, her, my, your, their, our。代詞賓格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二點：want 想要； want to do sth. 想做某事； want doing 客觀需要或缺乏。
48. Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被動含義。
18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三點：mean 意味； mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味著，…的意思是…
25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待臺]
A making B to make C to have made D having made
非謂語動詞與獨立主格：短語，句子（或者句子，短語）
1.當(dāng)短語部分有獨立主語，并且該主語不同于句子主語，這時短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格。（它明顯的特點是短語部分有獨立的主語）。
獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)1：名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞]
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的，正在進(jìn)行的行為；過去分詞表示被動的，已經(jīng)完成的行為。 作題時要通過判斷動作與名詞（代詞）之間的關(guān)系來確定是使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。當(dāng)動作由名詞（代詞）發(fā)出時使用現(xiàn)在分詞，而名詞（代詞）是受動者時則用過去分詞。
54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
A followed B following C to follow D being followed
49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
call off 取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四級中的考點就是現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別。
獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with + 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [句子當(dāng)中作狀語]
36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
as well as 和（相當(dāng)于and）； be encouraged不會考。
動詞不定式有預(yù)示將來行為的含義。to be encouraged 將要被鼓勵；
been encouraged 已經(jīng)被鼓勵完了，與主句的謂語動詞相對；being encouraged 正在被鼓勵
2.短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語）
句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發(fā)出動作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出，則使用過去分詞。
43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 將要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的動詞：
第一點：forget 忘記； [反義] remember 記得；
這兩個詞后加動詞不定式表示將要進(jìn)行的行為；這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式表示已經(jīng)做過的事情。
注意：動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，但含義不同。這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式都是動名詞。
forget to do sth. 忘記要去做某事； forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事；
remember to do sth. 記得要去做某事； remember doing sth. 記得做過某事；
62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
offer vt. 提出，提供； offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正確。
動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：凡是一個動詞的后面可以加動名詞，就可以加動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
動作發(fā)出者 + 動名詞；當(dāng)動作發(fā)出者名字給出時：名詞所有格 + 動名詞；當(dāng)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在文章中出現(xiàn)，且動作發(fā)出者在前文中提過時：形容詞物主代詞（賓格）+ 動名詞。
形容詞物主代詞：his, her, my, your, their, our。代詞賓格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二點：want 想要； want to do sth. 想做某事； want doing 客觀需要或缺乏。
48. Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被動含義。
18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三點：mean 意味； mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味著，…的意思是…
25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待臺]
A making B to make C to have made D having made