定語(yǔ)從句中常見錯(cuò)誤例析
在使用定語(yǔ)從句過(guò)程中,有些學(xué)生往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣或那樣的錯(cuò)誤.為避免這些錯(cuò)誤,現(xiàn)對(duì)一些常見錯(cuò)誤作以歸納：
1 從句中多余賓語(yǔ)
[誤] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.
[正] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.
上例中,關(guān)系代詞that或which在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可省去,因此,從句中賓語(yǔ)it多余.
2 從句中缺少主語(yǔ)
[誤] He is the professor gave us a speech yesterday.
[正] He is the professor who gave us a speech yesterday.
關(guān)系代詞who 或that在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)不能省略,否則,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整.
3 從句中主謂不一致
[誤]I, who is your friend, will try my best to help you.
[正]I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)注意主謂一致,也就是說(shuō),根據(jù)先行詞的人稱和數(shù)來(lái)確定從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式.如：-
I just spoke to the doctor who is an eye specialist.
He was the only one of youngest girls who plays in the band.
4搭配錯(cuò)誤
[誤]Don’t talk about such things that you do not understand.
[正]Don’t talk about such things as you do not understand.
在such…as結(jié)構(gòu)中,as所引導(dǎo)的中定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),不能用其它關(guān)系代詞代替,但在the same…as結(jié)構(gòu)中,如屬同類則用as,如: 如You’ve made the same mistake as I did ,not changed ,not another or others作之意時(shí),則需用that，如You’ve made the same mistake that you made last time。
5關(guān)系代詞誤用
（1） what與that誤用
[誤]All what she could do was to go back home.
[正]All that she could do was to go back home.
what一詞不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.當(dāng)先行詞是all時(shí),應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,另外,有些復(fù)合不定代詞（如nothing everything:等）作先行詞,或先行詞受形容詞級(jí)、序數(shù)詞等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用that而不用which.如::They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory.
（2） Who與 whom誤用
[誤]The citizens ,most of who were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
[正]The citizens ,most of whom were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞后面引導(dǎo)定詞從句修飾人時(shí)用Whom;同樣,關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞后面引導(dǎo)定詞從句修飾物時(shí)用 which 如:The two things about which Marx was not sure were grammar and some of the idioms
（3） that與which誤用
[誤]Tom ’s dog, that was very old now, became ill and died,
[正]Tom’s dog, which was very old now , became ill and died
非限制定語(yǔ)從句,用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo).
（4） that 與who誤用
[誤]They talked about an hour of things and persons who they’re membered in the school.
[正]They talked about an hour of things and persons that they’re membered in the school.
先行詞在多個(gè),且既是人又是物時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定詞從句
6關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞混淆
[誤]I’ve been to the city where you visited last week.
[正]I’ve been to the city that you visited last week
定詞從句修飾代表地點(diǎn)、時(shí)問(wèn)的先行詞時(shí),要看代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中是否作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ).如作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),就要用關(guān)系代詞that 或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.反之,要用關(guān)系副詞 where（表地點(diǎn)）或 when（表時(shí)間）,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ).如:Mary would never forget the evening when she lost the beautiful necklace
7先行詞混淆
[誤]}Is this museum that you visited the other day?
[正]Is this museum the one you visited the other day?
該例中This museum 為主語(yǔ),并非先行詞.照句子結(jié)構(gòu)缺少表語(yǔ)the one,即定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞.
8定詞從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句混淆
[誤]Is it in this museum where he works?
[正]Is it in this museum that he works?
上例為強(qiáng)調(diào)句.需要記住的是,強(qiáng)調(diào)句型為止It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who…不能與定語(yǔ)從句混淆.
9遺漏介詞
[誤]The person whom I spoke just now is the manager
[正]The person whom I spoke to just now is the manager.
該句的漢語(yǔ)意思是:“剛才和我說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是經(jīng)理.”根據(jù)句意,定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞whom在句子成分上就無(wú)處可放,無(wú)法解釋.又如:This is the room that we lived last year.應(yīng)改為:This is the room that we lived in last year（關(guān)系代詞that作介詞in的賓語(yǔ),故不能遺漏）
10錯(cuò)用先行詞前面的限定詞
[誤]My house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it
[正]The house which/that I-bought last year has a lovely garden before it.
[正]My house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden before it,
11錯(cuò)用關(guān)系詞.有以下幾種情況:
（1）物主代詞his不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
[誤]I met Tom ,under his arm there was a book .
[正]I met Tom ,under whose arm there was a book .
（2）應(yīng)該用關(guān)系詞which而不用人稱代詞it .
[誤]He lived in a house, in front of it stands a tall tree .
[正] He lived in a house, in front of which stands a tall tree .
(3) 應(yīng)該用關(guān)系詞whom,不應(yīng)該用人稱代詞賓格them .
[誤]I have two brothers ,all of them are in Beijing .
[正]I have two brothers, all of whom are in Beijing .
在使用定語(yǔ)從句過(guò)程中,有些學(xué)生往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣或那樣的錯(cuò)誤.為避免這些錯(cuò)誤,現(xiàn)對(duì)一些常見錯(cuò)誤作以歸納：
1 從句中多余賓語(yǔ)
[誤] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.
[正] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.
上例中,關(guān)系代詞that或which在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可省去,因此,從句中賓語(yǔ)it多余.
2 從句中缺少主語(yǔ)
[誤] He is the professor gave us a speech yesterday.
[正] He is the professor who gave us a speech yesterday.
關(guān)系代詞who 或that在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)不能省略,否則,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整.
3 從句中主謂不一致
[誤]I, who is your friend, will try my best to help you.
[正]I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)注意主謂一致,也就是說(shuō),根據(jù)先行詞的人稱和數(shù)來(lái)確定從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式.如：-
I just spoke to the doctor who is an eye specialist.
He was the only one of youngest girls who plays in the band.
4搭配錯(cuò)誤
[誤]Don’t talk about such things that you do not understand.
[正]Don’t talk about such things as you do not understand.
在such…as結(jié)構(gòu)中,as所引導(dǎo)的中定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),不能用其它關(guān)系代詞代替,但在the same…as結(jié)構(gòu)中,如屬同類則用as,如: 如You’ve made the same mistake as I did ,not changed ,not another or others作之意時(shí),則需用that，如You’ve made the same mistake that you made last time。
5關(guān)系代詞誤用
（1） what與that誤用
[誤]All what she could do was to go back home.
[正]All that she could do was to go back home.
what一詞不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.當(dāng)先行詞是all時(shí),應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,另外,有些復(fù)合不定代詞（如nothing everything:等）作先行詞,或先行詞受形容詞級(jí)、序數(shù)詞等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用that而不用which.如::They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory.
（2） Who與 whom誤用
[誤]The citizens ,most of who were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
[正]The citizens ,most of whom were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞后面引導(dǎo)定詞從句修飾人時(shí)用Whom;同樣,關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞后面引導(dǎo)定詞從句修飾物時(shí)用 which 如:The two things about which Marx was not sure were grammar and some of the idioms
（3） that與which誤用
[誤]Tom ’s dog, that was very old now, became ill and died,
[正]Tom’s dog, which was very old now , became ill and died
非限制定語(yǔ)從句,用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo).
（4） that 與who誤用
[誤]They talked about an hour of things and persons who they’re membered in the school.
[正]They talked about an hour of things and persons that they’re membered in the school.
先行詞在多個(gè),且既是人又是物時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定詞從句
6關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞混淆
[誤]I’ve been to the city where you visited last week.
[正]I’ve been to the city that you visited last week
定詞從句修飾代表地點(diǎn)、時(shí)問(wèn)的先行詞時(shí),要看代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中是否作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ).如作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),就要用關(guān)系代詞that 或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.反之,要用關(guān)系副詞 where（表地點(diǎn)）或 when（表時(shí)間）,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ).如:Mary would never forget the evening when she lost the beautiful necklace
7先行詞混淆
[誤]}Is this museum that you visited the other day?
[正]Is this museum the one you visited the other day?
該例中This museum 為主語(yǔ),并非先行詞.照句子結(jié)構(gòu)缺少表語(yǔ)the one,即定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞.
8定詞從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句混淆
[誤]Is it in this museum where he works?
[正]Is it in this museum that he works?
上例為強(qiáng)調(diào)句.需要記住的是,強(qiáng)調(diào)句型為止It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who…不能與定語(yǔ)從句混淆.
9遺漏介詞
[誤]The person whom I spoke just now is the manager
[正]The person whom I spoke to just now is the manager.
該句的漢語(yǔ)意思是:“剛才和我說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是經(jīng)理.”根據(jù)句意,定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞whom在句子成分上就無(wú)處可放,無(wú)法解釋.又如:This is the room that we lived last year.應(yīng)改為:This is the room that we lived in last year（關(guān)系代詞that作介詞in的賓語(yǔ),故不能遺漏）
10錯(cuò)用先行詞前面的限定詞
[誤]My house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it
[正]The house which/that I-bought last year has a lovely garden before it.
[正]My house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden before it,
11錯(cuò)用關(guān)系詞.有以下幾種情況:
（1）物主代詞his不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
[誤]I met Tom ,under his arm there was a book .
[正]I met Tom ,under whose arm there was a book .
（2）應(yīng)該用關(guān)系詞which而不用人稱代詞it .
[誤]He lived in a house, in front of it stands a tall tree .
[正] He lived in a house, in front of which stands a tall tree .
(3) 應(yīng)該用關(guān)系詞whom,不應(yīng)該用人稱代詞賓格them .
[誤]I have two brothers ,all of them are in Beijing .
[正]I have two brothers, all of whom are in Beijing .