1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. (難度系數(shù)5，下同) 那種性別比例能在大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在大程度 上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
2.(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. (5 )
復(fù)雜 倒裝 省略。（這是一種）照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來(lái)就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說(shuō)加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
3.Hardy‘s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. (3) 哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無(wú)能，無(wú)法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái)；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。
4.Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining state of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. (5)
弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時(shí)有關(guān) 其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評(píng)論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀?反映了她諸多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對(duì)“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見(jiàn)解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。
5.As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” (5-)
就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達(dá)的那樣，“盡管可以毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的說(shuō)，沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái)，也沒(méi)有任何高樓大廈被建立起來(lái)是因?yàn)閱疼耪f(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書(shū)的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德”。
6. With the conclusion of a burst activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. (4 ) 隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。
7.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves‘ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. (3 )
雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
8.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of — and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. (4)
古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說(shuō)、音樂(lè)、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
9.This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules gorning marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. (3 )
古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻 （union with close kin）的禁止。
10.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a groupgenerally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition, "can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. (4 )
該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見(jiàn)所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見(jiàn)，而該群體在任何特定的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
11.Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. (5)
類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來(lái)與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖摹?BR> 12.It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. (5) 有可能通過(guò)其他方法來(lái)證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來(lái)卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
13.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4) 雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡(jiǎn)單、不甚熟悉的物體來(lái)說(shuō)。
14.Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4-)
盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來(lái)比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
15.Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic andthe recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (4 )
雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡(jiǎn)單、不甚熟悉的物體來(lái)說(shuō)。
16.In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. (3 )
在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來(lái)匯聚了大量的注意力，來(lái)更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。
17.If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact — real Amazonian societies — but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women‘s rule in their own society. (4)
如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對(duì)于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來(lái)表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對(duì)于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
18.Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativisticeffect and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)
因此，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤 （Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對(duì)該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對(duì)論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的一整套量子場(chǎng)論方程式。
19.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5 )
物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無(wú)誤的論據(jù)不無(wú)道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無(wú)誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用；而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無(wú)誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)（underlying assumption）稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
20.However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women‘s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the saloonieres, who remained isolatedfrom one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國(guó)沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來(lái)。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國(guó)沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無(wú)存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開(kāi)來(lái)。
21.As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them. (5)
隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來(lái)愈深刻，而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無(wú)法愈越的鴻溝。
22.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. (4)
雖然小說(shuō)無(wú)疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識(shí)形態(tài)的方式對(duì)這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說(shuō)和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來(lái)探討，會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說(shuō)事業(yè)。
23.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic？(3)
這究竟是一種缺陷呢，或者是否表明，這些作者是在按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？
24.In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer‘s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? (5)
不僅如此，有些黑人小說(shuō)（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個(gè)和諧的對(duì)應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫(huà)了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。
25.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man. (4)
《黑人小說(shuō)》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說(shuō)，在此過(guò)程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man）。
26.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth‘s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)
在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖6.6%和114%.
33.The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. (4)
水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
34.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. (4)
只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來(lái)把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
35.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier — hat is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion
of the American farming system. (4)
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說(shuō)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
36.In the early 1950‘s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite： the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. (4)
二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)，開(kāi)始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
37.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of differentsocial groups (these attitudes include, but are notconfined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. (3 )
象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史（case history）來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對(duì)犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
38.It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following (5)從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所好的幫助？
39.My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. (4)
我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)——它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。
40.Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. (5)
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無(wú)害，也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿足。
41.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other— an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. (4)
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識(shí)，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
42.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law — notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned — that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5)
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
43.(Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.) Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5)
盡管從歷史角度來(lái)看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的*教法與大流散時(shí)期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的*教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書(shū)》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
44.Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it； Islamic law is the result of an examination from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (4)
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對(duì)各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。
45.One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants‘ natural constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes. (5)
這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
46.It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. (3 )
下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR> 47.Unless they succeed, the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible. (4)
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離開(kāi)來(lái)的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
48.Its subject (to use Maynard Mack‘s categories) is "life-as-spectacle" for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without； the tragic Iliad, however, presents "life-as-experience": readers are asked to identify with the mindof Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5)
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛(ài)的主人公。（從分號(hào)后的語(yǔ)句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable：有吸引力的
49.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3 )
在一條成年比目魚(yú)身上顯著存在的諸多不對(duì)稱（asymmetry）特征中，為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng)，因此在成年比目魚(yú)身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
50.A critique of Handlin‘s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined,and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded. (4)
一個(gè)對(duì)于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒(méi)有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評(píng)顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見(jiàn)之間的關(guān)系的假說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對(duì)于在北美和南美之間的對(duì)黑怒的不同處理的解釋?xiě)?yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
51.The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle. (5-)
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
52.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue thatthe mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways. (4 )
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
53.Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5-)
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開(kāi)始寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)，又為了寫(xiě)一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說(shuō)，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說(shuō)情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開(kāi)的小說(shuō)。
54.The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
60.This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
61.There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to beshamelessly gorging. (5)
人們?cè)噲D對(duì)這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會(huì)關(guān)系。
62.Many critics of Family Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. (5)
研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說(shuō)《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評(píng)論家，將小說(shuō)的第二部分視作一種對(duì)比物，即使沒(méi)有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對(duì)第一部分作出一種詮釋評(píng)判，而在小說(shuō)第一部分中，一種“浪漫的”的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
63.Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. (4 )
誠(chéng)然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對(duì)小說(shuō)架構(gòu)的意識(shí)可與亨利.詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識(shí)相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說(shuō)所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來(lái)的做法，在某種程度上注定是無(wú)法令人信服的。
64.This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5)
這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會(huì)僵化成為一個(gè)命題（盡管對(duì)這部或任何一部小說(shuō)的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險(xiǎn)），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無(wú)可辯駁的力度，終拒絕被囿于一個(gè)囊括無(wú)遺的解釋中。
65.The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error； and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)
鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來(lái)源與另一種銅礦石來(lái)源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測(cè)量誤差；而初的研究表明，對(duì)于來(lái)自單獨(dú)一個(gè)銅礦石來(lái)源的鉛來(lái)說(shuō)，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無(wú)二致的。
66. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. (3 )
更有可能的是鳥(niǎo)類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過(guò)外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過(guò)內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥(niǎo)類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來(lái)。
67.A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been thatEngland‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated
the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. (4 )
一個(gè)對(duì)于后來(lái)成了美國(guó)的英國(guó)殖民地的歷史的長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國(guó)在1763年以前對(duì)于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國(guó)制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了終導(dǎo)致美國(guó)革命的緊張氣氛。
68.It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly congenetic. (4)
現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它常見(jiàn)于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
69.Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and socialmobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. (4 )
即使是對(duì)這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評(píng)，諸如《分裂的社會(huì)》（Divided Society）一書(shū)中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問(wèn)題過(guò)分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)移動(dòng)性的因素聯(lián)系起來(lái)，因此無(wú)從闡明波多黎各人作為一個(gè)殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
70.They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected. (3)
它們被稱為“虛粒子”（virtual particle），以便與實(shí)粒子（real particle）區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)，而實(shí)粒子則不會(huì)以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測(cè)定。
71.Open acknowledgement of the existence of women‘s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in women‘s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable. (4 )
公開(kāi)對(duì)婦女壓迫的存在的承認(rèn)對(duì)于50年代的美國(guó)而言有些過(guò)分激進(jìn)，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個(gè)充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素”的觀點(diǎn)，尤其無(wú)法令人接受。
72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. (4)
其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核之后，由于地球與另一個(gè)龐大的天體發(fā)生碰撞，月亮便從地球那石質(zhì)的地幔中撕裂開(kāi)來(lái)而形成的。
73.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confinedto the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. (4)
然而，進(jìn)來(lái)的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈的顯示那些看來(lái)為明確的請(qǐng)教徒的早期新英格蘭文化的一些方面，比如強(qiáng)烈的宗教導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)體意識(shí)，就整體而言卻不是新英格蘭的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限與馬薩諸賽和康涅狄格兩個(gè)州。
74.Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern — acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models — was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. (4)
因此，那些與（北方）清教殖民地形成鮮明對(duì)比、并在戴維斯教授的心目中顯得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、對(duì)政治和法律的濃厚興趣、以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向——不僅僅要比清教的馬薩諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的文化模式更具有典型的英國(guó)色彩，并且?guī)缀鹾翢o(wú)疑問(wèn)地構(gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國(guó)殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至羅得島和新罕布什爾州。
75.Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from earlychildhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this. (5)
一些描述，關(guān)于他從小就記得的北卡羅來(lái)納州的M縣的人民、關(guān)于他在H的日子里的爵士樂(lè)手和公寓的房頂、關(guān)于匹茲堡的鋼鐵工人的描述和他的假借古代B國(guó)對(duì)古希臘神話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。In the guise of ：“假借、在…的幌子下，假裝”。
76.A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. (4)
浮游動(dòng)物體內(nèi)一種極特殊的進(jìn)食適應(yīng)性變化是蝌蚪狀的尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物（appendicularian）的那種適應(yīng)性變化，而尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物則存活于核桃大?。ɑ蚋。┑酿ひ呵蚰覂?nèi)，裝備有過(guò)濾器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
77.These historians,, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. (3 )
但是，這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時(shí)期中那些具體的女權(quán)主義思想和活動(dòng)的發(fā)展。
78.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5)
顯然，大多數(shù)的巨星能夠失去足夠多的物質(zhì)以至于在燃盡其核燃料以前他們的質(zhì)量下降到關(guān)鍵值1.4M以下。難在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that…
2.(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. (5 )
復(fù)雜 倒裝 省略。（這是一種）照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來(lái)就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說(shuō)加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
3.Hardy‘s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. (3) 哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無(wú)能，無(wú)法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái)；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。
4.Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining state of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. (5)
弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時(shí)有關(guān) 其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評(píng)論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀?反映了她諸多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對(duì)“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見(jiàn)解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。
5.As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” (5-)
就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達(dá)的那樣，“盡管可以毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的說(shuō)，沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái)，也沒(méi)有任何高樓大廈被建立起來(lái)是因?yàn)閱疼耪f(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書(shū)的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德”。
6. With the conclusion of a burst activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. (4 ) 隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。
7.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves‘ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. (3 )
雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
8.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of — and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. (4)
古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說(shuō)、音樂(lè)、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
9.This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules gorning marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. (3 )
古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻 （union with close kin）的禁止。
10.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a groupgenerally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition, "can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. (4 )
該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見(jiàn)所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見(jiàn)，而該群體在任何特定的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
11.Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. (5)
類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來(lái)與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖摹?BR> 12.It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. (5) 有可能通過(guò)其他方法來(lái)證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來(lái)卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
13.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4) 雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡(jiǎn)單、不甚熟悉的物體來(lái)說(shuō)。
14.Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4-)
盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來(lái)比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
15.Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic andthe recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (4 )
雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡(jiǎn)單、不甚熟悉的物體來(lái)說(shuō)。
16.In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. (3 )
在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來(lái)匯聚了大量的注意力，來(lái)更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。
17.If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact — real Amazonian societies — but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women‘s rule in their own society. (4)
如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對(duì)于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來(lái)表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對(duì)于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
18.Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativisticeffect and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)
因此，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤 （Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對(duì)該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對(duì)論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的一整套量子場(chǎng)論方程式。
19.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5 )
物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無(wú)誤的論據(jù)不無(wú)道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無(wú)誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用；而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無(wú)誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)（underlying assumption）稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
20.However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women‘s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the saloonieres, who remained isolatedfrom one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國(guó)沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來(lái)。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國(guó)沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無(wú)存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開(kāi)來(lái)。
21.As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them. (5)
隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來(lái)愈深刻，而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無(wú)法愈越的鴻溝。
22.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. (4)
雖然小說(shuō)無(wú)疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識(shí)形態(tài)的方式對(duì)這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說(shuō)和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來(lái)探討，會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說(shuō)事業(yè)。
23.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic？(3)
這究竟是一種缺陷呢，或者是否表明，這些作者是在按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？
24.In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer‘s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? (5)
不僅如此，有些黑人小說(shuō)（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個(gè)和諧的對(duì)應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫(huà)了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。
25.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man. (4)
《黑人小說(shuō)》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說(shuō)，在此過(guò)程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man）。
26.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth‘s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)
在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖6.6%和114%.
33.The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. (4)
水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
34.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. (4)
只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來(lái)把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
35.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier — hat is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion
of the American farming system. (4)
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說(shuō)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
36.In the early 1950‘s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite： the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. (4)
二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)，開(kāi)始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
37.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of differentsocial groups (these attitudes include, but are notconfined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. (3 )
象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史（case history）來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對(duì)犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
38.It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following (5)從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所好的幫助？
39.My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. (4)
我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)——它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。
40.Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. (5)
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無(wú)害，也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿足。
41.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other— an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. (4)
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識(shí)，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
42.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law — notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned — that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5)
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
43.(Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.) Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5)
盡管從歷史角度來(lái)看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的*教法與大流散時(shí)期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的*教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書(shū)》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
44.Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it； Islamic law is the result of an examination from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (4)
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對(duì)各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。
45.One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants‘ natural constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes. (5)
這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
46.It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. (3 )
下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR> 47.Unless they succeed, the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible. (4)
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離開(kāi)來(lái)的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
48.Its subject (to use Maynard Mack‘s categories) is "life-as-spectacle" for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without； the tragic Iliad, however, presents "life-as-experience": readers are asked to identify with the mindof Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5)
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛(ài)的主人公。（從分號(hào)后的語(yǔ)句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable：有吸引力的
49.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3 )
在一條成年比目魚(yú)身上顯著存在的諸多不對(duì)稱（asymmetry）特征中，為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng)，因此在成年比目魚(yú)身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
50.A critique of Handlin‘s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined,and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded. (4)
一個(gè)對(duì)于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒(méi)有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評(píng)顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見(jiàn)之間的關(guān)系的假說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對(duì)于在北美和南美之間的對(duì)黑怒的不同處理的解釋?xiě)?yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
51.The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle. (5-)
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
52.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue thatthe mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways. (4 )
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
53.Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5-)
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開(kāi)始寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)，又為了寫(xiě)一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說(shuō)，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說(shuō)情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開(kāi)的小說(shuō)。
54.The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
60.This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
61.There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to beshamelessly gorging. (5)
人們?cè)噲D對(duì)這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會(huì)關(guān)系。
62.Many critics of Family Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. (5)
研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說(shuō)《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評(píng)論家，將小說(shuō)的第二部分視作一種對(duì)比物，即使沒(méi)有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對(duì)第一部分作出一種詮釋評(píng)判，而在小說(shuō)第一部分中，一種“浪漫的”的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
63.Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. (4 )
誠(chéng)然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對(duì)小說(shuō)架構(gòu)的意識(shí)可與亨利.詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識(shí)相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說(shuō)所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來(lái)的做法，在某種程度上注定是無(wú)法令人信服的。
64.This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5)
這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會(huì)僵化成為一個(gè)命題（盡管對(duì)這部或任何一部小說(shuō)的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險(xiǎn)），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無(wú)可辯駁的力度，終拒絕被囿于一個(gè)囊括無(wú)遺的解釋中。
65.The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error； and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)
鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來(lái)源與另一種銅礦石來(lái)源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測(cè)量誤差；而初的研究表明，對(duì)于來(lái)自單獨(dú)一個(gè)銅礦石來(lái)源的鉛來(lái)說(shuō)，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無(wú)二致的。
66. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. (3 )
更有可能的是鳥(niǎo)類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過(guò)外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過(guò)內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥(niǎo)類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來(lái)。
67.A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been thatEngland‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated
the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. (4 )
一個(gè)對(duì)于后來(lái)成了美國(guó)的英國(guó)殖民地的歷史的長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國(guó)在1763年以前對(duì)于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國(guó)制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了終導(dǎo)致美國(guó)革命的緊張氣氛。
68.It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly congenetic. (4)
現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它常見(jiàn)于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
69.Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and socialmobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. (4 )
即使是對(duì)這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評(píng)，諸如《分裂的社會(huì)》（Divided Society）一書(shū)中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問(wèn)題過(guò)分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)移動(dòng)性的因素聯(lián)系起來(lái)，因此無(wú)從闡明波多黎各人作為一個(gè)殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
70.They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected. (3)
它們被稱為“虛粒子”（virtual particle），以便與實(shí)粒子（real particle）區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)，而實(shí)粒子則不會(huì)以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測(cè)定。
71.Open acknowledgement of the existence of women‘s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in women‘s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable. (4 )
公開(kāi)對(duì)婦女壓迫的存在的承認(rèn)對(duì)于50年代的美國(guó)而言有些過(guò)分激進(jìn)，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個(gè)充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素”的觀點(diǎn)，尤其無(wú)法令人接受。
72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. (4)
其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核之后，由于地球與另一個(gè)龐大的天體發(fā)生碰撞，月亮便從地球那石質(zhì)的地幔中撕裂開(kāi)來(lái)而形成的。
73.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confinedto the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. (4)
然而，進(jìn)來(lái)的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈的顯示那些看來(lái)為明確的請(qǐng)教徒的早期新英格蘭文化的一些方面，比如強(qiáng)烈的宗教導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)體意識(shí)，就整體而言卻不是新英格蘭的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限與馬薩諸賽和康涅狄格兩個(gè)州。
74.Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern — acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models — was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. (4)
因此，那些與（北方）清教殖民地形成鮮明對(duì)比、并在戴維斯教授的心目中顯得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、對(duì)政治和法律的濃厚興趣、以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向——不僅僅要比清教的馬薩諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的文化模式更具有典型的英國(guó)色彩，并且?guī)缀鹾翢o(wú)疑問(wèn)地構(gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國(guó)殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至羅得島和新罕布什爾州。
75.Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from earlychildhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this. (5)
一些描述，關(guān)于他從小就記得的北卡羅來(lái)納州的M縣的人民、關(guān)于他在H的日子里的爵士樂(lè)手和公寓的房頂、關(guān)于匹茲堡的鋼鐵工人的描述和他的假借古代B國(guó)對(duì)古希臘神話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。In the guise of ：“假借、在…的幌子下，假裝”。
76.A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. (4)
浮游動(dòng)物體內(nèi)一種極特殊的進(jìn)食適應(yīng)性變化是蝌蚪狀的尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物（appendicularian）的那種適應(yīng)性變化，而尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物則存活于核桃大?。ɑ蚋。┑酿ひ呵蚰覂?nèi)，裝備有過(guò)濾器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
77.These historians,, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. (3 )
但是，這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時(shí)期中那些具體的女權(quán)主義思想和活動(dòng)的發(fā)展。
78.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5)
顯然，大多數(shù)的巨星能夠失去足夠多的物質(zhì)以至于在燃盡其核燃料以前他們的質(zhì)量下降到關(guān)鍵值1.4M以下。難在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that…