79.This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. (5)
即使是武裝部隊是在一種趨向職業(yè)平等的制度變遷的風氣中運作的時候，而且即使部隊是在聯(lián)邦政府的同工同酬的約束下運行的時候，情況仍然是這樣。
80.When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times the present mass of our Sun (M⊙) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is unable to support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star. (4)
當一顆質(zhì)量超過我們的太陽目前質(zhì)量（M?）1.4倍的巨星的內(nèi)核耗竭其核燃料時，它便無法支撐自身的重量，并收縮成為一顆小型中子星（neutron star）。
81.An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon‘s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. (5)
一個能夠把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉軌道的碰撞發(fā)生的可能性甚至小于這種事件在月亮上發(fā)生的可能性，考慮到月亮更小的尺寸及其與地球接近的程度。
注：in view of：考慮到、由于 = because of
82.Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor -specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. (4)
但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的“常規(guī)”并沒有被肝臟移 植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無應(yīng)答狀態(tài)（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。
83.As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves) generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. (4)
當巖石界面被穿過的時候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀錄儀記錄下來。
84.While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. (4)
數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計出來，或被重新統(tǒng)計出來，以便證明在文體學這方面，《乞援衰女》實際上確實在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了 “原始”的劇作）之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，并證明，比如說《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索?？死账沟摹哆_那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中。 注：best:擊敗，=defeat，overcome，outdo
85.The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3 )
一個社會所創(chuàng)造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個方面。
86.Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events ;in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. (4)
傳統(tǒng)上，風媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機事件里，風的反復(fù)無常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補償，以至于新種子的最終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價是產(chǎn)生遠遠多于實際使用量的花粉。
87.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, windpollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. (5)
由于花粉粒在其長距離的運輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險是巨大的，按上述觀點來看，由風授粉的植物補償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。
88.For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone‘s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. (5)
例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而 這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。
89.Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. (3 )
FE，卻預(yù)測婦女們將被從家庭的“社會、法律和經(jīng)濟壓迫”中解放出來，只是通過使得征召“整個女性階層進入公共的工業(yè)中去”成為可能的技術(shù)進步的方式做到的。
90.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880‘s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women’s work". (5)
十九世紀八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類“沒前途”的職業(yè)，這并不是因為辦公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習見訓(xùn)練——與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類“沒前途”的職業(yè)便被視作是“女人的工作”。
注：本文難度在分不清separation … from 的搭配關(guān)系
91.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the&nbs p;only women employers would hire. (5)
二十世紀已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機械化及這些婦女閑暇時間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的一類婦女。The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源
92.For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. (5)
難句類型：正話反說
請思考：如果文中說這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density -independent factors. 那么作者說上面的這句話有什么用意。
93.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist‘s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. (5)
為了能理解生態(tài)學家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)，我們可以把那些作用于增長參數(shù)的密度依賴效應(yīng)視作生態(tài)學家們力圖將其分離并予以解釋的“信號”，正是這一信號傾向于使種群從相對較低的數(shù)值遞增，或從相對較高的數(shù)值遞減；而與此同時，那些密度獨立效應(yīng)起到的作用則構(gòu)成了種群動態(tài)變化中的“噪音”。
94.But the play‘s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal o f ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon‘s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. (5)
但該劇有關(guān)黑人自尊可與人類團結(jié)相融合這一復(fù)雜觀點，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法儂（Fanon）的強調(diào)來得更為“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺可以和人類大同共存；法儂則對理想的國際主義進行了強調(diào)，而這一理想的國際主義同樣也能兼容民族身份與角色。
No more … than：一樣不
view Black self-esteem and human solidarity ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism
95.In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs‘ to Raisin in the Sun? (5)
題干圈套 在以下哪一個選項中，文章的作者加強了她對類似這樣的對于做出的反應(yīng)的批判呢？
96.Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. (3 )
作為二十世紀早期“進步派”史學家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些觀點的繼承者，這些近期的史學家所提出的觀點值得我們予以評價。
97.Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. (5)
盡管存在這些模糊范疇，但我們不應(yīng)該斷然聲稱，在各個易于辨認出的階層之間所存在的敵對態(tài)度就無法被合理地觀察到。
98.Yet those who stress the achievement of a ge neral consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. (5 )
然而，有些史學家強調(diào)在殖民者之間曾出現(xiàn)過一種普遍的一致意見。這些史學家如果不認識到各種矛盾的存在，就無法充分地理解這種一致意見，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之后才有可能獲得那種一致意見。
99.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？ (5)
插入語多 從文章中可以推斷出來，作者最有可能同意以下哪一個關(guān)于在美國革命戰(zhàn)爭中的社會經(jīng)濟各階層及其對叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述？
100.She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. (5)
她希望拋棄傳統(tǒng)的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經(jīng)確立的舞蹈語言，而希望探索人類表現(xiàn)力的內(nèi)在源泉。
101. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. (5)
盡管有可能從實際制造的商品和服務(wù)中可推知制造商和服務(wù)業(yè)認為他們的顧客所需要的是什么，但只有對由實際顧客撰寫的相關(guān)的個人文件進行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說明“什么樣的人”需要什么樣的東西。 < br>102.With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example,
laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. (4)
關(guān)于這個最后的問題，我們可以順便指出，T盡管正確的使勞動人民重返十八世紀英國的歷史舞臺，但是她又可能吹噓了這些人對于資本主義消費觀在普遍意義上的敵視態(tài)度；比如說，十八世紀的英國勞動人民就很容易從家釀的啤酒轉(zhuǎn)而引用由大型的、資本密集的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標準啤酒。 In passing:：順便的、隨便的、偶然的
103.The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their. (4 )
當然二氧化碳與大氣溫度之間的相互聯(lián)系并不能確定到底是大氣成分的變化引起了氣候的變暖和變冷的趨勢，還是大氣成分的變化是由氣候的冷暖變化造成的。
104.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutionshave served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. (5-)他們相信，諸如靈與肉的問題，或更普遍而言，人類知識的性質(zhì)等此類哲學關(guān)注，均是一些基本的人類問題，其探索性的哲學答案已構(gòu)成一個必要的基礎(chǔ)，其它所有的智力思辯均賴以建立其上。
105.The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy", distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination, to be of quite recent origin. (4)
細作審視，我們便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種被稱為“哲學”的獨立學科——既有別于神學和科學諸般學科，并高高在上地對其予以評判——的思想，其淵源卻是甚為近期的事。
106.They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing tothe growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics. (5-)
他們戰(zhàn)斗著，盡管是謹慎的，來為學術(shù)界打開新科學的大門，而且去把學術(shù)生活從宗教哲學中解脫出來，而且他們把自己的工作看成是對科學和物理學而不是對哲學成長做出了貢獻。
107.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution- the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. (4)
但是，最近在所有這三類動物身上，對鰭肢的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)所存在的細致共同點的發(fā)現(xiàn)足以削弱這樣一種企圖，即把表面上的近似作為趨同進化所致的結(jié)果來將其解釋掉。而所謂的趨同進化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相關(guān)的生物群體之間，作為對類似的環(huán)境壓力作出的反應(yīng)，彼此獨立的發(fā)展形成某些相同特征。
108.Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of&nb sp;a human‘s 10’‘ neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. (5)
人類因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就連去具體規(guī)定人類1011的神經(jīng)細胞中任意一個細胞應(yīng)占據(jù)大腦的哪個半腦都無法做到，更不用提每個神經(jīng)細胞所會形成的數(shù)百種連接。
109.For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. (5)
對于一個從事女權(quán)主義文學評論的婦女來說，主觀性還是客觀性，或者說評論家應(yīng)該做藝術(shù)家還是作科學家的爭論有著特殊的重要性；對她來說，此問題不僅僅是學術(shù)上的，而且還是政治上的，并且她所給出的定義，不管有利于問題的哪一方面，都會招致特殊的風險。
110.If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific — a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can perform — the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. (4)
假如她把女權(quán)主義文學評論定義為客觀的和科學性的——一個有效的、可證實的、理性的、無論男女都可以使用的方法——那么，這個定義不僅將排擠掉批評家作為藝術(shù)家的方法，而且可能會阻礙那些尋求改變學術(shù)界的現(xiàn)狀的及其思維，特別是有關(guān)性別角色的思維的人們的實用主義的政治目標的成就。
111.These questions are political in the sense that the debate ;over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. (5 )
這些問題之所以帶有政治性質(zhì)，因為可避免地，圍繞這些問題展開的急診與其說是一種在客觀冷靜科研精神指導(dǎo)下對抽象問題的探索，倒不如說是一種學術(shù)上的權(quán)力斗爭。在此斗爭中，許多女學者中——只是在現(xiàn)在才開始以眾多的人數(shù)進入學術(shù)界——的學術(shù)生涯和職業(yè)命運將處于存亡攸關(guān)的危急關(guān)頭，與她們相伴隨的是對人文理解作出一種獨特貢獻的機遇，這一貢獻則很有可能成為消除我們社會中所存在的性別主義的一股重要影響。
112.Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government. (4-)
他有可能相信，他不能夠即批評美國的對外政策，同時又不危及到他從聯(lián)邦政府那里已經(jīng)獲得的對民權(quán)運動的支持。
113.However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high. (5)
可是，一些窩中會有一些相反旋向的蝸牛，而且在主要是左旋的窩種，出現(xiàn)右旋的幾率是令人驚奇的高。
114.In experiments, an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs, but an injection&nbs p;from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.
在實驗中，用取自右旋卵子的細胞質(zhì)進行的注射，可改變左旋卵子的模式；用取自左旋卵子的細胞質(zhì)進行的注射卻不能影響到右旋卵子。
115.Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars‘s gravity by the impact on Mars of other meteorites. (4 )
最近，某些科學家得出結(jié)論認為，那些在地球上發(fā)現(xiàn)的并一直被相信源自火星的隕石（meteorite），實際上有可能是由于其它的隕石撞擊火星而致使其被震離火星的重力作用范圍。
116.Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass fromthe status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and asource of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. (4)
在這種觀點的力量作用下，一件或許是不可避免的事情發(fā)生了：修辭藝術(shù)竟然從被視和具有讓人懷疑的價值這樣一種地位（因為盡管它有可能既構(gòu)成一種歪曲真理的手段和誤導(dǎo)行為的來源）轉(zhuǎn)變到徹底遭譴責的地位。
117.None of these translations to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan‘s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where&nb sp;he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. (4)
然則，在所有這些被搬上銀幕和舞臺的改編作品中，沒有任何一部作品能生動地再現(xiàn)《康乃涅克州的美國佬》結(jié)尾處的無政府狀態(tài)。而在原作結(jié)尾處所描述的情節(jié)是，摩根歷時三年之久苦心經(jīng)營的進步事業(yè)被暴力*，他又重返于十九世紀，在由于他的那些有關(guān)吊橋和城垛的語無倫次的嘮叨而被列為瘋子之后，顯然自殺身亡。
118.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. (5)
以伯納爾所建立的旨在研究合金中金屬成分的那類模型為基礎(chǔ)，研究人員對合金密度進行了計算，這些計算相當程度上與某些合金測量中通過實驗確定的數(shù)據(jù)趨于一致，盡管一些細小的差異依然存在。實驗中測量的那類合金由一貴金屬和一準金屬構(gòu)成，例如，鈀和硅的合金，或由鐵、磷、和碳組成的合金。
119.And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”. (4)
而且，W倡議把“在金錢的圈子之外廢除金錢的力量”作為消除這種*并且重新獲得真正的平等的方法。
120.It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.
現(xiàn)在，這已成為一個不爭的事實：銀河系要比迄今為止所想象的要來得遠為浩瀚廣闊，并具有遠高得多的質(zhì)量。
121.Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal‘s sense, to& nbsp;insist that those who excel in "sensitivity" or "the ability to express compassion" merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as "the capacity for hard work") essential in producing wealth？ (5)
如果堅持認為，那些擅長于“敏感”和“善于表達憐憫之心”的人，應(yīng)獲取與那些擅長于在物質(zhì)財富創(chuàng)造過程中所不可或缺的品質(zhì)（諸如“勤奮工作的能力”）的人同等的物質(zhì)財富，這按帕斯卡爾的意思，難道就不也是專制*嗎？
122.Yet Waizer‘s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weak - nesses of capitalism-namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities thatevoke affection or admiration. (5)
然則，沃爾澤的論點，無論它不充分到何種地步，確實揭示了資本主義體制中最嚴重的一個弱點，即它將某一類人置于社會中的顯赫地位置，這類人無論以怎樣合法的方式獲得了其物質(zhì)報償，卻常常缺乏其它那些能喚起他人受戴和欽佩的品質(zhì)。
123. The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited, hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty, even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation, of completely conveying the original‘s verse structure, tone, and syntax. (4-) 對美國印第安人傳統(tǒng)口頭文學的欣賞，一直被質(zhì)量低劣的翻譯所限制和妨礙，并且即使是那種不可多得的既體現(xiàn)著文化敏感性，又在美學上令人滿意的譯作，也難以完全傳遞出原作的詩體結(jié)構(gòu)、語調(diào)和句法。
注：the difficulty (….) of：括號中的是插入語
124.Mores, which embodied each culture‘s ideal& nbsp;principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. (4 )
“風俗習慣”，體現(xiàn)了每一文化制約每個公民的理想準則，它是在這種信仰中發(fā)展而來的，即一個社會的基礎(chǔ)在于個人能力的培養(yǎng)，并將這些個人能力置于對社會的服務(wù)之中。
125.Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. (5)
唯獨在二月革命（the February Revolution）這一情形中，我們?nèi)狈σ环N有用的有關(guān)參加者的描述，而這一描述則有可能按照社會歷史有關(guān)革命動員過程所教給我們的內(nèi)容來勾畫出這場革命的性質(zhì)。
126.As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents. (5)
作為一個結(jié)果，有兩件事就變得很困難或者根本不可能，1、為一次成功的革命建立起一個詳盡的并可信的關(guān)于參加者的描述；2、回答人們會問的、關(guān)于起義者的社會背景的甚至是最為基本的問題。
127.Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe thecultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering th e norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups. (4)
當人類學家和其他人試圖去描述一個小規(guī)模的同一性質(zhì)（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化標準時，他們處在一種要堅實得多的基礎(chǔ)上。相對而言，當他們著手從事這樣一個艱巨的任務(wù)，即去揭示存在于一個復(fù)雜的、由許多彼此間毫無聯(lián)系的群體所構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代單一民族的獨立國家（nation- state）時，他們就具備一個同樣堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
128.The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell‘a(chǎn)rte troupes on tour in Spain. (4 )
不管V的直接來源是什么，意大利的影響都有可能存在：墨西哥的C戲劇本身就被認為來自于16世紀的西班牙作家的戲劇作品，而那些作家的靈感來自與他們與在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd劇團的遭遇。
129.It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers, whose English language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works.
因此，一般而言，正是通過對口頭文學創(chuàng)造性的強調(diào)，這些奇卡諾作家——其英語作品時常顯得缺乏靈感——才得以發(fā)展一種強有力的和富于吸引力的語言，并以此構(gòu)成了他們西班牙語作品的特征。
130.To measure them properly, monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers, with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
為了恰當?shù)販y量它們，監(jiān)測設(shè)備必須被設(shè)置在一網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，彼此的間距最多 為五十公里，位于每個網(wǎng)點的感應(yīng)器沉放至海洋深處，并在許多個月中一直固定在那里。
131.This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court‘s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. (3)
這一在第十四條修正案的文本中被復(fù)述的宣言，主要是旨在對抗法院在“Dred Scott訴Sandford”一案中的判決，此判決裁定，在美國的黑人可被剝奪公民權(quán)。
132.The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizen - ship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. (4)
第十四條修正案的寬泛籠統(tǒng)的語言強烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲載入憲法的不是一張具體民法的細目清單，而是一種平等公民權(quán)的原則，這一原則禁止有組織的社會將任何一個個人作為劣等階層的成員來對待。
133.This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find, any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by& nbsp;the courts. (5)
所謂“懷疑分類”，意指那種在有可能被理解成以種族為基礎(chǔ)，針對某一群體進行的歧視這一信條擴展了第十四條修正案的適用范圍，使其同樣也適用于其它的、非種族形式的歧視。因為雖然某些法官拒不將除種族以外的立法分類裁定為非法的，但絕大多數(shù)法官已經(jīng)接受了這樣一個論點，即至少某些非種族性質(zhì)的歧視，尤其是性別歧視，是“值得懷疑的”，并理應(yīng)接受法庭這種更高程度上的審視。
134.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within itwith the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
只有當某一地質(zhì)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工的界限，將該系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的水與水文循環(huán)起來，這整個系統(tǒng)方能被恰當?shù)胤Q為與水文地質(zhì)學相關(guān)。
即使是武裝部隊是在一種趨向職業(yè)平等的制度變遷的風氣中運作的時候，而且即使部隊是在聯(lián)邦政府的同工同酬的約束下運行的時候，情況仍然是這樣。
80.When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times the present mass of our Sun (M⊙) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is unable to support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star. (4)
當一顆質(zhì)量超過我們的太陽目前質(zhì)量（M?）1.4倍的巨星的內(nèi)核耗竭其核燃料時，它便無法支撐自身的重量，并收縮成為一顆小型中子星（neutron star）。
81.An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon‘s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. (5)
一個能夠把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉軌道的碰撞發(fā)生的可能性甚至小于這種事件在月亮上發(fā)生的可能性，考慮到月亮更小的尺寸及其與地球接近的程度。
注：in view of：考慮到、由于 = because of
82.Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor -specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. (4)
但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的“常規(guī)”并沒有被肝臟移 植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無應(yīng)答狀態(tài)（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。
83.As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves) generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. (4)
當巖石界面被穿過的時候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀錄儀記錄下來。
84.While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. (4)
數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計出來，或被重新統(tǒng)計出來，以便證明在文體學這方面，《乞援衰女》實際上確實在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了 “原始”的劇作）之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，并證明，比如說《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索?？死账沟摹哆_那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中。 注：best:擊敗，=defeat，overcome，outdo
85.The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3 )
一個社會所創(chuàng)造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個方面。
86.Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events ;in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. (4)
傳統(tǒng)上，風媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機事件里，風的反復(fù)無常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補償，以至于新種子的最終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價是產(chǎn)生遠遠多于實際使用量的花粉。
87.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, windpollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. (5)
由于花粉粒在其長距離的運輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險是巨大的，按上述觀點來看，由風授粉的植物補償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。
88.For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone‘s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. (5)
例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而 這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。
89.Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. (3 )
FE，卻預(yù)測婦女們將被從家庭的“社會、法律和經(jīng)濟壓迫”中解放出來，只是通過使得征召“整個女性階層進入公共的工業(yè)中去”成為可能的技術(shù)進步的方式做到的。
90.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880‘s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women’s work". (5)
十九世紀八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類“沒前途”的職業(yè)，這并不是因為辦公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習見訓(xùn)練——與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類“沒前途”的職業(yè)便被視作是“女人的工作”。
注：本文難度在分不清separation … from 的搭配關(guān)系
91.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the&nbs p;only women employers would hire. (5)
二十世紀已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機械化及這些婦女閑暇時間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的一類婦女。The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源
92.For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. (5)
難句類型：正話反說
請思考：如果文中說這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density -independent factors. 那么作者說上面的這句話有什么用意。
93.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist‘s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. (5)
為了能理解生態(tài)學家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)，我們可以把那些作用于增長參數(shù)的密度依賴效應(yīng)視作生態(tài)學家們力圖將其分離并予以解釋的“信號”，正是這一信號傾向于使種群從相對較低的數(shù)值遞增，或從相對較高的數(shù)值遞減；而與此同時，那些密度獨立效應(yīng)起到的作用則構(gòu)成了種群動態(tài)變化中的“噪音”。
94.But the play‘s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal o f ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon‘s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. (5)
但該劇有關(guān)黑人自尊可與人類團結(jié)相融合這一復(fù)雜觀點，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法儂（Fanon）的強調(diào)來得更為“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺可以和人類大同共存；法儂則對理想的國際主義進行了強調(diào)，而這一理想的國際主義同樣也能兼容民族身份與角色。
No more … than：一樣不
view Black self-esteem and human solidarity ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism
95.In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs‘ to Raisin in the Sun? (5)
題干圈套 在以下哪一個選項中，文章的作者加強了她對類似這樣的對于做出的反應(yīng)的批判呢？
96.Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. (3 )
作為二十世紀早期“進步派”史學家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些觀點的繼承者，這些近期的史學家所提出的觀點值得我們予以評價。
97.Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. (5)
盡管存在這些模糊范疇，但我們不應(yīng)該斷然聲稱，在各個易于辨認出的階層之間所存在的敵對態(tài)度就無法被合理地觀察到。
98.Yet those who stress the achievement of a ge neral consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. (5 )
然而，有些史學家強調(diào)在殖民者之間曾出現(xiàn)過一種普遍的一致意見。這些史學家如果不認識到各種矛盾的存在，就無法充分地理解這種一致意見，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之后才有可能獲得那種一致意見。
99.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？ (5)
插入語多 從文章中可以推斷出來，作者最有可能同意以下哪一個關(guān)于在美國革命戰(zhàn)爭中的社會經(jīng)濟各階層及其對叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述？
100.She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. (5)
她希望拋棄傳統(tǒng)的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經(jīng)確立的舞蹈語言，而希望探索人類表現(xiàn)力的內(nèi)在源泉。
101. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. (5)
盡管有可能從實際制造的商品和服務(wù)中可推知制造商和服務(wù)業(yè)認為他們的顧客所需要的是什么，但只有對由實際顧客撰寫的相關(guān)的個人文件進行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說明“什么樣的人”需要什么樣的東西。 < br>102.With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example,
laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. (4)
關(guān)于這個最后的問題，我們可以順便指出，T盡管正確的使勞動人民重返十八世紀英國的歷史舞臺，但是她又可能吹噓了這些人對于資本主義消費觀在普遍意義上的敵視態(tài)度；比如說，十八世紀的英國勞動人民就很容易從家釀的啤酒轉(zhuǎn)而引用由大型的、資本密集的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標準啤酒。 In passing:：順便的、隨便的、偶然的
103.The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their. (4 )
當然二氧化碳與大氣溫度之間的相互聯(lián)系并不能確定到底是大氣成分的變化引起了氣候的變暖和變冷的趨勢，還是大氣成分的變化是由氣候的冷暖變化造成的。
104.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutionshave served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. (5-)他們相信，諸如靈與肉的問題，或更普遍而言，人類知識的性質(zhì)等此類哲學關(guān)注，均是一些基本的人類問題，其探索性的哲學答案已構(gòu)成一個必要的基礎(chǔ)，其它所有的智力思辯均賴以建立其上。
105.The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy", distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination, to be of quite recent origin. (4)
細作審視，我們便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種被稱為“哲學”的獨立學科——既有別于神學和科學諸般學科，并高高在上地對其予以評判——的思想，其淵源卻是甚為近期的事。
106.They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing tothe growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics. (5-)
他們戰(zhàn)斗著，盡管是謹慎的，來為學術(shù)界打開新科學的大門，而且去把學術(shù)生活從宗教哲學中解脫出來，而且他們把自己的工作看成是對科學和物理學而不是對哲學成長做出了貢獻。
107.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution- the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. (4)
但是，最近在所有這三類動物身上，對鰭肢的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)所存在的細致共同點的發(fā)現(xiàn)足以削弱這樣一種企圖，即把表面上的近似作為趨同進化所致的結(jié)果來將其解釋掉。而所謂的趨同進化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相關(guān)的生物群體之間，作為對類似的環(huán)境壓力作出的反應(yīng)，彼此獨立的發(fā)展形成某些相同特征。
108.Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of&nb sp;a human‘s 10’‘ neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. (5)
人類因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就連去具體規(guī)定人類1011的神經(jīng)細胞中任意一個細胞應(yīng)占據(jù)大腦的哪個半腦都無法做到，更不用提每個神經(jīng)細胞所會形成的數(shù)百種連接。
109.For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. (5)
對于一個從事女權(quán)主義文學評論的婦女來說，主觀性還是客觀性，或者說評論家應(yīng)該做藝術(shù)家還是作科學家的爭論有著特殊的重要性；對她來說，此問題不僅僅是學術(shù)上的，而且還是政治上的，并且她所給出的定義，不管有利于問題的哪一方面，都會招致特殊的風險。
110.If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific — a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can perform — the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. (4)
假如她把女權(quán)主義文學評論定義為客觀的和科學性的——一個有效的、可證實的、理性的、無論男女都可以使用的方法——那么，這個定義不僅將排擠掉批評家作為藝術(shù)家的方法，而且可能會阻礙那些尋求改變學術(shù)界的現(xiàn)狀的及其思維，特別是有關(guān)性別角色的思維的人們的實用主義的政治目標的成就。
111.These questions are political in the sense that the debate ;over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. (5 )
這些問題之所以帶有政治性質(zhì)，因為可避免地，圍繞這些問題展開的急診與其說是一種在客觀冷靜科研精神指導(dǎo)下對抽象問題的探索，倒不如說是一種學術(shù)上的權(quán)力斗爭。在此斗爭中，許多女學者中——只是在現(xiàn)在才開始以眾多的人數(shù)進入學術(shù)界——的學術(shù)生涯和職業(yè)命運將處于存亡攸關(guān)的危急關(guān)頭，與她們相伴隨的是對人文理解作出一種獨特貢獻的機遇，這一貢獻則很有可能成為消除我們社會中所存在的性別主義的一股重要影響。
112.Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government. (4-)
他有可能相信，他不能夠即批評美國的對外政策，同時又不危及到他從聯(lián)邦政府那里已經(jīng)獲得的對民權(quán)運動的支持。
113.However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high. (5)
可是，一些窩中會有一些相反旋向的蝸牛，而且在主要是左旋的窩種，出現(xiàn)右旋的幾率是令人驚奇的高。
114.In experiments, an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs, but an injection&nbs p;from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.
在實驗中，用取自右旋卵子的細胞質(zhì)進行的注射，可改變左旋卵子的模式；用取自左旋卵子的細胞質(zhì)進行的注射卻不能影響到右旋卵子。
115.Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars‘s gravity by the impact on Mars of other meteorites. (4 )
最近，某些科學家得出結(jié)論認為，那些在地球上發(fā)現(xiàn)的并一直被相信源自火星的隕石（meteorite），實際上有可能是由于其它的隕石撞擊火星而致使其被震離火星的重力作用范圍。
116.Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass fromthe status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and asource of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. (4)
在這種觀點的力量作用下，一件或許是不可避免的事情發(fā)生了：修辭藝術(shù)竟然從被視和具有讓人懷疑的價值這樣一種地位（因為盡管它有可能既構(gòu)成一種歪曲真理的手段和誤導(dǎo)行為的來源）轉(zhuǎn)變到徹底遭譴責的地位。
117.None of these translations to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan‘s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where&nb sp;he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. (4)
然則，在所有這些被搬上銀幕和舞臺的改編作品中，沒有任何一部作品能生動地再現(xiàn)《康乃涅克州的美國佬》結(jié)尾處的無政府狀態(tài)。而在原作結(jié)尾處所描述的情節(jié)是，摩根歷時三年之久苦心經(jīng)營的進步事業(yè)被暴力*，他又重返于十九世紀，在由于他的那些有關(guān)吊橋和城垛的語無倫次的嘮叨而被列為瘋子之后，顯然自殺身亡。
118.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. (5)
以伯納爾所建立的旨在研究合金中金屬成分的那類模型為基礎(chǔ)，研究人員對合金密度進行了計算，這些計算相當程度上與某些合金測量中通過實驗確定的數(shù)據(jù)趨于一致，盡管一些細小的差異依然存在。實驗中測量的那類合金由一貴金屬和一準金屬構(gòu)成，例如，鈀和硅的合金，或由鐵、磷、和碳組成的合金。
119.And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”. (4)
而且，W倡議把“在金錢的圈子之外廢除金錢的力量”作為消除這種*并且重新獲得真正的平等的方法。
120.It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.
現(xiàn)在，這已成為一個不爭的事實：銀河系要比迄今為止所想象的要來得遠為浩瀚廣闊，并具有遠高得多的質(zhì)量。
121.Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal‘s sense, to& nbsp;insist that those who excel in "sensitivity" or "the ability to express compassion" merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as "the capacity for hard work") essential in producing wealth？ (5)
如果堅持認為，那些擅長于“敏感”和“善于表達憐憫之心”的人，應(yīng)獲取與那些擅長于在物質(zhì)財富創(chuàng)造過程中所不可或缺的品質(zhì)（諸如“勤奮工作的能力”）的人同等的物質(zhì)財富，這按帕斯卡爾的意思，難道就不也是專制*嗎？
122.Yet Waizer‘s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weak - nesses of capitalism-namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities thatevoke affection or admiration. (5)
然則，沃爾澤的論點，無論它不充分到何種地步，確實揭示了資本主義體制中最嚴重的一個弱點，即它將某一類人置于社會中的顯赫地位置，這類人無論以怎樣合法的方式獲得了其物質(zhì)報償，卻常常缺乏其它那些能喚起他人受戴和欽佩的品質(zhì)。
123. The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited, hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty, even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation, of completely conveying the original‘s verse structure, tone, and syntax. (4-) 對美國印第安人傳統(tǒng)口頭文學的欣賞，一直被質(zhì)量低劣的翻譯所限制和妨礙，并且即使是那種不可多得的既體現(xiàn)著文化敏感性，又在美學上令人滿意的譯作，也難以完全傳遞出原作的詩體結(jié)構(gòu)、語調(diào)和句法。
注：the difficulty (….) of：括號中的是插入語
124.Mores, which embodied each culture‘s ideal& nbsp;principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. (4 )
“風俗習慣”，體現(xiàn)了每一文化制約每個公民的理想準則，它是在這種信仰中發(fā)展而來的，即一個社會的基礎(chǔ)在于個人能力的培養(yǎng)，并將這些個人能力置于對社會的服務(wù)之中。
125.Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. (5)
唯獨在二月革命（the February Revolution）這一情形中，我們?nèi)狈σ环N有用的有關(guān)參加者的描述，而這一描述則有可能按照社會歷史有關(guān)革命動員過程所教給我們的內(nèi)容來勾畫出這場革命的性質(zhì)。
126.As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents. (5)
作為一個結(jié)果，有兩件事就變得很困難或者根本不可能，1、為一次成功的革命建立起一個詳盡的并可信的關(guān)于參加者的描述；2、回答人們會問的、關(guān)于起義者的社會背景的甚至是最為基本的問題。
127.Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe thecultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering th e norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups. (4)
當人類學家和其他人試圖去描述一個小規(guī)模的同一性質(zhì)（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化標準時，他們處在一種要堅實得多的基礎(chǔ)上。相對而言，當他們著手從事這樣一個艱巨的任務(wù)，即去揭示存在于一個復(fù)雜的、由許多彼此間毫無聯(lián)系的群體所構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代單一民族的獨立國家（nation- state）時，他們就具備一個同樣堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
128.The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell‘a(chǎn)rte troupes on tour in Spain. (4 )
不管V的直接來源是什么，意大利的影響都有可能存在：墨西哥的C戲劇本身就被認為來自于16世紀的西班牙作家的戲劇作品，而那些作家的靈感來自與他們與在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd劇團的遭遇。
129.It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers, whose English language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works.
因此，一般而言，正是通過對口頭文學創(chuàng)造性的強調(diào)，這些奇卡諾作家——其英語作品時常顯得缺乏靈感——才得以發(fā)展一種強有力的和富于吸引力的語言，并以此構(gòu)成了他們西班牙語作品的特征。
130.To measure them properly, monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers, with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
為了恰當?shù)販y量它們，監(jiān)測設(shè)備必須被設(shè)置在一網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，彼此的間距最多 為五十公里，位于每個網(wǎng)點的感應(yīng)器沉放至海洋深處，并在許多個月中一直固定在那里。
131.This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court‘s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. (3)
這一在第十四條修正案的文本中被復(fù)述的宣言，主要是旨在對抗法院在“Dred Scott訴Sandford”一案中的判決，此判決裁定，在美國的黑人可被剝奪公民權(quán)。
132.The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizen - ship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. (4)
第十四條修正案的寬泛籠統(tǒng)的語言強烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲載入憲法的不是一張具體民法的細目清單，而是一種平等公民權(quán)的原則，這一原則禁止有組織的社會將任何一個個人作為劣等階層的成員來對待。
133.This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find, any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by& nbsp;the courts. (5)
所謂“懷疑分類”，意指那種在有可能被理解成以種族為基礎(chǔ)，針對某一群體進行的歧視這一信條擴展了第十四條修正案的適用范圍，使其同樣也適用于其它的、非種族形式的歧視。因為雖然某些法官拒不將除種族以外的立法分類裁定為非法的，但絕大多數(shù)法官已經(jīng)接受了這樣一個論點，即至少某些非種族性質(zhì)的歧視，尤其是性別歧視，是“值得懷疑的”，并理應(yīng)接受法庭這種更高程度上的審視。
134.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within itwith the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
只有當某一地質(zhì)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工的界限，將該系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的水與水文循環(huán)起來，這整個系統(tǒng)方能被恰當?shù)胤Q為與水文地質(zhì)學相關(guān)。