25.In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)，開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
26.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
27.My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
我的論點是，其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評論家的足夠重視。
28.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)，開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
26.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
27.My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
我的論點是，其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評論家的足夠重視。
28.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。