考研英語寫作與對策(一)

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研究生入學考試英語寫作部分占總分的百分之二十,是決定考研英語成績優(yōu)劣的重要因素。因此考生需要認真理解領(lǐng)會考研英語寫作的每個細節(jié),并且盡快掌握相應(yīng)的應(yīng)試對策,以便在考試最后的40分鐘能夠合理地控制時間,從容地完成較高質(zhì)量的寫作。
    一、 大綱對寫作的界定與最新評分細則
    寫作是全國碩士研究生入學考試英語試卷的第四部分。該部分考查考生的書面表達能力。共1題,20分。要求考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇約200詞的短文(標點符號不計算在內(nèi))。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖表等??忌诖痤}卡上作答。
    1. 大綱對寫作的界定
    《全國碩士研究生入學考試英語考試大綱(非英語考生)》在考試說明部分對寫作有如下界定:
    考生應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文,包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報告等,還應(yīng)能寫一般描述性、敘述性和說明或議論性的文章。短文寫作時,考生應(yīng)能:
    1) 做到語法、拼寫、標點正確、用詞恰當;
    2) 遵循文章的特定文體格式;
    3) 合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu),使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫;
    4) 根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者,恰當選用語言。
    2. 最新考研英語寫作具體評分細則
    20—17分 內(nèi)容切題,包括題中所列的各項內(nèi)容,清楚表達其內(nèi)涵,文字連貫;句式有變化,句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。
    16—13分 內(nèi)容切題,包括題中所列的各項內(nèi)容;比較清楚地表達其內(nèi)涵,文字基本連貫,句式有一定變化,句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
    12—9分 內(nèi)容切題,基本包括題中所列各方面的內(nèi)容;基本清楚地表達其內(nèi)涵;句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞有少量錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
    8—5分 內(nèi)容基本切題,基本包含題中所列各方面的內(nèi)容;語句可以理解,文章長度基本符合要求。
    4—1分 基本按要求寫作,但只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。
    0分 文不切題,語句混亂,無法理解。
    二、 考研英語寫作的高分標準
    考研英語寫作的高分標準涉及以下六個方面:
    1. 內(nèi)容切題。審題準、不跑題。文不對題會嚴重影響成績,導致寫作失敗。
    2. 表達清楚。語言要簡潔、準確、條理清晰,主題明確。
    3. 意義連貫。遣詞造句得當,表達連貫平穩(wěn)。論點論據(jù)展開合理(以因果、對比、分類、定義、列舉、概括、詳情、時間、空間、過程或綜合等方法來展開)。
    4. 句式有變化。采用適當?shù)木涫絹肀磉_相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容。常用句式包括簡單句、并列句、復合句、主被動句、長句、短句、否定句、雙重否定句、疑問句、反問句、倒裝句、強調(diào)句、插入語、獨立主格成分等。
    5. 用詞有變化。避免重復使用同一詞匯,可適當使用代詞、同義詞、近義詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞使表達富有動感。同義詞的使用是衡量考生語言運用能力的一個尺度。
    6. 語言規(guī)范。符合英語的表達習慣,語法錯誤少,寫出的英語不是中式英語。
    三、 歷屆考研英語寫作命題與啟示
    1. 歷屆考研英語寫作命題總覽
    考試年代 考試題目 選題范圍1991年 WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY? 環(huán)境1992年 FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD 人際關(guān)系1993年 ADVERTISEMENT ON TV 傳媒1994年 ON MAKING FRIENDS 人際關(guān)系1995年 THE “PROJECT HOPE” 教育1996年 GOOD HEALTH 健康1997年 SOMKING 健康1998年 BUSINESS PROMISE & GUARANTEE 誠信1999年 HUMAN POPULATION & WILDLIFE PROTECTION 環(huán)境2000年 WORLD COMMERCIAL FISHING 環(huán)境2001年 LOVE 人際關(guān)系2002年 CULTURE—NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL 文化2003年 YOUTH DEVELOPMENT 教育
    2. 歷屆考研英語寫作試題類型
    歷屆考研英語寫作試題主要分為以下兩大類型:
    1) 1991—1996年:給出提綱或開頭句的命題寫作(writings based on given outlines or opening sentences)
    2) 1997—2003年:給出提綱的圖畫或圖表寫作(writings based on visual information or pictures or graphs)
    3. 歷屆考研英語寫作命題的啟示
    從1991年至2003年共計13年的考題來分析,我們可以對考研英語寫作命題有如下認識:
    1) 寫作題目忌偏忌怪。考研英語寫作選題范圍都是目前人們最為關(guān)注的問題,從子女與父母的關(guān)系到健康的重要性,從近年來泛濫的行業(yè)“承諾”到世界煙民的現(xiàn)狀、從希望工程到電視廣告、從環(huán)境保護到生物種類趨于滅絕,以及2002年和2003年的考題所涉及的國際文化交流與青少年成材的題目,無不反映了當前社會的熱門話題。
    2) 文體基本上是說明文和議論文??歼@類體裁的寫作比較符合形勢發(fā)展的實際需要。在學習、工作和生活中,人們所書寫的材料大多也是說明文或議論文。
    3) 出題形式在平穩(wěn)中逐漸趨于多樣化。
    4) 寫作題目易于理解。寫作題目無論以文字的形式還是以圖表、圖畫的形式出現(xiàn)都會淺顯易懂??忌粫蝾}目中出現(xiàn)生詞或難以理解的短語而影響正常發(fā)揮。
    四、 考研英語寫作文章的常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式
    考研英語寫作的文章一般包括一個開頭段、若干擴展段和一個結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴展段短。各種段落的作用、特點和寫作方法如下所示。
    1. 開頭段
    開頭段一定要語言精練,并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進行深入的探討,具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴展段進行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可。考生應(yīng)注意以下若干要點:
    1) 開頭段的作用
    概括陳述主題,提出觀點或論點,表明寫作意圖。
    2) 寫開頭段時考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題
    ① 開頭偏離主題太遠;
    ② 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句;
    ③ 內(nèi)容不具體,言之無物;
    ④ 使用不言自明的陳述。
    3) 開頭段的表達方法
    ① 使用引語(use a quotation)
    使用一段名人名言,或人們常用的諺語、習語,以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。
    例:
    “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
    ② 使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)(use figures or statistics)
    引用一些具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù),然后作出概括性分析,指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。
    例:
    In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
    ③ 提出問題(ask a question)
    提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題,然后加以簡要回答或展開引導性簡短討論。
    例:
    What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.
    ④ 給出背景(offer relevant background)
    描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等。
    例:
    Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
    ⑤ 定義法(give definition)
    針對討論的主題或問題加以定義,然后進行深入探討。
    例:
    Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
    ⑥ 主題句法(use of topic sentence)
    文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題,然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。
    例:
    Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one‘s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
    4) 開頭段的常用核心句型
    。 The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) the fact that …。
    。 As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that …
    。 Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination)。
    。 The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.
    。 Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that …。
    。 There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that …。
    。 It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,) …, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn‘t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won‘t be the case) that …。
    。 The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that …。
    。 It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that …, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that …。
    。 In all the discussion and debate over …, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected)。
    。 There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that …。
    。 Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration(account)。
    。 To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point)。
    。 A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is.
    。 On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …
    。 Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts …。
    。 The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…。
    。 What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that …。
    。 We don‘t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition)。
    。 However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
    。 Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered / identified) by people for …, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned)。
    。 As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that …。
    。 I believe that the title statement is valid because (of) …。
    。 I agree with the above statement because I believe that …。
    。 Although I appreciate that …, I cannot agree with the title statement.
    。 There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …。 Those who object to … argue that …。 But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that…。
    。 Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)…。
    。 Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that …。 But I wonder (doubt) whether …。
    。 These days we are often told that (often hear about) …, but is this really the case?