2. 中間段
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。
1） 中間段的一般特征
① 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。
② 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。
③ 包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。
④ 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。
2） 中間段的具體特點
① 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準確、清楚，頗具說服力；
② 段落中一定具備主題句；
③ 段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節(jié)；
④ 內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；
⑤ 段落之間連貫自然；
⑥ 段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當；
⑦ 詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。
3） 中間段展開的基本方法
① 列舉法
例文：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First， no matter how busy we are， we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second， it is important to keep good hours. For example， if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early， we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally， entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.
② 比較對比法
例文：
The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history， people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance， we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being‘s most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets， but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly， so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication.
The most recent development had been electronic means of communication， including the wireless telegraph， radio， telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods.
③ 因果法
例文：
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular？
First， a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef， cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that， the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition， you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce， tomato， onion， mushrooms， avocado， pickles， hot pepper， ketchup， relish， mayonnaise， mustard or whatever you wish！
④ 例證法
例文：
The saying “No pains， no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches： if one wants to achieve something， he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner， few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat， tears， blood， even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
⑤ 發(fā)展過程法
例文：
To build your own sunscope， get a carton and cut a hole in one side， big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton， taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole， and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally， tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.
⑥ 定義法
例文：
Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest， without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement， or to work persistently without any waste of time.
⑦ 分類法
例文：
Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio， television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast， and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner.
The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a smaller place.
Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event.
4） 中間段的常用核心句型
。 Although the popular belief is that …， a current （new / recent） study （survey / poll / investigation） indicates （shows / demonstrates） that …。
。 Common sense tells us that …。
。 The increase （change / failure / success） in … mainly （largely / partly） results from （arises from / is because of） …。
。 The increase （change / failure / success） in … is due to （owing to / attributable to） the fact that …。
。 Many people would claim that …。
。 One may attribute （ascribe / owe） the increase （decrease / change ） to …， but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.
。 One of the reasons given for … is that …。
。 What is also worth noticing is that …。
。 There are many （different / several /a number of / a variety of）causes （reasons） for this dramatic （marked / significant） growth （change / decline / increase） in …。 First， …。 Second， …。 Finally， …。
。 There is no evidence to suggest that…。
。 Why are （is / do / did） …？ For one thing， …。 For another， …。
。 Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that …。
。 It gives rise to （lead to / bring /create） a host of problems （consequences）。
。 There are numerous reasons why …， and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
。 It will exert （have / produce） profound （far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous） effect （influence） on …。
。 A multitude of factors could account for （contribute to / lead to / result in / influence） the change （increase / decrease / success / failure / development） in …。
。 In 2000， it increased （rose / jumped / shot up） from 5 to 10 percent of the total （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
。 By comparison with 2002， it decreased （dropped / fell） from 10 to 5 percent （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
。 It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
。 There were 100 traffic accidents in April， an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
。 By 2002， only （less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as） three quarters （40 percent of / one out of five / one in four） college population （graduates / housewives） as against （as compared with） last year （2002） preferred to （liked） …。
。 With the development （improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization） of …， vast changes awaits this country‘s society.
。 Now people in growing （ever-increasing / significant） numbers are beginning （coming / getting） to believe （realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware） that …。
。 According to a（n） recent （new / official） study （survey / report / poll）， …。
。 History （Our society） is filled （abounds） with the examples of …。
。 The story （case / instance / situation） is not rare （isolated / unique）， it is one of many examples （typical of dozens）。
。 A （one） recent （new / general / nationwide） study （survey / poll / investigation） conducted （taken） at a university by （officials / scientists / experts） indicates （reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates） that …。
。 According to （As can be seen in / As is shown in） the figures （statistics / findings / data / graph / table） released （provided） by the government （an institute）， it can be learned （seen / predicted） that …。
。 There is （no） good （every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong） evidence （proof） to
。 Personal experience （Examples I heard / read of） leads me to conclude that …。
。 We must admit the undeniable fact that …。
。 No one can deny （ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside） the fact that …。
。 Experience （Evidence） suggests （shows） that …。
。 Take for example … who （that） …。
。 The same is true of …。
。 As the saying goes， “…。”
3. 結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段的寫作方法可以歸納為下列若干種：
1） 總結(jié)歸納
簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。
例：
In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won — by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
2） 重申主題
再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。
例：
Admittedly， science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man‘s energy， hopes， ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.
3） 預(yù)測展望
立足當前，放眼未來。
例：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption， if permitted to continue， will not only tarnish the government‘s popularity， but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4） 提出建議
提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。
例：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula， however crowded it may be， and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
5） 提出問題
提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。
例：
Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts， they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with， to talk with， and take care of them. Why can‘t young people think of the days when they are getting old？
6） 引用格言
用格言、諺語或習語總括全文中心思想。
例：
Many yeas ago， a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge … is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting， “Knowledge is change”—and accelerating knowledge-acquisition， fueling the great engine of technology， means accelerating change.
7） 結(jié)尾段的核心句型
。 From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered）， we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that …。
。 All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n） unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that …。
。 It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis on the improvement （development / increase / promotion） of …。
。 It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of …。
。 We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）， because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of …， if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）， will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of …。
。 There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） to the problem of …， but … might be useful （helpful / beneficial）。
。 No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of …， but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of … might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）。
。 Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solution to）…， but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
。 Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）， if we ignore （are blind to） the problem， there is every chance that …。
。 Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） …， it is very likely （the chances are good） that …。
。 There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of …。
。 It is necessary （essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps /measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）。
。 It is hoped （suggested / recommended） that great （continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate） efforts should be made to control （check/ halt / promote） the growth （increase / rise） of …。
。 It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding （developing / improving） …。
。 It remains to be seen whether …， but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging （that rosy）。
。 Anyhow， wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible （potential / grave /serious / pernicious） consequences （effects） of …。
。 To reverse （check / control） the trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）， and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） …。
。 For these reasons， I strongly recommend that …。
。 For the reasons given above， I feel that …。
4. 段落擴展中的常用詞語
1） 總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語
generally speaking， generally， as a general rule， in general， on a larger scale， to take the idea further， to take the above opinion to an extreme， in a sense， in one sense， in a way， to some extent， in my opinion， in my view， as for me， as far as I am concerned， obviously， undoubtedly， in terms of， in conclusion， in short， in brief， in summary， in a word， on the whole， to sum up， to conclude
2） 比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語
similarly， likewise， like， too， equally important， the same as， in common， in the same way， on the contrary， on the one hand， on the other hand， otherwise， in sharp contrast， whereas， rather than， conversely， instead， in/by contrast， but， however， yet， nevertheless
3） 列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語
for example， for instance， as an example， as a case in point， such as， namely， that is， like， thus， first， second， third， finally， in the first place， initially， first of all， to begin with， to start with， what is more， furthermore， eventually， besides， in addition （to that）， first and foremost， last but not least， next， also， moreover， for one thing， for another
4） 因果關(guān)系過渡詞語
because （of）， as， since， for， owing to， due to， thanks to， on account of， as a result of， result in （from）， consequently， for the reason that， as a consequence， consequently， if follows that， accordingly， therefore， hence
5） 讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語
although， even though， after all， in spite of， despite， granted that
6） 強調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語
anyway， certainly， surely， obviously， to be sure， especially， particularly， above all， in deed， in fact， even worse， needless to say， most important of all， no doubt
五、 考研英語寫作程序
由于時間的限制及題型的要求，考生必須遵循一定的寫作程序并且合理地分配時間，以便從容地完成較高水平的寫作。下面的考研英語寫作程序及時間分配，供考生參考并靈活地加以運用。
1. 審題過程（2-3分鐘）
所謂“審題”，就是仔細地研究、理解題目，即根據(jù)題目所提供的條件和要求，來確定文章的內(nèi)容、體裁和寫法。這一過程直接關(guān)系到寫作的成敗，即是否“切題”。審題應(yīng)該包含下列四個方面：
1） 審文體
文體是對文章的一種規(guī)格要求，不同的文體，在寫作上有不同的規(guī)格要求。命題作文一般采用議論文文體；規(guī)定情景作文通常以描寫文、敘述文為主；圖表作文通常采用說明文；然而，段首句作文，應(yīng)視具體內(nèi)容而定。
2） 審內(nèi)容
了解題目在內(nèi)容方面的要求決定寫什么，這是審題的關(guān)鍵。
3） 審材料
審查考題在選材范圍方面的要求，考題對材料有特定的限制，故考生應(yīng)在題目限制的范圍內(nèi)選取材料。
簡言之，選材的一般要點包含：
① 選擇真實的材料；
② 選擇典型的材料；
③ 選擇鮮活的材料；
④ 選擇最能展現(xiàn)主題的材料。
4） 審要求
審查考題在格式、字數(shù)、時間、內(nèi)容等諸多方面的具體要求。
總之，如果審題不當，文章跑題；審題不周，文不切題；審題不全，遺漏重點。因此，考生一定要嚴把審題關(guān)。
2. 構(gòu)思過程（5-7分鐘）
一旦確定了主題，就開始構(gòu)思選材。選材的思路圍繞題目、提示、數(shù)據(jù)、圖形和所給的提綱來進行。考生應(yīng)從自己所熟悉的素材中篩選出最能表達和說明主題的內(nèi)容，思路要靈活，想象要豐富，同時要有創(chuàng)新，避免落入寫作俗套。在此基礎(chǔ)上，草擬出作文提綱，提綱要簡明扼要，能抓住段落主題。同時，考生對文章段落展開的方法、過渡句和句型等也要有所考慮。
從歷年考研英語寫作試題來分析，寫作題目大多已給出了基本的提綱或相應(yīng)的要求。在這種情況下，考生可將給出的提綱擴展成相應(yīng)的主題句，這樣便迅速地擬出了一個詳細且完整的寫作提綱。
擬出帶有主題句的具體提綱，才能圍繞主題句構(gòu)思出要寫的內(nèi)容，選出展現(xiàn)主題的素材，形成一條清楚的寫作主線，然后根據(jù)主線具體地提出和回答what， who， when， how， why 等一系列考題規(guī)定的問題。
3. 下筆創(chuàng)作過程（20-25分鐘）
下筆創(chuàng)作過程即段落的展開，考生要用貼切的詞與句將自己的所思所想所感一層層地明確表達出來。
考生要注意以下幾點：
1） 段落應(yīng)有段落的主題，并且段落中所涉及的內(nèi)容都是為文章主題服務(wù)的。
2） 寫初稿時要一氣呵成，盡量不使用自己沒有把握的詞語或句型。
3） 在下筆創(chuàng)作的過程中可以適當修改提綱，注意不要脫離主題。
4） 注意利用過渡詞和過渡句使句子和段落結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹連貫，也使內(nèi)容更易于展開。
4. 檢查與修改過程（3-5分鐘）
初稿一定存在著某些不妥之處，故需要最后訂正。
首先檢查內(nèi)容是否切題，論點是否明確，論據(jù)是否充分，結(jié)論是否合理，然后檢查語法是否正確，語句是否通順，用詞是否貼切，數(shù)字是否準確，表達是否恰當，拼寫是否正確，標點是否得當?shù)鹊取?BR> 六、考研英語寫作常見題型
如果考生想在較短的時間內(nèi)對考研英語寫作有所認識、有所突破，首先應(yīng)該了解考研英語寫作常見題型，并弄懂各種題型的寫作技巧，然后進行有針對性的練習，并且研讀相關(guān)范文?？佳杏⒄Z寫作中的常見題型如下：
1. 提綱題型寫作
1） 寫作要點
① 認真研究所給提綱
考生要注意領(lǐng)會提綱的含義，不要遺漏提綱要點或錯誤理解提綱的意思。
② 確定各段的主題句
考生應(yīng)根據(jù)所給提綱寫出各段的主題句，合格的主題句應(yīng)具備以下四個要點：
。意義完整 主題句結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，即結(jié)構(gòu)符合語法規(guī)則；意義要完整，即主題句是一個符合邏輯的完整命題。
。表意清晰 主題句要清晰明確，不使用意思含混的詞或句子。
。內(nèi)容具體 主題句的內(nèi)容要明確具體，否則不利于段落的拓展。
。用詞貼切 主題句一定要用詞準確，簡明達意，使段落的拓展有一個良好的基礎(chǔ)。
③ 逐步展開段落
段落寫作應(yīng)圍繞自己列好的主題句進行，在寫作過程中可稍加調(diào)整。
④ 檢查與修改
檢查考題所給提綱是否準確且完整地被表達于文章之中，如有偏差，應(yīng)作出相應(yīng)的修改。
2） 提綱題型寫作試題實例
① 寫作題目
Title： THE “PROJECT HOPE”
Outline：
1. Present situation
2. Necessity of the project
3. My suggestion
② 參考范文：
Education plays a very significant role in the modernization of our country. There are， however， still a large number of school-agers in remote and isolated rural areas who can‘t afford to go to school because of their financial predicament. This is a very serious problem which needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Thus， the Chinese authorities have worked out a plan to assist them financially， which is called “Project Hope”。
This project， I do believe， is of most importance and necessity. To begin with， as a developing country， China is unlikely to inject a huge amount of money in education at present. So education has to turn to the general public to find its way out. Secondly， with the financial assistance of the general public， many of the poor children who have dropped out of school can go back to go on with their schooling. This will， in turn， contribute a great deal to the expansion of the rural economy in our remote and isolated rural areas. Apparently， the Project Hope is of profound significance for the modernization of our country.
As for me， a university student， my suggestions are as follows. In the first place， our government should encourage more of the public in cities to finance the project. In addition， it is most necessary to set up a special foundation to receive the contributions donated by the public at home and abroad. Last but not least， those in charge of the project are supposed to make sure that the money is directly sent to the families whose children have dropped out of school. In short， I am convinced that the project will be fruitful and successful in the long run. （284 words）
2. 圖畫題型寫作
圖畫題型寫作是較難的題型之一，近兩年考研英語寫作試題均為圖畫題型，故考生應(yīng)該認真對待。面對此類題型，考生應(yīng)首先確定主題，然后再動筆。
1） 圖畫題型寫作要點
① 詳細查看圖畫?？忌鷳?yīng)對圖畫進行全面而細致的研究，尤其注意圖畫中人或物（人與物）的體貌表情特征和背景，確定人物之間，人物與背景之間的主要關(guān)系，以便正確掌握圖畫所傳達的信息。
② 如果圖畫以系列形式（既兩幅以上）出現(xiàn)，考生除了掌握每一幅圖畫的信息，還應(yīng)該對圖畫之間的相應(yīng)聯(lián)系有所理解，從而在整體上把握圖畫所傳達的信息。
③ 面對圖畫題型，考生應(yīng)該展開合理而豐富的聯(lián)想，用生動而恰當?shù)难赞o抒發(fā)自己對圖畫的所思所想所感。
④ 注意圖畫題型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些寫作要點。
⑤ 草擬提綱，合理組織材料。根據(jù)圖畫內(nèi)容的不同采用不同的段落發(fā)展方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以描述為主，即按空間方位或時間先后順序排列，可采用“開頭——擴展——結(jié)尾”的寫作方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以解釋說明為主，寫作時則先給出主題句，再圍繞主題句完成各段落的寫作，這是采用“主題句——擴展句——總結(jié)句”的寫作方式。
⑥ 系統(tǒng)且突出地展開段落。展開段落要根據(jù)畫面內(nèi)容進行，同時也要圍繞每一段的主題句進行。
⑦ 檢查與修改?？忌鷳?yīng)重點檢查圖畫內(nèi)容是否準確地被表達出來，題目所給提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在與畫面不相符的內(nèi)容，或未能完全涵蓋題目所給提示，考生應(yīng)對文章做出相應(yīng)修訂。
2） 圖畫題型寫作試題實例
① 寫作題目
Directions：
Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following：
1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
2. point out its implications in our life
② 參考范文：
Shakespeare has ever stated that I came， I suffered and I survived， which gives us much for thought about our life and development.
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing， the flower is placed in a cozy green house which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions， the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast， when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm， the flower immediately fades and withers， with most of its petals cast about on the ground.
The purpose of the drawings is to reveal the fact that the flower growing in the green house can not withstand the ordeal of the wind and storm， yet the implied meaning subtly conveyed should be taken into account more seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people， to be exact， the only children in our current society； the green house epitomizes our parents‘ excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm， to be specific， the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world， they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts.
In sum， it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand， we can frequently employ them to enlighten ourselves to be more independent in life. On the other hand， our parents should be sensible enough to offer children more right and freedom to cope with their own troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future， and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world. （326 words）
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。
1） 中間段的一般特征
① 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。
② 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。
③ 包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。
④ 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。
2） 中間段的具體特點
① 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準確、清楚，頗具說服力；
② 段落中一定具備主題句；
③ 段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節(jié)；
④ 內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；
⑤ 段落之間連貫自然；
⑥ 段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當；
⑦ 詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。
3） 中間段展開的基本方法
① 列舉法
例文：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First， no matter how busy we are， we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second， it is important to keep good hours. For example， if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early， we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally， entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.
② 比較對比法
例文：
The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history， people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance， we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being‘s most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets， but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly， so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication.
The most recent development had been electronic means of communication， including the wireless telegraph， radio， telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods.
③ 因果法
例文：
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular？
First， a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef， cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that， the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition， you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce， tomato， onion， mushrooms， avocado， pickles， hot pepper， ketchup， relish， mayonnaise， mustard or whatever you wish！
④ 例證法
例文：
The saying “No pains， no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches： if one wants to achieve something， he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner， few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat， tears， blood， even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
⑤ 發(fā)展過程法
例文：
To build your own sunscope， get a carton and cut a hole in one side， big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton， taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole， and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally， tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.
⑥ 定義法
例文：
Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest， without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement， or to work persistently without any waste of time.
⑦ 分類法
例文：
Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio， television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast， and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner.
The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a smaller place.
Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event.
4） 中間段的常用核心句型
。 Although the popular belief is that …， a current （new / recent） study （survey / poll / investigation） indicates （shows / demonstrates） that …。
。 Common sense tells us that …。
。 The increase （change / failure / success） in … mainly （largely / partly） results from （arises from / is because of） …。
。 The increase （change / failure / success） in … is due to （owing to / attributable to） the fact that …。
。 Many people would claim that …。
。 One may attribute （ascribe / owe） the increase （decrease / change ） to …， but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.
。 One of the reasons given for … is that …。
。 What is also worth noticing is that …。
。 There are many （different / several /a number of / a variety of）causes （reasons） for this dramatic （marked / significant） growth （change / decline / increase） in …。 First， …。 Second， …。 Finally， …。
。 There is no evidence to suggest that…。
。 Why are （is / do / did） …？ For one thing， …。 For another， …。
。 Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that …。
。 It gives rise to （lead to / bring /create） a host of problems （consequences）。
。 There are numerous reasons why …， and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
。 It will exert （have / produce） profound （far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous） effect （influence） on …。
。 A multitude of factors could account for （contribute to / lead to / result in / influence） the change （increase / decrease / success / failure / development） in …。
。 In 2000， it increased （rose / jumped / shot up） from 5 to 10 percent of the total （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
。 By comparison with 2002， it decreased （dropped / fell） from 10 to 5 percent （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
。 It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
。 There were 100 traffic accidents in April， an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
。 By 2002， only （less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as） three quarters （40 percent of / one out of five / one in four） college population （graduates / housewives） as against （as compared with） last year （2002） preferred to （liked） …。
。 With the development （improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization） of …， vast changes awaits this country‘s society.
。 Now people in growing （ever-increasing / significant） numbers are beginning （coming / getting） to believe （realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware） that …。
。 According to a（n） recent （new / official） study （survey / report / poll）， …。
。 History （Our society） is filled （abounds） with the examples of …。
。 The story （case / instance / situation） is not rare （isolated / unique）， it is one of many examples （typical of dozens）。
。 A （one） recent （new / general / nationwide） study （survey / poll / investigation） conducted （taken） at a university by （officials / scientists / experts） indicates （reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates） that …。
。 According to （As can be seen in / As is shown in） the figures （statistics / findings / data / graph / table） released （provided） by the government （an institute）， it can be learned （seen / predicted） that …。
。 There is （no） good （every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong） evidence （proof） to
。 Personal experience （Examples I heard / read of） leads me to conclude that …。
。 We must admit the undeniable fact that …。
。 No one can deny （ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside） the fact that …。
。 Experience （Evidence） suggests （shows） that …。
。 Take for example … who （that） …。
。 The same is true of …。
。 As the saying goes， “…。”
3. 結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段的寫作方法可以歸納為下列若干種：
1） 總結(jié)歸納
簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。
例：
In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won — by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
2） 重申主題
再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。
例：
Admittedly， science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man‘s energy， hopes， ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.
3） 預(yù)測展望
立足當前，放眼未來。
例：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption， if permitted to continue， will not only tarnish the government‘s popularity， but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4） 提出建議
提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。
例：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula， however crowded it may be， and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
5） 提出問題
提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。
例：
Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts， they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with， to talk with， and take care of them. Why can‘t young people think of the days when they are getting old？
6） 引用格言
用格言、諺語或習語總括全文中心思想。
例：
Many yeas ago， a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge … is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting， “Knowledge is change”—and accelerating knowledge-acquisition， fueling the great engine of technology， means accelerating change.
7） 結(jié)尾段的核心句型
。 From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered）， we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that …。
。 All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n） unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that …。
。 It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis on the improvement （development / increase / promotion） of …。
。 It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of …。
。 We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）， because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of …， if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）， will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of …。
。 There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） to the problem of …， but … might be useful （helpful / beneficial）。
。 No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of …， but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of … might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）。
。 Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solution to）…， but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
。 Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）， if we ignore （are blind to） the problem， there is every chance that …。
。 Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） …， it is very likely （the chances are good） that …。
。 There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of …。
。 It is necessary （essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps /measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）。
。 It is hoped （suggested / recommended） that great （continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate） efforts should be made to control （check/ halt / promote） the growth （increase / rise） of …。
。 It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding （developing / improving） …。
。 It remains to be seen whether …， but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging （that rosy）。
。 Anyhow， wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible （potential / grave /serious / pernicious） consequences （effects） of …。
。 To reverse （check / control） the trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）， and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） …。
。 For these reasons， I strongly recommend that …。
。 For the reasons given above， I feel that …。
4. 段落擴展中的常用詞語
1） 總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語
generally speaking， generally， as a general rule， in general， on a larger scale， to take the idea further， to take the above opinion to an extreme， in a sense， in one sense， in a way， to some extent， in my opinion， in my view， as for me， as far as I am concerned， obviously， undoubtedly， in terms of， in conclusion， in short， in brief， in summary， in a word， on the whole， to sum up， to conclude
2） 比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語
similarly， likewise， like， too， equally important， the same as， in common， in the same way， on the contrary， on the one hand， on the other hand， otherwise， in sharp contrast， whereas， rather than， conversely， instead， in/by contrast， but， however， yet， nevertheless
3） 列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語
for example， for instance， as an example， as a case in point， such as， namely， that is， like， thus， first， second， third， finally， in the first place， initially， first of all， to begin with， to start with， what is more， furthermore， eventually， besides， in addition （to that）， first and foremost， last but not least， next， also， moreover， for one thing， for another
4） 因果關(guān)系過渡詞語
because （of）， as， since， for， owing to， due to， thanks to， on account of， as a result of， result in （from）， consequently， for the reason that， as a consequence， consequently， if follows that， accordingly， therefore， hence
5） 讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語
although， even though， after all， in spite of， despite， granted that
6） 強調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語
anyway， certainly， surely， obviously， to be sure， especially， particularly， above all， in deed， in fact， even worse， needless to say， most important of all， no doubt
五、 考研英語寫作程序
由于時間的限制及題型的要求，考生必須遵循一定的寫作程序并且合理地分配時間，以便從容地完成較高水平的寫作。下面的考研英語寫作程序及時間分配，供考生參考并靈活地加以運用。
1. 審題過程（2-3分鐘）
所謂“審題”，就是仔細地研究、理解題目，即根據(jù)題目所提供的條件和要求，來確定文章的內(nèi)容、體裁和寫法。這一過程直接關(guān)系到寫作的成敗，即是否“切題”。審題應(yīng)該包含下列四個方面：
1） 審文體
文體是對文章的一種規(guī)格要求，不同的文體，在寫作上有不同的規(guī)格要求。命題作文一般采用議論文文體；規(guī)定情景作文通常以描寫文、敘述文為主；圖表作文通常采用說明文；然而，段首句作文，應(yīng)視具體內(nèi)容而定。
2） 審內(nèi)容
了解題目在內(nèi)容方面的要求決定寫什么，這是審題的關(guān)鍵。
3） 審材料
審查考題在選材范圍方面的要求，考題對材料有特定的限制，故考生應(yīng)在題目限制的范圍內(nèi)選取材料。
簡言之，選材的一般要點包含：
① 選擇真實的材料；
② 選擇典型的材料；
③ 選擇鮮活的材料；
④ 選擇最能展現(xiàn)主題的材料。
4） 審要求
審查考題在格式、字數(shù)、時間、內(nèi)容等諸多方面的具體要求。
總之，如果審題不當，文章跑題；審題不周，文不切題；審題不全，遺漏重點。因此，考生一定要嚴把審題關(guān)。
2. 構(gòu)思過程（5-7分鐘）
一旦確定了主題，就開始構(gòu)思選材。選材的思路圍繞題目、提示、數(shù)據(jù)、圖形和所給的提綱來進行。考生應(yīng)從自己所熟悉的素材中篩選出最能表達和說明主題的內(nèi)容，思路要靈活，想象要豐富，同時要有創(chuàng)新，避免落入寫作俗套。在此基礎(chǔ)上，草擬出作文提綱，提綱要簡明扼要，能抓住段落主題。同時，考生對文章段落展開的方法、過渡句和句型等也要有所考慮。
從歷年考研英語寫作試題來分析，寫作題目大多已給出了基本的提綱或相應(yīng)的要求。在這種情況下，考生可將給出的提綱擴展成相應(yīng)的主題句，這樣便迅速地擬出了一個詳細且完整的寫作提綱。
擬出帶有主題句的具體提綱，才能圍繞主題句構(gòu)思出要寫的內(nèi)容，選出展現(xiàn)主題的素材，形成一條清楚的寫作主線，然后根據(jù)主線具體地提出和回答what， who， when， how， why 等一系列考題規(guī)定的問題。
3. 下筆創(chuàng)作過程（20-25分鐘）
下筆創(chuàng)作過程即段落的展開，考生要用貼切的詞與句將自己的所思所想所感一層層地明確表達出來。
考生要注意以下幾點：
1） 段落應(yīng)有段落的主題，并且段落中所涉及的內(nèi)容都是為文章主題服務(wù)的。
2） 寫初稿時要一氣呵成，盡量不使用自己沒有把握的詞語或句型。
3） 在下筆創(chuàng)作的過程中可以適當修改提綱，注意不要脫離主題。
4） 注意利用過渡詞和過渡句使句子和段落結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹連貫，也使內(nèi)容更易于展開。
4. 檢查與修改過程（3-5分鐘）
初稿一定存在著某些不妥之處，故需要最后訂正。
首先檢查內(nèi)容是否切題，論點是否明確，論據(jù)是否充分，結(jié)論是否合理，然后檢查語法是否正確，語句是否通順，用詞是否貼切，數(shù)字是否準確，表達是否恰當，拼寫是否正確，標點是否得當?shù)鹊取?BR> 六、考研英語寫作常見題型
如果考生想在較短的時間內(nèi)對考研英語寫作有所認識、有所突破，首先應(yīng)該了解考研英語寫作常見題型，并弄懂各種題型的寫作技巧，然后進行有針對性的練習，并且研讀相關(guān)范文?？佳杏⒄Z寫作中的常見題型如下：
1. 提綱題型寫作
1） 寫作要點
① 認真研究所給提綱
考生要注意領(lǐng)會提綱的含義，不要遺漏提綱要點或錯誤理解提綱的意思。
② 確定各段的主題句
考生應(yīng)根據(jù)所給提綱寫出各段的主題句，合格的主題句應(yīng)具備以下四個要點：
。意義完整 主題句結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，即結(jié)構(gòu)符合語法規(guī)則；意義要完整，即主題句是一個符合邏輯的完整命題。
。表意清晰 主題句要清晰明確，不使用意思含混的詞或句子。
。內(nèi)容具體 主題句的內(nèi)容要明確具體，否則不利于段落的拓展。
。用詞貼切 主題句一定要用詞準確，簡明達意，使段落的拓展有一個良好的基礎(chǔ)。
③ 逐步展開段落
段落寫作應(yīng)圍繞自己列好的主題句進行，在寫作過程中可稍加調(diào)整。
④ 檢查與修改
檢查考題所給提綱是否準確且完整地被表達于文章之中，如有偏差，應(yīng)作出相應(yīng)的修改。
2） 提綱題型寫作試題實例
① 寫作題目
Title： THE “PROJECT HOPE”
Outline：
1. Present situation
2. Necessity of the project
3. My suggestion
② 參考范文：
Education plays a very significant role in the modernization of our country. There are， however， still a large number of school-agers in remote and isolated rural areas who can‘t afford to go to school because of their financial predicament. This is a very serious problem which needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Thus， the Chinese authorities have worked out a plan to assist them financially， which is called “Project Hope”。
This project， I do believe， is of most importance and necessity. To begin with， as a developing country， China is unlikely to inject a huge amount of money in education at present. So education has to turn to the general public to find its way out. Secondly， with the financial assistance of the general public， many of the poor children who have dropped out of school can go back to go on with their schooling. This will， in turn， contribute a great deal to the expansion of the rural economy in our remote and isolated rural areas. Apparently， the Project Hope is of profound significance for the modernization of our country.
As for me， a university student， my suggestions are as follows. In the first place， our government should encourage more of the public in cities to finance the project. In addition， it is most necessary to set up a special foundation to receive the contributions donated by the public at home and abroad. Last but not least， those in charge of the project are supposed to make sure that the money is directly sent to the families whose children have dropped out of school. In short， I am convinced that the project will be fruitful and successful in the long run. （284 words）
2. 圖畫題型寫作
圖畫題型寫作是較難的題型之一，近兩年考研英語寫作試題均為圖畫題型，故考生應(yīng)該認真對待。面對此類題型，考生應(yīng)首先確定主題，然后再動筆。
1） 圖畫題型寫作要點
① 詳細查看圖畫?？忌鷳?yīng)對圖畫進行全面而細致的研究，尤其注意圖畫中人或物（人與物）的體貌表情特征和背景，確定人物之間，人物與背景之間的主要關(guān)系，以便正確掌握圖畫所傳達的信息。
② 如果圖畫以系列形式（既兩幅以上）出現(xiàn)，考生除了掌握每一幅圖畫的信息，還應(yīng)該對圖畫之間的相應(yīng)聯(lián)系有所理解，從而在整體上把握圖畫所傳達的信息。
③ 面對圖畫題型，考生應(yīng)該展開合理而豐富的聯(lián)想，用生動而恰當?shù)难赞o抒發(fā)自己對圖畫的所思所想所感。
④ 注意圖畫題型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些寫作要點。
⑤ 草擬提綱，合理組織材料。根據(jù)圖畫內(nèi)容的不同采用不同的段落發(fā)展方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以描述為主，即按空間方位或時間先后順序排列，可采用“開頭——擴展——結(jié)尾”的寫作方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以解釋說明為主，寫作時則先給出主題句，再圍繞主題句完成各段落的寫作，這是采用“主題句——擴展句——總結(jié)句”的寫作方式。
⑥ 系統(tǒng)且突出地展開段落。展開段落要根據(jù)畫面內(nèi)容進行，同時也要圍繞每一段的主題句進行。
⑦ 檢查與修改?？忌鷳?yīng)重點檢查圖畫內(nèi)容是否準確地被表達出來，題目所給提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在與畫面不相符的內(nèi)容，或未能完全涵蓋題目所給提示，考生應(yīng)對文章做出相應(yīng)修訂。
2） 圖畫題型寫作試題實例
① 寫作題目
Directions：
Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following：
1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
2. point out its implications in our life
② 參考范文：
Shakespeare has ever stated that I came， I suffered and I survived， which gives us much for thought about our life and development.
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing， the flower is placed in a cozy green house which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions， the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast， when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm， the flower immediately fades and withers， with most of its petals cast about on the ground.
The purpose of the drawings is to reveal the fact that the flower growing in the green house can not withstand the ordeal of the wind and storm， yet the implied meaning subtly conveyed should be taken into account more seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people， to be exact， the only children in our current society； the green house epitomizes our parents‘ excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm， to be specific， the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world， they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts.
In sum， it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand， we can frequently employ them to enlighten ourselves to be more independent in life. On the other hand， our parents should be sensible enough to offer children more right and freedom to cope with their own troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future， and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world. （326 words）