四六級語法:簡明語法——主謂倒裝

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主語和謂語是句子的核心,它們之間有兩種語序:一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序(Natural Order);二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序(Inverted Order)。而倒裝語序中又有全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)兩種情況。
    首先,在全部倒裝的句子中,要把整個(gè)謂語放在主語的前面去而構(gòu)成倒裝語序。
    例如:
    There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.
    (在There be…的句式中,There只是個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞而不是主語,真正的主語是后面作表語的名詞或者名詞短語。因此,There be…的句式都是全部倒裝的句子。)演講廳里有大量的學(xué)生。
    When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .
    (此句是為了"描述情節(jié)的需要",把倒裝當(dāng)著修辭的手段而寫成了全部倒裝句。句子的主語是a mid-aged man,謂語是stood 。)當(dāng)他向房門跑去時(shí),那兒正立著一位手里拿著一盞燈籠的中年男人。
    另外,在部分倒裝的句子中,只把謂語的一部分(如情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、或是系動(dòng)詞be)放到主語的前面去,構(gòu)成倒裝語序。例如:
    Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? (句子的謂語是are going to take part,are是句子的謂語的一部分;句子的主語是you 。所以,此句是部分倒裝的句子。疑問句都是部分倒裝句。)你打算去參加星期五與會計(jì)系進(jìn)行的足球賽嗎?
    Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .(由于語法要求的原因,本句寫成了部分倒裝的句子。它的自然語序應(yīng)該是:When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.)他還未做完試卷,下課鈴就響了。
    了解了倒裝語序的構(gòu)成情況后,我們再來看看倒裝語序在各種不同類句子中的使用情況:
    A. 在疑問句中
    各種疑問句一般地說都是倒裝語序。例如:
    Will they come to see us this weekend ? 這個(gè)周末他們將來看我們嗎?
    Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?
    你們是在談?wù)撃銈兩现芤豢吹哪遣侩娪皢幔?BR>    Can you speak another foreign language except English?
    除開英語,你還能說另一種外語嗎?
    Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?
    你在哪兒買的這本詞典,是在附近的書店還是在新華書店?
    She is not a student, isn't she ? 她不是個(gè)學(xué)生,對嗎?
    B. 在感嘆句中
    某些感嘆句也用倒裝語序。例如:
    Isn't it a beautiful garden ! 多么美麗的花園??!
    What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美麗的花園啊?。ㄔ谶@種句式中,主語在謂語之前,屬于自然語序。對于主語和謂語而言,語序沒有倒裝。)
    Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !
    你見過那個(gè)孩子像他這么調(diào)皮!
    C. 在陳述句中
    陳述句在一般情況下用自然語序;但由于英語語法的某些原因,陳述句也要使用倒裝語序。這些原因大致可以歸納如下:
    1) 為了避免句子部分內(nèi)容不必要的重復(fù),常用"so + be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語"或"neither / nor + be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語"的倒裝句式。其中第一個(gè)句式表示"與前面所述的肯定情況相同", 第二個(gè)句式表示"與前面所述的否定情況相同"。例如:
    His brother is a college student; so is mine.
    他弟弟是大學(xué)生,我弟弟也是。
    His brother is not a college student; nor is min .
    他弟弟不是大學(xué)生,我弟弟也不是。
    He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.
    他曾去國外深造過,我也去過。
    He didn't use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.
    他沒去國外深造過,我也沒有。
    One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.
    我的一個(gè)朋友會說三門外國語,他的妻子也會。
    One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .我的一個(gè)朋友不會說三門外國語,他的妻子也不會。
    They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .
    他們正在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備,我們也一樣。
    They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .
    他們沒在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備,我們也沒有。
    2)具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時(shí)(除否定詞修飾主語外),句子一般要寫成部分倒裝句。這類詞或短語常見的有:not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than), hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… ,等。例如:
    Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .
    她還沒來得及坐下來,就聽見有人敲門。
    Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night .
    他昨晚直到十二點(diǎn)鐘才睡覺。
    Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .
    我的妹妹們以前從未去過香港。
    No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我從新西蘭一回國,就買了一棟房子并在那兒住下了。
    So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.
    就我所知,瑪利幾乎很難回來看她媽媽。
    Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . (否定詞修飾主語時(shí),句子不用倒裝。) 去年秋天,這兒幾乎沒下一滴雨。
    3)當(dāng)so, often, only等表示程度、頻率的副詞放在句首時(shí),句子一般要倒裝。例如:
    Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.
    只有這樣,你才有可能想出解決這個(gè)問題的辦法。
    So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.
    形勢如此地嚴(yán)峻,每個(gè)人都面臨著一場考驗(yàn)。
    So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. 他太操勞過度以致后病倒了。
    4)當(dāng)there, here, then, now等副詞在句首,且謂語是come, go, be等動(dòng)詞時(shí),句子一般要全部倒裝。其意義在于引起他人的注意。如果這類句子的主語是代詞,則不用寫成倒裝句。例如:
    Now, here goes the story.這個(gè)故事是這樣的。
    Look, there comes the taxi.瞧,出租車過來了。
    Then came another question.然后又一個(gè)問題提出來了。
    Then followed the four-year War of Liberation.接下來是四年的解放戰(zhàn)爭。
    5) 當(dāng)out, in, away, up, bang等表示方位或擬聲詞放在句首時(shí),句子一般要全部倒裝。這類子比自然語序的句子更為生動(dòng)、形象。但如果這類句子的主語是代詞,則不用寫成倒裝句。例如:
    Bang goes my ace.我砰地一下打出了"愛司"。
    Away flew the bird.那鳥飛走了。
    Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.
    突然進(jìn)來一個(gè)蒙著面具的人。
    6) 其他情況還有:省略了if的虛擬條件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些讓步狀語從句,等等也要用倒裝句式。例如:(省略了if的虛擬條件句)
    Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.
    如果沒有他們的幫助,我們不可能把那件事辦的如此成功。
    Should he come, say "Nobody in" to him.
    萬一他來了,對他說:"公司沒人。"(某些表示祝愿的句子)
    May our friendship last forever.愿我們的友誼常存!
    May your company become prosperous.祝貴公司生意興隆?。承┳尣綘钫Z從句)
    Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.無論我使多大的勁,我也無法搬起那塊石頭。
    They said they would follow the Party's lead come what might.
    他們說無論發(fā)生什么情況,他們都會跟黨走的。
    7) 由于修辭或是平衡句子的原因也可以用倒裝句;也可以不用。這不是一條必須的規(guī)定。
    Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated .
    這家飯店隔壁還有一家裝修華麗的大飯店。
    On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.
    這條大街的兩側(cè)都聳立著許多綜合樓。(這類句子也可以不用倒裝句。)
    "I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow," said Tom to his mother (OR: Tom said to his mother) .湯姆對他媽媽說:"我明天動(dòng)身去北京。"
    Many block buildings stood on either side of the great avenue.
    許多綜合樓聳立在這條大街的兩側(cè)。
    Another grand hotel, which is beautifully decorated, is next to this one .
    這家飯店隔壁還有一家大飯店,那家飯店裝修十分華麗。