四六級(jí)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo):獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

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作為一個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,頻頻出現(xiàn)在近幾年的四級(jí)考題中。由于中學(xué)教材已不把它作為重點(diǎn),大學(xué)教材對(duì)它也缺乏系統(tǒng)的闡述,不少考生因此而難以在與之有關(guān)的試題上得分,更談不上在語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中加以應(yīng)用。筆者試圖對(duì)該結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行較為全面的分析,以期對(duì)考生有所幫助。來(lái)源:www.examda.com 
    (一): 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:來(lái)源:www.examda.com
    名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞;
    名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
    名詞(代詞)+副詞;
    名詞(代詞)+不定式;
    名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成?!?BR>    (二) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn):來(lái)源:www.examda.com
    1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同,它獨(dú)立存在。
    2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。
    3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。
    舉例:
    The test finished, we began our holiday.
    = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
    考試結(jié)束了,我們開(kāi)始放假。
    The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
    = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
    總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
    Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
    如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
    This done, we went home.   
    工作完成后,我們才回家。
    The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
    會(huì)議結(jié)束后,每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。
    He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
    他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
    He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
    他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
    With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格
     表伴隨時(shí),既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
    with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)
    舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
     = He stood there, with his hand raise.
     來(lái)源:www.examda.com典型例題
    The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
    A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  
    答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí),其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用過(guò)去分詞,選D.  
    注意:
    1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問(wèn)題:
     當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí),其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
     A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 
     ( hand前不能加his)?!    ?BR>    2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞,不及物動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞。
     He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
    典型例題:
    Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
    A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting
     答案B. 本題中沒(méi)有連詞,它不是復(fù)合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號(hào),且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷,本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu), 其結(jié)構(gòu)為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動(dòng),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B。
     如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。
     I.獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 
    獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上由兩部分組成。第一部分由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,第二部分由分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任,但在四級(jí)考試中以分詞擔(dān)任第二部分的居多,有時(shí)也會(huì)由不定式擔(dān)任。 
    1)名詞或主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 
    例1,______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. 
    A)Other things being equal B)Were other things equal C)To be equalto other things D)Other things to be equal 
    (答案A Band 4,1997.6) 
    例2 So many directors ______,the board meeting had to be put off. 
    A)were absent B)been absent  C)had been absent D)being absent 
    (答案D Band 4,2001.1) 
    當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格中的分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作時(shí),用分詞的完成形式。 
    例3 The speech______,a lively discussion started. A)being delivered B)was delivered  C)be deliveredD)having been delivered 
    (答案D Band 4,1995.1) 
    當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或主格代詞是分詞表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),用分詞的被動(dòng)形式。 
    例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.  A)were canceled B)having been canceled  C)had been canceled D)have been canceled 
    (答案BBand 4,1999.1) 
    2)名詞或主格代詞+過(guò)去分詞 
    例5 All things_____,the planed trip will have to be called off. 
    A)be consideredB)considered  C)consideringD)having considered 
    (答案BBand 4,1998.6) 
    3)名詞或主格代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式 
    例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined. 
    A)to be complete B)is completed  C)being completedD)complete 
    (答案A Band 4,2001.6) 
    形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語(yǔ)擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)诙糠值那闆r在四級(jí)考試中雖不多見(jiàn),但在書面語(yǔ)中卻是一種有效的表達(dá)手段,在此略舉幾例,供有興趣的同學(xué)參考。 
    4)名詞或主格代詞+形容詞 
    例7 Hands red with the cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(他們?cè)趹敉鈷哐?,兩手凍得通紅。) 
    5)名詞或主格代詞+介詞短語(yǔ) 
    例8 A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(手里拿著本書,英語(yǔ)老師走進(jìn)教室。) 
    6)名詞或主格代詞+副詞
    例9 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(下課了,學(xué)生們都到操場(chǎng)上去玩耍。) 
    7)名詞或主格代詞+名詞 
    例10 His first shot failure,he fired again.(他第一槍沒(méi)擊中,又打了第二槍。