Unit 9 （2002年）
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior，and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior，but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important，but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull，it selects，and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood，however，effects once assigned to states of mind，feelings，and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions，and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（64）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends?（65）Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
Unit 9 翻譯題解：
61） One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為兩段：
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是表語從句One difficulty is that...
2）almost all of what is called behavioral science是表語從句中的主語部分，后面是簡(jiǎn)單的謂語和賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。
第三、詞的處理：
continues to trace behavior to繼續(xù)針對(duì)……研究行為；behavioral science 行為科學(xué)；states of mind 心態(tài)，意識(shí)狀態(tài)；feelings 感情；traits of character 性格特點(diǎn)
完整的譯文：
61）難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
62） The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
第二、句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：主句+兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的原因狀語從句之所以……，部分是因?yàn)椤?，部分是因?yàn)椤 ?BR> 第三、詞的處理
the explanatory items 用以解釋的要素（內(nèi)容，項(xiàng)目）；other kinds of explanations 其他解釋方式
完整的譯文：
62）行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
63） The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：
The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
第二、句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)表示時(shí)間對(duì)比的并列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the selective role of...is only beginning to...每一個(gè)句子的主語都比較長，都是名詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)?！ ?BR> 第三、詞的處理：
in evolution 在演化中；formulated 闡述；表述；解釋；論證；shaping 形成（造就） maintaining 保持，維護(hù)；recognized 認(rèn)可，承認(rèn)
完整的譯文：
63）自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
64） They are the possessions of the autonomous （self-governing） man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
They are the possessions of the autonomous （self-governing） man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to...
2）in which...是practices的定語從句?！ ?BR> 第三、詞的處理：
They 它們（自由與尊嚴(yán)），代詞做主語；possessions 所有物；autonomous （self-governing） 自主行為的；自我管理的；自我約束的；practices 實(shí)踐活動(dòng)；is held responsible for 對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)；given credit for 認(rèn)可；贊譽(yù)；給予肯定
完整的譯文：
64）自由和尊嚴(yán)（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提?！?BR> 65） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)合狀語從句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with it...
2） and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表達(dá)是the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的內(nèi)容?！?BR> 第三、詞的處理：
until 如果不，直到；a technology of behavior 研究行為的技術(shù)手段；be rejected 被拋棄；被拒絕；被反對(duì)；with it 隨之；伴隨著它
完整的譯文：
65）（如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior，and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior，but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important，but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull，it selects，and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood，however，effects once assigned to states of mind，feelings，and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions，and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（64）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends?（65）Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
Unit 9 翻譯題解：
61） One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為兩段：
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是表語從句One difficulty is that...
2）almost all of what is called behavioral science是表語從句中的主語部分，后面是簡(jiǎn)單的謂語和賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。
第三、詞的處理：
continues to trace behavior to繼續(xù)針對(duì)……研究行為；behavioral science 行為科學(xué)；states of mind 心態(tài)，意識(shí)狀態(tài)；feelings 感情；traits of character 性格特點(diǎn)
完整的譯文：
61）難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
62） The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
第二、句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：主句+兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的原因狀語從句之所以……，部分是因?yàn)椤?，部分是因?yàn)椤 ?BR> 第三、詞的處理
the explanatory items 用以解釋的要素（內(nèi)容，項(xiàng)目）；other kinds of explanations 其他解釋方式
完整的譯文：
62）行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
63） The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：
The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
第二、句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)表示時(shí)間對(duì)比的并列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the selective role of...is only beginning to...每一個(gè)句子的主語都比較長，都是名詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)?！ ?BR> 第三、詞的處理：
in evolution 在演化中；formulated 闡述；表述；解釋；論證；shaping 形成（造就） maintaining 保持，維護(hù)；recognized 認(rèn)可，承認(rèn)
完整的譯文：
63）自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
64） They are the possessions of the autonomous （self-governing） man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
They are the possessions of the autonomous （self-governing） man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to...
2）in which...是practices的定語從句?！ ?BR> 第三、詞的處理：
They 它們（自由與尊嚴(yán)），代詞做主語；possessions 所有物；autonomous （self-governing） 自主行為的；自我管理的；自我約束的；practices 實(shí)踐活動(dòng)；is held responsible for 對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)；given credit for 認(rèn)可；贊譽(yù)；給予肯定
完整的譯文：
64）自由和尊嚴(yán)（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提?！?BR> 65） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)合狀語從句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with it...
2） and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表達(dá)是the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的內(nèi)容?！?BR> 第三、詞的處理：
until 如果不，直到；a technology of behavior 研究行為的技術(shù)手段；be rejected 被拋棄；被拒絕；被反對(duì)；with it 隨之；伴隨著它
完整的譯文：
65）（如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。