Time -30 minutes
25 Questions
Questions 1-8
A bakery makes nine kinds of cookies. Of these nine,
three kinds are fruit cookies-G, H, and J; three kinds
are nut cookies-K, L, and O; and three kinds are plain
cookies-X, Y, and Z. Each day of the week, Monday
through Sunday, the bakery will feature a special price
on exactly three different kinds of cookies. The three
featured cookies will be selected according to the
following rules:
Each day at least one fruit cookie must be featured,
and each day at least one nut cookie must be
featured.
On any day on which cookie J is featured, cookie L
cannot be featured.
On any day on which cookie k is featured, cookie Y
must also be featured.
No kind of cookie can be featured more than three
times in a week.
1.Which of the following lists three cookies that can be
featured together?
(A) G, L, Z
(B) H, K, X
(C) J, L, Y
(D) J, O, Z
(E) K, O, Y
2. On a day on which both cookie L and cookie Z are
featured, which of the following can be the third kind
of cookie featured?
(A) H
(B) J
(C) O
(D) X
(E) Y
3.A partial schedule of featured cookies is shown below.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
L H O G Z
According to this schedule, which of the following is a day on
which cookie X CANNOT be one of the featured cookies?
(A) Monday
(B) Tuesday
(C) Wednesday
(D) Thursday
(E) Friday
4.If cookie J is featured on Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday; if cookie K is featured on Monday, Tuesday,
and Wednesday, and if cookie G is featured only on
Thursday, then cookie L can be featured on
(A) Monday only
(B) Thursday only
(C) Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday only
(D) Friday, Saturday, and Sunday only
(E) any two of the first four days of the week
5. If each kind of nut cookie is featured three times in
one week, what is the maximum number or days on
which plain cookies can be featured during that week?
(A) Three
(B) Four
(C) Five
(D) Six
(E) Seven
6.If cookie H and cookie Y are each featured on
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, and if cookie G
and cookie X are each featured on Thursday, Friday
and Saturday, then the cookies featured on Sunday
must include both
(A) J and K
(B) J and L
(C) J and O
(D) K and L
(E) K and Z
7.If exactly seven kinds of cookies are featured during
one week, which of the following must be true about
that week?
(A) X is the only kind of plain cookie that is featured
(B) Y is the only kind of plain cookie that is featured
(C) Z is the only kind of plain cookie that is featured.
(D) On at least one day, both cookie G and cookie Z
are featured.
(E) On at least one day, both cookie J and cookie X
are featured.
8.If cookie X is featured exactly twice and cookie Z is
featured exactly three times in one week, which of
the following must be true?
(A)Cookie G is featured exactly three times during
the week.
(B)Cookie J is featured at most twice during the
week.
(C)Cookie K is featured at most twice during the
week.
(D)Cookie L is featured at most twice during the
week.
(E) Cookie Y is featured exactly twice during the
week.
9. In recent years, there has been a dramatic decline in
the population of the shrike, a predatory bird that
inhabits flat land, such as farms and pastures. Some
ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to
the introduction of new, more effective pesticides to
control the insect species on which shrikes prey.
The answer to which of the following questions is
NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists'
hypothesis?
(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population
before the new pesticides were first used?
(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly
in those habitats where the new pesticides have
not been used?
(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly
reduced the population of insect species on
which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously
used?
(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-
cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those
insects than were insects that consumed the
less effective pesticides?
(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most
people to be less harmful to the environment
than the old pesticides were considered to be?
10. Census data for Prenland show that unmarried
Prenlandic men in their thirties outnumber unmarried
Prenlandic women in that age group by about ten to
One. Most of these men do wish to marry. Clearly,
however, unless many of them marry women who
are not Prenlandic, all but a minority will remain
unmarried.
The argument makes which of the following assump-
tions?
(A) Emigration from Preland is more common
among women than among men.
(B) A greater proportion of Prelandic women
in their thirties than of Prenlandic men of the
same age would prefer to remain unmarried.
(C) It is unlikely that many of these unmarried
Prenlandic men will marry women more than
a few years older than themselves.
(D) Prenland has a high rate of divorce.
(E) Most of the unmarried Prenlandic men are
unwilling to marry women who are not
Prenlandic.
11.Certain extremely harmful bacteria found only in
sewage are difficult to detect directly. Testing for
E. coli, an easily detected and less harmful type of
bacteria, in ocean water would be a reliable way of
determining whether or not these more harmful bac-
teria are present, since ocean water contains E. Coli
only if the water is contaminated with sewage that
contains the harmful bacteria.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) There are many different strains of the E. coli
bacteria, and only some of these strains are
harmful.
(B) Some types of bacteria found in sewage are
neither disease-causing nor difficult to detect
directly.
(C) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage
along with E. coli are not harmful to people
unless the bacteria are ingested in large quantities.
(D) E. coli dies out much more quickly than some of
the more harmful bacteria found in sewage and
then can no longer be easily detected.
(E) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage
along with E. coli reproduce at a slower rate
than E. coli.
Questions 12-17
A bank has exactly four cashier windows, arranged in a
row and numbered consecutively 1through 4 from one
end of the row to the other. The bank has exactly six
cashiers: two supervisors (Joan and Karim); and four
trainees (Lorraine, Mark, Nora, and patrick). Throughout
a particular peak-hour period, the stationing of cashiers at
windows is restricted as follows:
There must be exactly one cashier at each window.
The cashier at window 2 must be a supervisor.
Lorraine must be at a window but cannot be at window 3.
If Mark is at one of the windows, Joan must be at a
window immediately adjacent to it.
The cashiers at the windows must include either Nora
or Patrick, but they cannot include both Nora and
Patrick.
12.Which of the following lists the cashiers who can be
stationed at windows 1 through 4 during this period?
1 2 3 4
(A) Joan Karim Mark Lorraine
(B) Joan Karim Nora Lorraine
(C) Karim Nora Joan Lorraine
(D) Mark Joan Lorraine Patrick
(E) Patrick Joan Nora Lorraine
13.Which of the following must be true about the
stationing of the cashiers during this period?
(A) Joan is at window 1 or at window 2.
(B) Karim is at window 2 or at window 4.
(C) Lorraine is at window 1 or window 4.
(D) Nora is at window 1 or at window 3.
(E) Patrick is at window 3 or at window 4.
sarily in that order, are stationed at immediately
adjacent windows, which of the following must be
stationed at window 4 during this period?
(A) Joan
(B) Karim
(C) Lorraine
(D) Mark
(E) Patrick
15.If during this period Lorraine and Mark, not neces-
sarily in that order, are stationed at immediately
adjacent windows, which of the following can be
stationed at window 1 during this period?
(A) Joan
(B) Karim
(C) Lorraine
(D) Mark
(E) Nora
16.If during this period Lorrained and Nora, not neces-
sarily in that order, are stationed at immediately
adjacent windows, which of the following must be
true during this period?
(A) Joan is stationed at window 1.
(B) Joan is stationed at window 2.
(C) Karim is stationed at window 2
(D) Nora is stationed at windows 3.
(E) Patrick is stationed at window 1.
17.If during this period Mark is stationed at a window,
which of the following CANNOT be stationed at a
window during this period?
(A) Joan
(B) Karim
(C) Lorraine
(D) Nora
(E) Patrick
Questions 18-22
Seven photographs-three landscapes: F, H, and J; and four still lifes:
Q, R, T and W-will appear on the first seven pages-numbered
consecutively from page 1 through page 7-of an exhibit catalog.
Each page will contain exactly one of the photographs. The ordering
of the photographs in the catalog is governed by the following
conditions.
J and W, not necessarily in that order, must appear on consecu-
tively numbered pages.
The three landscapes cannot appear on-consecutively numbered
pages.
Neither page 2 not page 4 is a page on which a landscape can
appear.
A landscape must appear on page 7
18.Which of the following is an acceptable ordering of the photographs in
the catalog?
Page 1 Page 2 page 3 Page 4 page 5 page 6 page 7
(A) F T H Q W R J
(B) H Q J W R F T
(C) J W H R T Q F
(D) Q T R W J F H
(E) T F Q W J R H
19.Any of the following can appear on page 3 EXCEPT
(A) J
(B) Q
(C) R
(D) T
(E) W
20. If F appears on page 6, H must appear on page
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 5
(E) 7
21.If the still lifes all appear on consecutive pages,
which of the following must be true?
(A) A still life appears on page 1.
(B) A still life appears on page 5.
(C) J appears on page 6.
(D) T appears on page 4.
(E) W appears on page 5
22.If F and H, not necessarily in that order, appear on
consecutive pages, which of the following can be
true?
(A) J appears on page 1
(B) J appears on page 5
(C) R appears on page 6
(D) W appears on page 1
(E) W appears on page 5
23.The organizers of tomorrow's outdoor concert
announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule
unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance
tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled, refunds
will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket
holders have already been issued refunds even though
more than enough advance tickets were sold, it must
be the case that bad weather is forecast.
Which of the following is an error of reasoning con-
tained in the argument?
(A) It proceeds as if a condition, which by itself is
enough to guarantee a certain result, is the only
condition under which that result would occur.
(B) It bases a conclusion that is known to require
two conditions on evidence that bears on only
one of those conditions.
(C) It explains one event as being caused by another
event, even though both events must actually
have been caused by some third, unidentified
event.
(D) It treats evidence for the absence of one condi-
tion under which a circumstance would occur
as conclusive evidence that that circumstance
will not occur.
(E) Evidence given to support the conclusion actually
undermines it.
24. Although the prevailing supposition has been that it is
too hot for microorganisms to survive deep below the
Earth's surface, some scientists argue that there are
living communities of microorganisms there that have
been cut off from surface life for millions of years.
These scientists base their argument on the discovery
of living microorganisms in samples of material that
were taken from holes drilled as deep as 1.74 miles.
The scientists' argument depends on which of the fol-
lowing assumptions?
(A)The microorganisms brought up were of a
species that is related to those previously
known to science.
(B)No holes have been drilled into the Earth's
surface to a distance deeper than 1.74 miles
(C)The microorganisms did not come from surface
soil that came into contact with the drilling
equipment.
(D) The stratum from which the samples came has
been below the surface of the Earth ever since
the Earth came into existence.
(E) The temperature at the bottom of the holes drilled
was not significantly hotter than that of the
hottest spots on the Earth's surface.
25. For 20 years all applicants for jobs as technicians at
EquipCorp were required to demonstrate that they could
operate and repair the machinery that was central to
EquipCorp's manufacturing business. Now, however,
that particular machinery is obsolete, and very different
machinery fills the central role. Therefore, the old
requirement is no longer a useful method for evaluating
whether applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp
have the skills necessary for the job.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the
argument?
(A) The machinery that is now obsolete was used by a
large number of manufacturing companies before
it became obsolete.
(B) Among the people already holding jobs as tech-
nicians at Equip Corp, those who are most skillful
at operating the new machinery had been some of
the least skillful at operating the old machinery
(C) Most people applying for jobs as technicians today
have much broader skills than did people applying
for jobs as technicians 20 years ago.
(D) The skills required to operate and repair the
obsolete machinery are useful in operating and
maintaining many other types of machinery at
EquipCorp that are not obsolete.
(E) Much of the machinery that EquipCorp now uses in
manufacturing is very likely to become obsolete
within the next 20 years.
25 Questions
Questions 1-8
A bakery makes nine kinds of cookies. Of these nine,
three kinds are fruit cookies-G, H, and J; three kinds
are nut cookies-K, L, and O; and three kinds are plain
cookies-X, Y, and Z. Each day of the week, Monday
through Sunday, the bakery will feature a special price
on exactly three different kinds of cookies. The three
featured cookies will be selected according to the
following rules:
Each day at least one fruit cookie must be featured,
and each day at least one nut cookie must be
featured.
On any day on which cookie J is featured, cookie L
cannot be featured.
On any day on which cookie k is featured, cookie Y
must also be featured.
No kind of cookie can be featured more than three
times in a week.
1.Which of the following lists three cookies that can be
featured together?
(A) G, L, Z
(B) H, K, X
(C) J, L, Y
(D) J, O, Z
(E) K, O, Y
2. On a day on which both cookie L and cookie Z are
featured, which of the following can be the third kind
of cookie featured?
(A) H
(B) J
(C) O
(D) X
(E) Y
3.A partial schedule of featured cookies is shown below.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
L H O G Z
According to this schedule, which of the following is a day on
which cookie X CANNOT be one of the featured cookies?
(A) Monday
(B) Tuesday
(C) Wednesday
(D) Thursday
(E) Friday
4.If cookie J is featured on Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday; if cookie K is featured on Monday, Tuesday,
and Wednesday, and if cookie G is featured only on
Thursday, then cookie L can be featured on
(A) Monday only
(B) Thursday only
(C) Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday only
(D) Friday, Saturday, and Sunday only
(E) any two of the first four days of the week
5. If each kind of nut cookie is featured three times in
one week, what is the maximum number or days on
which plain cookies can be featured during that week?
(A) Three
(B) Four
(C) Five
(D) Six
(E) Seven
6.If cookie H and cookie Y are each featured on
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, and if cookie G
and cookie X are each featured on Thursday, Friday
and Saturday, then the cookies featured on Sunday
must include both
(A) J and K
(B) J and L
(C) J and O
(D) K and L
(E) K and Z
7.If exactly seven kinds of cookies are featured during
one week, which of the following must be true about
that week?
(A) X is the only kind of plain cookie that is featured
(B) Y is the only kind of plain cookie that is featured
(C) Z is the only kind of plain cookie that is featured.
(D) On at least one day, both cookie G and cookie Z
are featured.
(E) On at least one day, both cookie J and cookie X
are featured.
8.If cookie X is featured exactly twice and cookie Z is
featured exactly three times in one week, which of
the following must be true?
(A)Cookie G is featured exactly three times during
the week.
(B)Cookie J is featured at most twice during the
week.
(C)Cookie K is featured at most twice during the
week.
(D)Cookie L is featured at most twice during the
week.
(E) Cookie Y is featured exactly twice during the
week.
9. In recent years, there has been a dramatic decline in
the population of the shrike, a predatory bird that
inhabits flat land, such as farms and pastures. Some
ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to
the introduction of new, more effective pesticides to
control the insect species on which shrikes prey.
The answer to which of the following questions is
NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists'
hypothesis?
(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population
before the new pesticides were first used?
(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly
in those habitats where the new pesticides have
not been used?
(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly
reduced the population of insect species on
which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously
used?
(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-
cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those
insects than were insects that consumed the
less effective pesticides?
(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most
people to be less harmful to the environment
than the old pesticides were considered to be?
10. Census data for Prenland show that unmarried
Prenlandic men in their thirties outnumber unmarried
Prenlandic women in that age group by about ten to
One. Most of these men do wish to marry. Clearly,
however, unless many of them marry women who
are not Prenlandic, all but a minority will remain
unmarried.
The argument makes which of the following assump-
tions?
(A) Emigration from Preland is more common
among women than among men.
(B) A greater proportion of Prelandic women
in their thirties than of Prenlandic men of the
same age would prefer to remain unmarried.
(C) It is unlikely that many of these unmarried
Prenlandic men will marry women more than
a few years older than themselves.
(D) Prenland has a high rate of divorce.
(E) Most of the unmarried Prenlandic men are
unwilling to marry women who are not
Prenlandic.
11.Certain extremely harmful bacteria found only in
sewage are difficult to detect directly. Testing for
E. coli, an easily detected and less harmful type of
bacteria, in ocean water would be a reliable way of
determining whether or not these more harmful bac-
teria are present, since ocean water contains E. Coli
only if the water is contaminated with sewage that
contains the harmful bacteria.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) There are many different strains of the E. coli
bacteria, and only some of these strains are
harmful.
(B) Some types of bacteria found in sewage are
neither disease-causing nor difficult to detect
directly.
(C) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage
along with E. coli are not harmful to people
unless the bacteria are ingested in large quantities.
(D) E. coli dies out much more quickly than some of
the more harmful bacteria found in sewage and
then can no longer be easily detected.
(E) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage
along with E. coli reproduce at a slower rate
than E. coli.
Questions 12-17
A bank has exactly four cashier windows, arranged in a
row and numbered consecutively 1through 4 from one
end of the row to the other. The bank has exactly six
cashiers: two supervisors (Joan and Karim); and four
trainees (Lorraine, Mark, Nora, and patrick). Throughout
a particular peak-hour period, the stationing of cashiers at
windows is restricted as follows:
There must be exactly one cashier at each window.
The cashier at window 2 must be a supervisor.
Lorraine must be at a window but cannot be at window 3.
If Mark is at one of the windows, Joan must be at a
window immediately adjacent to it.
The cashiers at the windows must include either Nora
or Patrick, but they cannot include both Nora and
Patrick.
12.Which of the following lists the cashiers who can be
stationed at windows 1 through 4 during this period?
1 2 3 4
(A) Joan Karim Mark Lorraine
(B) Joan Karim Nora Lorraine
(C) Karim Nora Joan Lorraine
(D) Mark Joan Lorraine Patrick
(E) Patrick Joan Nora Lorraine
13.Which of the following must be true about the
stationing of the cashiers during this period?
(A) Joan is at window 1 or at window 2.
(B) Karim is at window 2 or at window 4.
(C) Lorraine is at window 1 or window 4.
(D) Nora is at window 1 or at window 3.
(E) Patrick is at window 3 or at window 4.
sarily in that order, are stationed at immediately
adjacent windows, which of the following must be
stationed at window 4 during this period?
(A) Joan
(B) Karim
(C) Lorraine
(D) Mark
(E) Patrick
15.If during this period Lorraine and Mark, not neces-
sarily in that order, are stationed at immediately
adjacent windows, which of the following can be
stationed at window 1 during this period?
(A) Joan
(B) Karim
(C) Lorraine
(D) Mark
(E) Nora
16.If during this period Lorrained and Nora, not neces-
sarily in that order, are stationed at immediately
adjacent windows, which of the following must be
true during this period?
(A) Joan is stationed at window 1.
(B) Joan is stationed at window 2.
(C) Karim is stationed at window 2
(D) Nora is stationed at windows 3.
(E) Patrick is stationed at window 1.
17.If during this period Mark is stationed at a window,
which of the following CANNOT be stationed at a
window during this period?
(A) Joan
(B) Karim
(C) Lorraine
(D) Nora
(E) Patrick
Questions 18-22
Seven photographs-three landscapes: F, H, and J; and four still lifes:
Q, R, T and W-will appear on the first seven pages-numbered
consecutively from page 1 through page 7-of an exhibit catalog.
Each page will contain exactly one of the photographs. The ordering
of the photographs in the catalog is governed by the following
conditions.
J and W, not necessarily in that order, must appear on consecu-
tively numbered pages.
The three landscapes cannot appear on-consecutively numbered
pages.
Neither page 2 not page 4 is a page on which a landscape can
appear.
A landscape must appear on page 7
18.Which of the following is an acceptable ordering of the photographs in
the catalog?
Page 1 Page 2 page 3 Page 4 page 5 page 6 page 7
(A) F T H Q W R J
(B) H Q J W R F T
(C) J W H R T Q F
(D) Q T R W J F H
(E) T F Q W J R H
19.Any of the following can appear on page 3 EXCEPT
(A) J
(B) Q
(C) R
(D) T
(E) W
20. If F appears on page 6, H must appear on page
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 5
(E) 7
21.If the still lifes all appear on consecutive pages,
which of the following must be true?
(A) A still life appears on page 1.
(B) A still life appears on page 5.
(C) J appears on page 6.
(D) T appears on page 4.
(E) W appears on page 5
22.If F and H, not necessarily in that order, appear on
consecutive pages, which of the following can be
true?
(A) J appears on page 1
(B) J appears on page 5
(C) R appears on page 6
(D) W appears on page 1
(E) W appears on page 5
23.The organizers of tomorrow's outdoor concert
announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule
unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance
tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled, refunds
will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket
holders have already been issued refunds even though
more than enough advance tickets were sold, it must
be the case that bad weather is forecast.
Which of the following is an error of reasoning con-
tained in the argument?
(A) It proceeds as if a condition, which by itself is
enough to guarantee a certain result, is the only
condition under which that result would occur.
(B) It bases a conclusion that is known to require
two conditions on evidence that bears on only
one of those conditions.
(C) It explains one event as being caused by another
event, even though both events must actually
have been caused by some third, unidentified
event.
(D) It treats evidence for the absence of one condi-
tion under which a circumstance would occur
as conclusive evidence that that circumstance
will not occur.
(E) Evidence given to support the conclusion actually
undermines it.
24. Although the prevailing supposition has been that it is
too hot for microorganisms to survive deep below the
Earth's surface, some scientists argue that there are
living communities of microorganisms there that have
been cut off from surface life for millions of years.
These scientists base their argument on the discovery
of living microorganisms in samples of material that
were taken from holes drilled as deep as 1.74 miles.
The scientists' argument depends on which of the fol-
lowing assumptions?
(A)The microorganisms brought up were of a
species that is related to those previously
known to science.
(B)No holes have been drilled into the Earth's
surface to a distance deeper than 1.74 miles
(C)The microorganisms did not come from surface
soil that came into contact with the drilling
equipment.
(D) The stratum from which the samples came has
been below the surface of the Earth ever since
the Earth came into existence.
(E) The temperature at the bottom of the holes drilled
was not significantly hotter than that of the
hottest spots on the Earth's surface.
25. For 20 years all applicants for jobs as technicians at
EquipCorp were required to demonstrate that they could
operate and repair the machinery that was central to
EquipCorp's manufacturing business. Now, however,
that particular machinery is obsolete, and very different
machinery fills the central role. Therefore, the old
requirement is no longer a useful method for evaluating
whether applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp
have the skills necessary for the job.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the
argument?
(A) The machinery that is now obsolete was used by a
large number of manufacturing companies before
it became obsolete.
(B) Among the people already holding jobs as tech-
nicians at Equip Corp, those who are most skillful
at operating the new machinery had been some of
the least skillful at operating the old machinery
(C) Most people applying for jobs as technicians today
have much broader skills than did people applying
for jobs as technicians 20 years ago.
(D) The skills required to operate and repair the
obsolete machinery are useful in operating and
maintaining many other types of machinery at
EquipCorp that are not obsolete.
(E) Much of the machinery that EquipCorp now uses in
manufacturing is very likely to become obsolete
within the next 20 years.