Minority youths are more likely to face trial as adults
A WHITE KID SELLS A BAG OF COCAINE at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents， his priest， a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom， no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family； he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.
There， in a nutshell， is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute， a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts， young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. "Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are， tried as adults，" says Dan Macallair， a co-author of the new study. "California has a double standard： throw kids of color behind bars， but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes."
Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s， headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years， 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996， the latest year for which figures are available， all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi， the Justice Policy Institute's director， concedes that "some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated."
Instead， adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. "Once they get out， they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes，" says Jenni Gainsborough， a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project， a reform group in Washington. The system， in essence， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.
注（1）本文選自By Anamaria Wilson Time； 02/14/2000， Vol. 155 Issue 6， p68， 1/3p
注（2）本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象1997年真題text 5（其中因1997年真題text 5只有4個(gè)題目，所以本文第4題模仿參照對(duì)象為1999年 Text 4的第4題。）
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _________.
the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid
the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid
the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently
the minority kid should be set free at once.
2. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE？
Kids shouldn't be tried as adults.
Discrimination exists in the justice system.
Minority kids are likely to commit crimes.
States shouldn't pass the laws.
3. The word “skyrocket” （Line 13， Paragraph 2） means ________.
rising sharply
widening suddenly
spreading widely
expanding quickly
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
something seems to be wrong with the justice system
adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles
juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated
the career criminals are trained by the system
5. The passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation.
amazed at
puzzled by
disappointed at
critical of
答案：CBAAD
篇章剖析
本文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式為提出問(wèn)題——分析問(wèn)題。在第一段首先提出問(wèn)題，以一個(gè)案例為切入點(diǎn)，對(duì)比白人少年與有色人種少年受到的不同待遇。第二段和第三段用事實(shí)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明司法機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)有色人種的青少年的歧視以及他們受到的不公正待遇。第四段闡述了司法機(jī)關(guān)的這一做法造成的不良影響。
詞匯注釋
offender n.罪犯， 冒犯者
coverage n.保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目；保險(xiǎn)范圍
option n.選擇；供選擇的事物
detain v.拘留，
in a nutshell 簡(jiǎn)括地，簡(jiǎn)言之；簡(jiǎn)要地說(shuō)
felony n.[律]重罪
rehabilitate v. 使（身體）康復(fù)， 使復(fù)職， 使恢復(fù)名譽(yù)， 使復(fù)原
get-tough adj.強(qiáng)硬的
concede v.勉強(qiáng)， 承認(rèn)
brutalize v.殘酷地對(duì)待
detention n.拘留， 禁閉
難句突破
1. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute， a research center in San Francisco.
主體句式：Minority youths are more than …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個(gè)比較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句。“more than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一種表示倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式：“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾white counterparts； “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”是現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語(yǔ)：“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位語(yǔ)。
句子譯文：刑法政策研究所是舊金山的一個(gè)研究中心。據(jù)其上周發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果，在加利福尼亞，因?yàn)榉钢刈锉簧倌攴ㄍマD(zhuǎn)出而以成人的身份被審判逮捕的非白人少年比白人少年多出兩倍還要多。
題目分析
1. 答案為C，屬推理判斷題。作者在第一段中進(jìn)行對(duì)比，目的在于引出同一性質(zhì)案例因?yàn)閷?duì)象不同，從而處理結(jié)果也不同這一論點(diǎn)。
2.答案為B，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是：“Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are， tried as adults”。其它選項(xiàng)意思與原文不符。
3. 答案為A ，屬猜詞題。從單詞所在的句子語(yǔ)境中，我們可以判斷skyrocket與accumulate的意思相近，并且程度更強(qiáng)。了解到這一點(diǎn)就不難作出選擇。
4.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。原文相關(guān)信息是“The system， in essence， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities”。
5.答案為D，屬情感態(tài)度題。作者通篇都在闡述司法機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)有色人種青少年的不公正待遇。
參考譯文
把他們關(guān)起來(lái)！
有色人種青少年更可能以成人的身份受審
一白人少年在他就讀的郊區(qū)中學(xué)販賣了一袋可卡因。一拉丁美洲少年在其居住的內(nèi)城區(qū)附近也做了同樣的事情。兩個(gè)人都被抓住了。兩個(gè)人都是初犯。白人少年是由其父母，牧師，知名律師陪伴，并帶著醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)接受少年法庭的審理；而拉丁美洲少年卻只有母親陪伴，沒(méi)有任何法律援助，也沒(méi)有保險(xiǎn)。法官判白人少年與其父母安然離開(kāi)法庭，私下進(jìn)行審理。而這位有色人種少年除了被拘留別無(wú)選擇。
簡(jiǎn)而言之，這樣的事情在少年法庭上越來(lái)越常見(jiàn)。刑法政策研究所是舊金山的一個(gè)研究中心。根據(jù)上周發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果，在加利福尼亞，因?yàn)榉钢刈锉簧倌攴ㄍマD(zhuǎn)出而以成人的身份被審判逮捕的非白人少年比白人少年多出兩倍還要多。一旦被移交成人法庭，那些年輕的黑人犯法者被送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的可能性是白人的十八倍，美籍西班牙人是白人的八倍。這項(xiàng)研究的合作者Dan Macallair說(shuō)：“司法系統(tǒng)的每一個(gè)層面對(duì)有色人種中青少年的歧視越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，而這些年輕人一旦以成人的身份被審判的話，這種歧視表現(xiàn)得更為淋漓盡致。”加利福尼亞有一個(gè)雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：把犯罪的有色人種少年扔進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，對(duì)犯有同等罪行的白人少年卻實(shí)行教育感化。
雖然青少年犯罪率在二十世紀(jì)九十年代初期達(dá)到高峰以來(lái)已經(jīng)有所下降，但是未成年人觸目驚心的暴力行為強(qiáng)化了公眾對(duì)其強(qiáng)硬的態(tài)度。在過(guò)去六年中，有四十三個(gè)州通過(guò)的法律更容易使青少年以成人的身份受審。一九九六年美國(guó)德克薩斯州和康涅狄格州的記錄是能收集到的最近的數(shù)字資料，資料表明在監(jiān)獄服刑的所有青少年都是有色人種。作為司法政策研究所的所長(zhǎng)，Vincent Schiraldi承認(rèn)“有些青少年確實(shí)應(yīng)該作為成人進(jìn)行審判，但是他們中大多數(shù)人是可以教育感化的?！?BR> 成人監(jiān)獄對(duì)待這些青少年卻是非常殘酷的。這些人自殺的可能性是少管所的罪犯的八倍，遭到性虐待的可能性是他們的五倍?！傲啃逃?jì)劃”是華盛頓的一個(gè)改革團(tuán)體，作為它的女發(fā)言人，Jenni Gainsborough認(rèn)為“這些人一旦被釋放，他們的犯罪率會(huì)更高，罪行會(huì)更惡劣?！边@種體系實(shí)際上是在訓(xùn)練職業(yè)罪犯，對(duì)于有色人種而言情況更為糟糕。
A WHITE KID SELLS A BAG OF COCAINE at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents， his priest， a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom， no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family； he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.
There， in a nutshell， is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute， a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts， young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. "Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are， tried as adults，" says Dan Macallair， a co-author of the new study. "California has a double standard： throw kids of color behind bars， but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes."
Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s， headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years， 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996， the latest year for which figures are available， all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi， the Justice Policy Institute's director， concedes that "some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated."
Instead， adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. "Once they get out， they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes，" says Jenni Gainsborough， a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project， a reform group in Washington. The system， in essence， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.
注（1）本文選自By Anamaria Wilson Time； 02/14/2000， Vol. 155 Issue 6， p68， 1/3p
注（2）本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象1997年真題text 5（其中因1997年真題text 5只有4個(gè)題目，所以本文第4題模仿參照對(duì)象為1999年 Text 4的第4題。）
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _________.
the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid
the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid
the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently
the minority kid should be set free at once.
2. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE？
Kids shouldn't be tried as adults.
Discrimination exists in the justice system.
Minority kids are likely to commit crimes.
States shouldn't pass the laws.
3. The word “skyrocket” （Line 13， Paragraph 2） means ________.
rising sharply
widening suddenly
spreading widely
expanding quickly
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
something seems to be wrong with the justice system
adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles
juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated
the career criminals are trained by the system
5. The passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation.
amazed at
puzzled by
disappointed at
critical of
答案：CBAAD
篇章剖析
本文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式為提出問(wèn)題——分析問(wèn)題。在第一段首先提出問(wèn)題，以一個(gè)案例為切入點(diǎn)，對(duì)比白人少年與有色人種少年受到的不同待遇。第二段和第三段用事實(shí)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明司法機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)有色人種的青少年的歧視以及他們受到的不公正待遇。第四段闡述了司法機(jī)關(guān)的這一做法造成的不良影響。
詞匯注釋
offender n.罪犯， 冒犯者
coverage n.保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目；保險(xiǎn)范圍
option n.選擇；供選擇的事物
detain v.拘留，
in a nutshell 簡(jiǎn)括地，簡(jiǎn)言之；簡(jiǎn)要地說(shuō)
felony n.[律]重罪
rehabilitate v. 使（身體）康復(fù)， 使復(fù)職， 使恢復(fù)名譽(yù)， 使復(fù)原
get-tough adj.強(qiáng)硬的
concede v.勉強(qiáng)， 承認(rèn)
brutalize v.殘酷地對(duì)待
detention n.拘留， 禁閉
難句突破
1. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute， a research center in San Francisco.
主體句式：Minority youths are more than …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個(gè)比較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句。“more than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一種表示倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式：“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾white counterparts； “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”是現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語(yǔ)：“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位語(yǔ)。
句子譯文：刑法政策研究所是舊金山的一個(gè)研究中心。據(jù)其上周發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果，在加利福尼亞，因?yàn)榉钢刈锉簧倌攴ㄍマD(zhuǎn)出而以成人的身份被審判逮捕的非白人少年比白人少年多出兩倍還要多。
題目分析
1. 答案為C，屬推理判斷題。作者在第一段中進(jìn)行對(duì)比，目的在于引出同一性質(zhì)案例因?yàn)閷?duì)象不同，從而處理結(jié)果也不同這一論點(diǎn)。
2.答案為B，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是：“Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are， tried as adults”。其它選項(xiàng)意思與原文不符。
3. 答案為A ，屬猜詞題。從單詞所在的句子語(yǔ)境中，我們可以判斷skyrocket與accumulate的意思相近，并且程度更強(qiáng)。了解到這一點(diǎn)就不難作出選擇。
4.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。原文相關(guān)信息是“The system， in essence， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities”。
5.答案為D，屬情感態(tài)度題。作者通篇都在闡述司法機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)有色人種青少年的不公正待遇。
參考譯文
把他們關(guān)起來(lái)！
有色人種青少年更可能以成人的身份受審
一白人少年在他就讀的郊區(qū)中學(xué)販賣了一袋可卡因。一拉丁美洲少年在其居住的內(nèi)城區(qū)附近也做了同樣的事情。兩個(gè)人都被抓住了。兩個(gè)人都是初犯。白人少年是由其父母，牧師，知名律師陪伴，并帶著醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)接受少年法庭的審理；而拉丁美洲少年卻只有母親陪伴，沒(méi)有任何法律援助，也沒(méi)有保險(xiǎn)。法官判白人少年與其父母安然離開(kāi)法庭，私下進(jìn)行審理。而這位有色人種少年除了被拘留別無(wú)選擇。
簡(jiǎn)而言之，這樣的事情在少年法庭上越來(lái)越常見(jiàn)。刑法政策研究所是舊金山的一個(gè)研究中心。根據(jù)上周發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果，在加利福尼亞，因?yàn)榉钢刈锉簧倌攴ㄍマD(zhuǎn)出而以成人的身份被審判逮捕的非白人少年比白人少年多出兩倍還要多。一旦被移交成人法庭，那些年輕的黑人犯法者被送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的可能性是白人的十八倍，美籍西班牙人是白人的八倍。這項(xiàng)研究的合作者Dan Macallair說(shuō)：“司法系統(tǒng)的每一個(gè)層面對(duì)有色人種中青少年的歧視越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，而這些年輕人一旦以成人的身份被審判的話，這種歧視表現(xiàn)得更為淋漓盡致。”加利福尼亞有一個(gè)雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：把犯罪的有色人種少年扔進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，對(duì)犯有同等罪行的白人少年卻實(shí)行教育感化。
雖然青少年犯罪率在二十世紀(jì)九十年代初期達(dá)到高峰以來(lái)已經(jīng)有所下降，但是未成年人觸目驚心的暴力行為強(qiáng)化了公眾對(duì)其強(qiáng)硬的態(tài)度。在過(guò)去六年中，有四十三個(gè)州通過(guò)的法律更容易使青少年以成人的身份受審。一九九六年美國(guó)德克薩斯州和康涅狄格州的記錄是能收集到的最近的數(shù)字資料，資料表明在監(jiān)獄服刑的所有青少年都是有色人種。作為司法政策研究所的所長(zhǎng)，Vincent Schiraldi承認(rèn)“有些青少年確實(shí)應(yīng)該作為成人進(jìn)行審判，但是他們中大多數(shù)人是可以教育感化的?！?BR> 成人監(jiān)獄對(duì)待這些青少年卻是非常殘酷的。這些人自殺的可能性是少管所的罪犯的八倍，遭到性虐待的可能性是他們的五倍?！傲啃逃?jì)劃”是華盛頓的一個(gè)改革團(tuán)體，作為它的女發(fā)言人，Jenni Gainsborough認(rèn)為“這些人一旦被釋放，他們的犯罪率會(huì)更高，罪行會(huì)更惡劣?！边@種體系實(shí)際上是在訓(xùn)練職業(yè)罪犯，對(duì)于有色人種而言情況更為糟糕。