考研英語寫作的文章一般包括一個開頭段、若干擴展段和一個結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴展段短。各種段落的作用、特點和寫作方法如下所示。
1. 開頭段
開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴展段進行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可?？忌鷳?yīng)注意以下若干要點：
1） 開頭段的作用
概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖。
2） 寫開頭段時考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題
① 開頭偏離主題太遠；
② 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句；
③ 內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物；
④ 使用不言自明的陳述。
3） 開頭段的表達方法
① 使用引語（use a quotation）
使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。
例：
"Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity， but to make them." Colton， a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person， in whose lifetime opportunities are not many， to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
② 使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)（use figures or statistics）
引用一些具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。
例：
In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children， coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics， in 2003， about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children， compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
③ 提出問題（ask a question）
提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。
例：
What do you want from your work？ Money？ Promotions？ Interesting challenges？ Continual learning？ Work-based friendships？ The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials？ Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ， all agree that work provide more than material things.
④ 給出背景（offer relevant background）
描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等。
例：
Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son， the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV， and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
⑤ 定義法（give definition）
針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。
例：
Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime， it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance， as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time， and so must you. Your company may restructure， and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage， and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change， and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
⑥ 主題句法（use of topic sentence）
文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。
例：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them， the knowledge of a foreign language， say， English， often means a good opportunity for one's career， even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
4） 開頭段的常用核心句型
—— The arguer may be right about …， but he seems to neglect （fail） to mention （take into account） the fact that …。
—— As opposed to （Contrary to） widely （commonly / generally） held （accepted） belief （ideas / views）， I believe （argue） that …
—— Although many people believe that …， I doubt （wonder）whether the argument bears much analysis （close examination）。
—— The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from （carry more weight than those of / are much greater than） A.
—— Although it is commonly （widely / generally） held （felt / accepted / agreed） that …， it is unlikely to be true that …。
—— There is an element of truth in this argument （statement）， but it ignores a deeper and more basic （important / essential） fact （reason） that …。
—— It is true that （True， / To be sure， / Admittedly，） …， but this is not to say （it is unlikely / it doesn't follow / it doesn't mean / it won't be the case） that …。
—— The main （obvious / great） problem （flaw / drawback） with （in） this argument （view / remark） is that it is ignorant of （blind to） the basic （bare） fact that …。
—— It would be possible （natural / reasonable） to think （believe / take the view） that …， but it would be absurd （wrong） to claim （argue） that …。
—— In all the discussion and debate over …， one important （basic） fact is generally overlooked （neglected）。
—— There is absolutely （in fact） no （every） reason for us to believe （accept / resist / reject） that …。
—— Logical （Valid / Sound） as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it， it appears insignificant （absurd） when … is taken into consideration（account）。
—— To assume （suggest） that … is far from being proved （to miss the point）。
—— A close （careful） inspection （examination / scrutiny） of this argument would reveal how flimsy （groundless /fallacious） it is.
—— On the surface （At first thought）， it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）， but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）， we find that …
—— Too much emphasis placed on （attention paid to / importance attached to） … may obscure （overlook / neglect） other facts …。
—— The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that…。
—— What the arguer fails to understand （consider / mention） is that …。
—— We don't have to look very far to see （find out） the truth （validity） of this argument （proposition）。
—— However just （logical / sound / valid） this argument may be， it only skims the surface of the problem.
—— Among the most convincing （important） reasons given （cited / offered / identified） by people for …， one should be stressed （emphasized / mentioned）。
—— As far as I am concerned， however， I believe that …。
—— I believe that the title statement is valid because （of） …。
—— I agree with the above statement because I believe that …。
—— Although I appreciate that …， I cannot agree with the title statement.
—— There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …。 Those who object to … argue that …。 But people who favor …， on the other hand， argue that…。
—— Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）， there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）…。
—— Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that …。 But I wonder （doubt） whether …。
—— These days we are often told that （often hear about） …， but is this really the case？
2. 中間段
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。
1） 中間段的一般特征
① 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。
② 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。
③ 包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。
④ 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。
2） 中間段的具體特點
① 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準確、清楚，頗具說服力；
② 段落中一定具備主題句；
③ 段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節(jié)；
④ 內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；
⑤ 段落之間連貫自然；
⑥ 段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當；
⑦ 詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。
3） 中間段展開的基本方法
① 列舉法
例文：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First， no matter how busy we are， we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second， it is important to keep good hours. For example， if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early， we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally， entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.
② 比較對比法
例文：
The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history， people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance， we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being's most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets， but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly， so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication.
The most recent development had been electronic means of communication， including the wireless telegraph， radio， telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods.
③ 因果法
例文：
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular？
First， a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef， cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that， the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition， you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce， tomato， onion， mushrooms， avocado， pickles， hot pepper， ketchup， relish， mayonnaise， mustard or whatever you wish！
④ 例證法
例文：
The saying “No pains， no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches： if one wants to achieve something， he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner， few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat， tears， blood， even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
⑤ 發(fā)展過程法
例文：
To build your own sunscope， get a carton and cut a hole in one side， big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton， taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole， and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally， tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.
⑥ 定義法
例文：
Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest， without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement， or to work persistently without any waste of time.
⑦ 分類法
例文：
Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio， television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast， and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner.
The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a smaller place.
Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event.
4） 中間段的常用核心句型
—— Although the popular belief is that …， a current （new / recent） study （survey / poll / investigation） indicates （shows / demonstrates） that …。
—— Common sense tells us that …。
—— The increase （change / failure / success） in … mainly （largely / partly） results from （arises from / is because of） …。
—— The increase （change / failure / success） in … is due to （owing to / attributable to） the fact that …。
—— Many people would claim that …。
—— One may attribute （ascribe / owe） the increase （decrease / change ） to …， but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.
—— One of the reasons given for … is that …。
—— What is also worth noticing is that …。
—— There are many （different / several /a number of / a variety of）causes （reasons） for this dramatic （marked / significant） growth （change / decline / increase） in …。 First， …。 Second， …。 Finally， …。
—— There is no evidence to suggest that…。
—— Why are （is / do / did） …？ For one thing， …。 For another， …。
—— Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that …。
—— It gives rise to （lead to / bring /create） a host of problems （consequences）。
—— There are numerous reasons why …， and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
—— It will exert （have / produce） profound （far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous） effect （influence） on …。
—— A multitude of factors could account for （contribute to / lead to / result in / influence） the change （increase / decrease / success / failure / development） in …。
—— In 2000， it increased （rose / jumped / shot up） from 5 to 10 percent of the total （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
—— By comparison with 2002， it decreased （dropped / fell） from 10 to 5 percent （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
—— It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
—— There were 100 traffic accidents in April， an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
—— By 2002， only （less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as） three quarters （40 percent of / one out of five / one in four） college population （graduates / housewives） as against （as compared with） last year （2002） preferred to （liked） …。
—— With the development （improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization） of …， vast changes awaits this country's society.
—— Now people in growing （ever-increasing / significant） numbers are beginning （coming / getting） to believe （realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware） that …。
—— According to a（n） recent （new / official） study （survey / report / poll）， …。
—— History （Our society） is filled （abounds） with the examples of …。
—— The story （case / instance / situation） is not rare （isolated / unique）， it is one of many examples （typical of dozens）。
—— A （one） recent （new / general / nationwide） study （survey / poll / investigation） conducted （taken） at a university by （officials / scientists / experts） indicates （reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates） that …。
—— According to （As can be seen in / As is shown in） the figures （statistics / findings / data / graph / table） released （provided） by the government （an institute）， it can be learned （seen / predicted） that …。
—— There is （no） good （every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong） evidence （proof） to
—— Personal experience （Examples I heard / read of） leads me to conclude that …。
—— We must admit the undeniable fact that …。
—— No one can deny （ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside） the fact that …。
—— Experience （Evidence） suggests （shows） that …。
—— Take for example … who （that） …。
—— The same is true of …。
—— As the saying goes， "…。"
3. 結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段的寫作方法可以歸納為下列若干種：
1） 總結(jié)歸納
簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。
例：
In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won - by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
2） 重申主題
再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。
例：
Admittedly， science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man's energy， hopes， ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.
3） 預(yù)測展望
立足當前，放眼未來。
例：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption， if permitted to continue， will not only tarnish the government's popularity， but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4） 提出建議
提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。
例：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula， however crowded it may be， and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
5） 提出問題
提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。
例：
Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts， they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with， to talk with， and take care of them. Why can't young people think of the days when they are getting old？
6） 引用格言
用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總括全文中心思想。
例：
Many yeas ago， a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that "Knowledge … is power." This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting， "Knowledge is change"-and accelerating knowledge-acquisition， fueling the great engine of technology， means accelerating change.
7） 結(jié)尾段的核心句型
—— From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered）， we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that …。
—— All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n） unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that …。
—— It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis on the improvement （development / increase / promotion） of …。
—— It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of …。
—— We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）， because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of …， if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）， will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of …。
—— There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） to the problem of …， but … might be useful （helpful / beneficial）。
—— No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of …， but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of … might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）。
—— Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solution to）…， but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
—— Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）， if we ignore （are blind to） the problem， there is every chance that …。
—— Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） …， it is very likely （the chances are good） that …。
—— There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of …。
—— It is necessary （essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps /measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）。
—— It is hoped （suggested / recommended） that great （continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate） efforts should be made to control （check/ halt / promote） the growth （increase / rise） of …。
—— It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding （developing / improving） …。
—— It remains to be seen whether …， but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging （that rosy）。
—— Anyhow， wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible （potential / grave /serious / pernicious） consequences （effects） of …。
—— To reverse （check / control） the trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）， and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） …。
—— For these reasons， I strongly recommend that …。
—— For the reasons given above， I feel that …。
4.段落擴展中的常用詞語
1） 總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語
generally speaking， generally， as a general rule， in general， on a larger scale， to take the idea further， to take the above opinion to an extreme， in a sense， in one sense， in a way， to some extent， in my opinion， in my view， as for me， as far as I am concerned， obviously， undoubtedly， in terms of， in conclusion， in short， in brief， in summary， in a word， on the whole， to sum up， to conclude
2） 比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語
similarly， likewise， like， too， equally important， the same as， in common， in the same way， on the contrary， on the one hand， on the other hand， otherwise， in sharp contrast， whereas， rather than， conversely， instead， in/by contrast， but， however， yet， nevertheless
3） 列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語
for example， for instance， as an example， as a case in point， such as， namely， that is， like， thus， first， second， third， finally， in the first place， initially， first of all， to begin with， to start with， what is more， furthermore， eventually， besides， in addition （to that）， first and foremost， last but not least， next， also， moreover， for one thing， for another
4） 因果關(guān)系過渡詞語
because （of）， as， since， for， owing to， due to， thanks to， on account of， as a result of， result in （from）， consequently， for the reason that， as a consequence， consequently， if follows that， accordingly， therefore， hence
5） 讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語
although， even though， after all， in spite of， despite， granted that
6） 強調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語
anyway， certainly， surely， obviously， to be sure， especially， particularly， above all， in deed， in fact， even worse， needless to say， most important of all， no doubt
1. 開頭段
開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴展段進行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可?？忌鷳?yīng)注意以下若干要點：
1） 開頭段的作用
概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖。
2） 寫開頭段時考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題
① 開頭偏離主題太遠；
② 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句；
③ 內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物；
④ 使用不言自明的陳述。
3） 開頭段的表達方法
① 使用引語（use a quotation）
使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。
例：
"Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity， but to make them." Colton， a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person， in whose lifetime opportunities are not many， to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
② 使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)（use figures or statistics）
引用一些具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。
例：
In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children， coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics， in 2003， about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children， compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
③ 提出問題（ask a question）
提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。
例：
What do you want from your work？ Money？ Promotions？ Interesting challenges？ Continual learning？ Work-based friendships？ The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials？ Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ， all agree that work provide more than material things.
④ 給出背景（offer relevant background）
描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等。
例：
Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son， the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV， and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
⑤ 定義法（give definition）
針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。
例：
Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime， it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance， as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time， and so must you. Your company may restructure， and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage， and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change， and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
⑥ 主題句法（use of topic sentence）
文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。
例：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them， the knowledge of a foreign language， say， English， often means a good opportunity for one's career， even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
4） 開頭段的常用核心句型
—— The arguer may be right about …， but he seems to neglect （fail） to mention （take into account） the fact that …。
—— As opposed to （Contrary to） widely （commonly / generally） held （accepted） belief （ideas / views）， I believe （argue） that …
—— Although many people believe that …， I doubt （wonder）whether the argument bears much analysis （close examination）。
—— The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from （carry more weight than those of / are much greater than） A.
—— Although it is commonly （widely / generally） held （felt / accepted / agreed） that …， it is unlikely to be true that …。
—— There is an element of truth in this argument （statement）， but it ignores a deeper and more basic （important / essential） fact （reason） that …。
—— It is true that （True， / To be sure， / Admittedly，） …， but this is not to say （it is unlikely / it doesn't follow / it doesn't mean / it won't be the case） that …。
—— The main （obvious / great） problem （flaw / drawback） with （in） this argument （view / remark） is that it is ignorant of （blind to） the basic （bare） fact that …。
—— It would be possible （natural / reasonable） to think （believe / take the view） that …， but it would be absurd （wrong） to claim （argue） that …。
—— In all the discussion and debate over …， one important （basic） fact is generally overlooked （neglected）。
—— There is absolutely （in fact） no （every） reason for us to believe （accept / resist / reject） that …。
—— Logical （Valid / Sound） as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it， it appears insignificant （absurd） when … is taken into consideration（account）。
—— To assume （suggest） that … is far from being proved （to miss the point）。
—— A close （careful） inspection （examination / scrutiny） of this argument would reveal how flimsy （groundless /fallacious） it is.
—— On the surface （At first thought）， it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）， but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）， we find that …
—— Too much emphasis placed on （attention paid to / importance attached to） … may obscure （overlook / neglect） other facts …。
—— The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that…。
—— What the arguer fails to understand （consider / mention） is that …。
—— We don't have to look very far to see （find out） the truth （validity） of this argument （proposition）。
—— However just （logical / sound / valid） this argument may be， it only skims the surface of the problem.
—— Among the most convincing （important） reasons given （cited / offered / identified） by people for …， one should be stressed （emphasized / mentioned）。
—— As far as I am concerned， however， I believe that …。
—— I believe that the title statement is valid because （of） …。
—— I agree with the above statement because I believe that …。
—— Although I appreciate that …， I cannot agree with the title statement.
—— There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …。 Those who object to … argue that …。 But people who favor …， on the other hand， argue that…。
—— Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）， there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）…。
—— Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that …。 But I wonder （doubt） whether …。
—— These days we are often told that （often hear about） …， but is this really the case？
2. 中間段
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。
1） 中間段的一般特征
① 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。
② 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。
③ 包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。
④ 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。
2） 中間段的具體特點
① 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準確、清楚，頗具說服力；
② 段落中一定具備主題句；
③ 段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節(jié)；
④ 內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；
⑤ 段落之間連貫自然；
⑥ 段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當；
⑦ 詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。
3） 中間段展開的基本方法
① 列舉法
例文：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First， no matter how busy we are， we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second， it is important to keep good hours. For example， if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early， we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally， entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.
② 比較對比法
例文：
The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history， people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance， we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being's most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets， but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly， so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication.
The most recent development had been electronic means of communication， including the wireless telegraph， radio， telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods.
③ 因果法
例文：
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular？
First， a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef， cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that， the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition， you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce， tomato， onion， mushrooms， avocado， pickles， hot pepper， ketchup， relish， mayonnaise， mustard or whatever you wish！
④ 例證法
例文：
The saying “No pains， no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches： if one wants to achieve something， he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner， few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat， tears， blood， even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
⑤ 發(fā)展過程法
例文：
To build your own sunscope， get a carton and cut a hole in one side， big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton， taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole， and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally， tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.
⑥ 定義法
例文：
Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest， without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement， or to work persistently without any waste of time.
⑦ 分類法
例文：
Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio， television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast， and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner.
The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a smaller place.
Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event.
4） 中間段的常用核心句型
—— Although the popular belief is that …， a current （new / recent） study （survey / poll / investigation） indicates （shows / demonstrates） that …。
—— Common sense tells us that …。
—— The increase （change / failure / success） in … mainly （largely / partly） results from （arises from / is because of） …。
—— The increase （change / failure / success） in … is due to （owing to / attributable to） the fact that …。
—— Many people would claim that …。
—— One may attribute （ascribe / owe） the increase （decrease / change ） to …， but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.
—— One of the reasons given for … is that …。
—— What is also worth noticing is that …。
—— There are many （different / several /a number of / a variety of）causes （reasons） for this dramatic （marked / significant） growth （change / decline / increase） in …。 First， …。 Second， …。 Finally， …。
—— There is no evidence to suggest that…。
—— Why are （is / do / did） …？ For one thing， …。 For another， …。
—— Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that …。
—— It gives rise to （lead to / bring /create） a host of problems （consequences）。
—— There are numerous reasons why …， and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
—— It will exert （have / produce） profound （far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous） effect （influence） on …。
—— A multitude of factors could account for （contribute to / lead to / result in / influence） the change （increase / decrease / success / failure / development） in …。
—— In 2000， it increased （rose / jumped / shot up） from 5 to 10 percent of the total （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
—— By comparison with 2002， it decreased （dropped / fell） from 10 to 5 percent （to 15 percent / by 15 percent）。
—— It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
—— There were 100 traffic accidents in April， an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
—— By 2002， only （less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as） three quarters （40 percent of / one out of five / one in four） college population （graduates / housewives） as against （as compared with） last year （2002） preferred to （liked） …。
—— With the development （improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization） of …， vast changes awaits this country's society.
—— Now people in growing （ever-increasing / significant） numbers are beginning （coming / getting） to believe （realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware） that …。
—— According to a（n） recent （new / official） study （survey / report / poll）， …。
—— History （Our society） is filled （abounds） with the examples of …。
—— The story （case / instance / situation） is not rare （isolated / unique）， it is one of many examples （typical of dozens）。
—— A （one） recent （new / general / nationwide） study （survey / poll / investigation） conducted （taken） at a university by （officials / scientists / experts） indicates （reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates） that …。
—— According to （As can be seen in / As is shown in） the figures （statistics / findings / data / graph / table） released （provided） by the government （an institute）， it can be learned （seen / predicted） that …。
—— There is （no） good （every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong） evidence （proof） to
—— Personal experience （Examples I heard / read of） leads me to conclude that …。
—— We must admit the undeniable fact that …。
—— No one can deny （ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside） the fact that …。
—— Experience （Evidence） suggests （shows） that …。
—— Take for example … who （that） …。
—— The same is true of …。
—— As the saying goes， "…。"
3. 結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段的寫作方法可以歸納為下列若干種：
1） 總結(jié)歸納
簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。
例：
In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won - by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
2） 重申主題
再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。
例：
Admittedly， science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man's energy， hopes， ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.
3） 預(yù)測展望
立足當前，放眼未來。
例：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption， if permitted to continue， will not only tarnish the government's popularity， but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4） 提出建議
提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。
例：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula， however crowded it may be， and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
5） 提出問題
提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。
例：
Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts， they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with， to talk with， and take care of them. Why can't young people think of the days when they are getting old？
6） 引用格言
用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總括全文中心思想。
例：
Many yeas ago， a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that "Knowledge … is power." This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting， "Knowledge is change"-and accelerating knowledge-acquisition， fueling the great engine of technology， means accelerating change.
7） 結(jié)尾段的核心句型
—— From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered）， we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that …。
—— All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n） unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that …。
—— It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis on the improvement （development / increase / promotion） of …。
—— It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of …。
—— We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）， because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of …， if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）， will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of …。
—— There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） to the problem of …， but … might be useful （helpful / beneficial）。
—— No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of …， but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of … might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）。
—— Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solution to）…， but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
—— Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）， if we ignore （are blind to） the problem， there is every chance that …。
—— Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） …， it is very likely （the chances are good） that …。
—— There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of …。
—— It is necessary （essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps /measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）。
—— It is hoped （suggested / recommended） that great （continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate） efforts should be made to control （check/ halt / promote） the growth （increase / rise） of …。
—— It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding （developing / improving） …。
—— It remains to be seen whether …， but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging （that rosy）。
—— Anyhow， wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible （potential / grave /serious / pernicious） consequences （effects） of …。
—— To reverse （check / control） the trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）， and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） …。
—— For these reasons， I strongly recommend that …。
—— For the reasons given above， I feel that …。
4.段落擴展中的常用詞語
1） 總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語
generally speaking， generally， as a general rule， in general， on a larger scale， to take the idea further， to take the above opinion to an extreme， in a sense， in one sense， in a way， to some extent， in my opinion， in my view， as for me， as far as I am concerned， obviously， undoubtedly， in terms of， in conclusion， in short， in brief， in summary， in a word， on the whole， to sum up， to conclude
2） 比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語
similarly， likewise， like， too， equally important， the same as， in common， in the same way， on the contrary， on the one hand， on the other hand， otherwise， in sharp contrast， whereas， rather than， conversely， instead， in/by contrast， but， however， yet， nevertheless
3） 列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語
for example， for instance， as an example， as a case in point， such as， namely， that is， like， thus， first， second， third， finally， in the first place， initially， first of all， to begin with， to start with， what is more， furthermore， eventually， besides， in addition （to that）， first and foremost， last but not least， next， also， moreover， for one thing， for another
4） 因果關(guān)系過渡詞語
because （of）， as， since， for， owing to， due to， thanks to， on account of， as a result of， result in （from）， consequently， for the reason that， as a consequence， consequently， if follows that， accordingly， therefore， hence
5） 讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語
although， even though， after all， in spite of， despite， granted that
6） 強調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語
anyway， certainly， surely， obviously， to be sure， especially， particularly， above all， in deed， in fact， even worse， needless to say， most important of all， no doubt