（一）逗號的使用問題
逗號是用來幫助讀者更好地進行閱讀的。沒有逗號句子就會發(fā)生碰撞，或者引起誤解。例：
誤解：If you cook Elmer will do the dishes.
誤解：While we were eating a rattlesnake approached our campsite.
在合乎邏輯的地方加上逗號（after cook and eating），立刻一切就會變明白了。就不會錯誤地理解成為Elmer being cooked， the rattlesnake being eaten.
1）在等立復合連接詞連接兩個或多個句子的時候，在等立復合連接詞前面加逗號。如： and、but、or、nor、for、so和yet.
Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight， but I fell in love at first dance.
在一個表示引導的短語或句子后面用逗號（這個引導的短語或句子一般作狀語）。
When Irwin was ready to eat， his cat jumped onto the table.
Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon， we discovered an abandoned shelter.
在表示狀語的句子或短語比較短的情況下，一般不用逗號。
In no time we were at 2，800 feet.
當分詞短語在句首做狀語，主要用于描述后面句子中緊跟著它的名詞或代詞時，要用逗號隔開（不管句子的長短），這個逗號主要告訴讀者他們就要明白這個人或事情的身份或情況了。
Knowing that he couldn't outrun a car， Kevin took to the fields.
Excited about the move， Alice and Don began packing their books.
注：其他表示引導的還有連接副詞、過渡詞和獨立短語。
3）表示一系列的項目時要用逗號（三個或更多個），這個項目可以是單個字、短語或者從句。
At Dominique's one cansgroupsfillet of rattlesnake， bison burgers，or pickled eel.
My uncle willed me all of his property， houses， and warehouses.
The activities include a search for lost treasure， dubious financial dealings， much discussion of ancient heresies， and midnight orgies.
4）在幾個并列形容詞之間用逗號或用and，而在相重或累積形容詞前面不用逗號。
當兩個或多個形容詞來分別修飾一個名詞時，它們叫做并列形容詞。
Mother has become a strong， confident， independent woman.如果它們能夠用and來連接（strong and confident and independent），就叫做并列形容詞。
當形容詞不能分別來修飾時，這就叫相重或累積形容詞。
Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us.
并列形容詞：Robert is a warm， gentle， affectionate father.
相重（累積）形容詞：Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.
5）用逗號隔開過渡語、插入語、獨立短語和對比成分。
過渡語包括連接副詞，如： however、therefore和moreover.
過渡短語： for example， as a matter of fact， in other words等。
Minh did not understand our language； moreover， he was unfamiliar with our customs.
Natural foods are not always salt free； for example， celery contains more sodium than most people would imagine.
當連接副詞或過渡語出現(xiàn)在句子的一開始或者出現(xiàn)在一個獨立句子的中間時，它經(jīng)常要用逗號隔開。
The prospective babysitter looked very promising； she was busy， however， throughout the month of January.
As a matter of fact， American football was established by fans who wanted to play a more organized game of football.
注：如果連接副詞或過渡語已經(jīng)和句子融為一體，在閱讀時無需停頓，就不再需要逗號了。
它們是： also、at least、certainly、consequently、indeed、of course、no doubt、perhaps、then和therefore.
Bill's typewriter is broken； therefore you will need to borrow Sue's.
插入語：提供補充評論或信息，常常出現(xiàn)在句中或者句末。
Evolution， as far as we know， doesn't work this way.
The striped bass weighed about twelve pounds， give or take a few ounces.
獨立短語：獨立短語常常修飾整個句子，它常常是一個名詞加一個分詞或分詞短語。
His tennis game at last perfected， Chris won the cup.
Brenda was forced to rely on public transportation， her carshavingsbeenwrecked the week before.
對比成分：以not和unlike開始的顯明對比成分應用逗號將其隔開。
Now that I am married， Jane talks to me as an adult， not as her little sister.
Celia， unlike Robert， had no loathing for dance contests.
6）用逗號隔開直接稱呼名詞，yes和no，反意疑問句的反問部分，以及溫和感嘆詞。
Forgive us， Dr. Spock， for spanking Brian.
Yes， the Loan will probably be approved
The film was faithful to the book， wasn't it？
Well， cases like these are difficult to decide.
7）用逗號將動詞和直接引語隔開。
Naturalist Arthur Cleveland Bent remarked，“In part the peregrine declined unnoticed because it is not adorable.”
Convictions are more dangerous foes of truth than lies， wrote Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
8）用逗號將日期、地址、頭銜和數(shù)字隔開。
日期：在日期中要用一對逗號將年和句子的其他部分隔開。
On December 12， 1890， orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull.
注：如果日期前置或者只有年和月則不用逗號。
The recycling plan goessintoseffect on April 1993.
January 1992 was an extremely cold month.
地址：地址中的成分或地點名稱后面用逗號。郵編碼前不用逗號。
John Lennon was born in Liverpool， England， in 1940.
Please send the package to Greg Tarvin at 708 Spring street， Washington， Illinois 61571.
稱號、頭銜：名字后面有稱號，那么就要用一對逗號將稱呼隔開。
Sandra Barnes， M.D.， performed the surgery. （M.D.醫(yī)學博士）數(shù)學：后面用逗號。
3，500〔or 3500〕
100，000
（二）句子不完整
在寫作中一定要寫完整的句子，即每個句子必須有它的動詞（be動詞或者實義動詞）。一個完整的句子的結(jié)構(gòu)應該是：1主語+謂語+賓語；2主語+謂語+狀語；3主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語等句子形式。
1） Small portable machines which generate negative irons. （錯）
They have invented small portable machines which generate negative irons. （正確）
2） They enjoy reading classic Chinese Literature. Such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. （錯）
They enjoy reading classic Chinese Literature. such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. （正確）
注：hence后面可以直接跟名詞而獨立成句。
（三）避免粘連句
粘連句就是指用逗號連接數(shù)個獨立的分句。
例：An old woman lived in the house， she surprised Hansel and Gretel they were eating parts of her home. （錯）
該句中有3個主語（old woman， she， they），三個動詞（lived， surprised，和were eating），分句可以用句號，分號（而不是逗號）或使用連接詞。最普通的連接詞是： and， but，so和or.連接代詞有who， which，和that，還有表示時間連接詞： before， after， when和so on.
上句可以改為：
①An old woman lived in the house. She surprised Hansel and Gretel. Theywere eating parts of her home.
②An old woman lived in the house and she surprised Hansel and Gretel and they were eating parts of her house.
③The old woman who lived in the house surprised Hansel and Gretel whilethey were eating parts of her house.
逗號是用來幫助讀者更好地進行閱讀的。沒有逗號句子就會發(fā)生碰撞，或者引起誤解。例：
誤解：If you cook Elmer will do the dishes.
誤解：While we were eating a rattlesnake approached our campsite.
在合乎邏輯的地方加上逗號（after cook and eating），立刻一切就會變明白了。就不會錯誤地理解成為Elmer being cooked， the rattlesnake being eaten.
1）在等立復合連接詞連接兩個或多個句子的時候，在等立復合連接詞前面加逗號。如： and、but、or、nor、for、so和yet.
Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight， but I fell in love at first dance.
在一個表示引導的短語或句子后面用逗號（這個引導的短語或句子一般作狀語）。
When Irwin was ready to eat， his cat jumped onto the table.
Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon， we discovered an abandoned shelter.
在表示狀語的句子或短語比較短的情況下，一般不用逗號。
In no time we were at 2，800 feet.
當分詞短語在句首做狀語，主要用于描述后面句子中緊跟著它的名詞或代詞時，要用逗號隔開（不管句子的長短），這個逗號主要告訴讀者他們就要明白這個人或事情的身份或情況了。
Knowing that he couldn't outrun a car， Kevin took to the fields.
Excited about the move， Alice and Don began packing their books.
注：其他表示引導的還有連接副詞、過渡詞和獨立短語。
3）表示一系列的項目時要用逗號（三個或更多個），這個項目可以是單個字、短語或者從句。
At Dominique's one cansgroupsfillet of rattlesnake， bison burgers，or pickled eel.
My uncle willed me all of his property， houses， and warehouses.
The activities include a search for lost treasure， dubious financial dealings， much discussion of ancient heresies， and midnight orgies.
4）在幾個并列形容詞之間用逗號或用and，而在相重或累積形容詞前面不用逗號。
當兩個或多個形容詞來分別修飾一個名詞時，它們叫做并列形容詞。
Mother has become a strong， confident， independent woman.如果它們能夠用and來連接（strong and confident and independent），就叫做并列形容詞。
當形容詞不能分別來修飾時，這就叫相重或累積形容詞。
Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us.
并列形容詞：Robert is a warm， gentle， affectionate father.
相重（累積）形容詞：Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.
5）用逗號隔開過渡語、插入語、獨立短語和對比成分。
過渡語包括連接副詞，如： however、therefore和moreover.
過渡短語： for example， as a matter of fact， in other words等。
Minh did not understand our language； moreover， he was unfamiliar with our customs.
Natural foods are not always salt free； for example， celery contains more sodium than most people would imagine.
當連接副詞或過渡語出現(xiàn)在句子的一開始或者出現(xiàn)在一個獨立句子的中間時，它經(jīng)常要用逗號隔開。
The prospective babysitter looked very promising； she was busy， however， throughout the month of January.
As a matter of fact， American football was established by fans who wanted to play a more organized game of football.
注：如果連接副詞或過渡語已經(jīng)和句子融為一體，在閱讀時無需停頓，就不再需要逗號了。
它們是： also、at least、certainly、consequently、indeed、of course、no doubt、perhaps、then和therefore.
Bill's typewriter is broken； therefore you will need to borrow Sue's.
插入語：提供補充評論或信息，常常出現(xiàn)在句中或者句末。
Evolution， as far as we know， doesn't work this way.
The striped bass weighed about twelve pounds， give or take a few ounces.
獨立短語：獨立短語常常修飾整個句子，它常常是一個名詞加一個分詞或分詞短語。
His tennis game at last perfected， Chris won the cup.
Brenda was forced to rely on public transportation， her carshavingsbeenwrecked the week before.
對比成分：以not和unlike開始的顯明對比成分應用逗號將其隔開。
Now that I am married， Jane talks to me as an adult， not as her little sister.
Celia， unlike Robert， had no loathing for dance contests.
6）用逗號隔開直接稱呼名詞，yes和no，反意疑問句的反問部分，以及溫和感嘆詞。
Forgive us， Dr. Spock， for spanking Brian.
Yes， the Loan will probably be approved
The film was faithful to the book， wasn't it？
Well， cases like these are difficult to decide.
7）用逗號將動詞和直接引語隔開。
Naturalist Arthur Cleveland Bent remarked，“In part the peregrine declined unnoticed because it is not adorable.”
Convictions are more dangerous foes of truth than lies， wrote Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
8）用逗號將日期、地址、頭銜和數(shù)字隔開。
日期：在日期中要用一對逗號將年和句子的其他部分隔開。
On December 12， 1890， orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull.
注：如果日期前置或者只有年和月則不用逗號。
The recycling plan goessintoseffect on April 1993.
January 1992 was an extremely cold month.
地址：地址中的成分或地點名稱后面用逗號。郵編碼前不用逗號。
John Lennon was born in Liverpool， England， in 1940.
Please send the package to Greg Tarvin at 708 Spring street， Washington， Illinois 61571.
稱號、頭銜：名字后面有稱號，那么就要用一對逗號將稱呼隔開。
Sandra Barnes， M.D.， performed the surgery. （M.D.醫(yī)學博士）數(shù)學：后面用逗號。
3，500〔or 3500〕
100，000
（二）句子不完整
在寫作中一定要寫完整的句子，即每個句子必須有它的動詞（be動詞或者實義動詞）。一個完整的句子的結(jié)構(gòu)應該是：1主語+謂語+賓語；2主語+謂語+狀語；3主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語等句子形式。
1） Small portable machines which generate negative irons. （錯）
They have invented small portable machines which generate negative irons. （正確）
2） They enjoy reading classic Chinese Literature. Such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. （錯）
They enjoy reading classic Chinese Literature. such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. （正確）
注：hence后面可以直接跟名詞而獨立成句。
（三）避免粘連句
粘連句就是指用逗號連接數(shù)個獨立的分句。
例：An old woman lived in the house， she surprised Hansel and Gretel they were eating parts of her home. （錯）
該句中有3個主語（old woman， she， they），三個動詞（lived， surprised，和were eating），分句可以用句號，分號（而不是逗號）或使用連接詞。最普通的連接詞是： and， but，so和or.連接代詞有who， which，和that，還有表示時間連接詞： before， after， when和so on.
上句可以改為：
①An old woman lived in the house. She surprised Hansel and Gretel. Theywere eating parts of her home.
②An old woman lived in the house and she surprised Hansel and Gretel and they were eating parts of her house.
③The old woman who lived in the house surprised Hansel and Gretel whilethey were eating parts of her house.