一、真題文章（2003年）
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative， possessed of insatiable curiosity. Furthermore， humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live， thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore， it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner， with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name， anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography， economics， political science， psychology， and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand， combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present， makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. Tylor defined culture as"…that complex whole which includes belief， art， morals， law， custom， and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight， so profound in its simplicity， opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned， shared， and patterned behavior.
Thus， the anthropological concept of "culture，" like the concept of "set" in mathematics， is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
二、譯文
各時(shí)期各地區(qū)的人們都思考各自的世界并想知道自己在其中的位置。人類(lèi)既善于思考又善于創(chuàng)造，具有永不滿(mǎn)足的好奇心。而且，人類(lèi)還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類(lèi)自己獨(dú)特的思想和想象。因此，冷靜而系統(tǒng)地研究人類(lèi)的豐富性和多樣性顯得尤為重要。人們希望這些研究的成果能使人類(lèi)與他們自己也與地球上其他生命形態(tài)和睦相處。
"人類(lèi)學(xué)"這個(gè)詞來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)anthropos（人類(lèi)）logos（研究）。就名字而言，人類(lèi)學(xué)包含了對(duì)整個(gè)人類(lèi)的研究。
人類(lèi)學(xué)是社會(huì)科學(xué)的一部分。社會(huì)科學(xué)是知識(shí)探索的一個(gè)分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類(lèi)及其行為。
社會(huì)科學(xué)科目包括地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)。每一門(mén)社會(huì)學(xué)科目都有一個(gè)分支或?qū)I(yè)特別接近人類(lèi)學(xué)。
所有社會(huì)科學(xué)都以研究人類(lèi)為核心。人類(lèi)學(xué)是一個(gè)重視實(shí)地考察的學(xué)科，在研究中大量使用對(duì)比分析法。強(qiáng)調(diào)搜集第一手資料，加上在分析過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時(shí)采用跨文化視角，使這一研究成為一門(mén)獨(dú)特并且非常重要的社會(huì)科學(xué)。
人類(lèi)學(xué)分析主依賴(lài)于文化概念。愛(ài)德華。泰勒爵士對(duì)文化概念的闡述是19世紀(jì)社會(huì)科學(xué)的偉大文化成就之一。泰勒把文化定義為"……一個(gè)復(fù)合的整體，它包括人作為社會(huì)成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其他能力和習(xí)慣".這一見(jiàn)解非常深刻，為觀察和理解人類(lèi)生活提供了嶄新的方法。泰勒的文化定義蘊(yùn)涵著這一概念，即文化是后天習(xí)得的、人類(lèi)共有的、被仿照的行為。
因此，人類(lèi)學(xué)中"文化"的概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中"集"的概念一樣，是一個(gè)抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和理解成為可能。
三、考研核心詞匯
insatiable / in5seiFEbl / adj. 不知足的， 貪求無(wú)厭的
[例] an insatiable desire for knowledge 永不滿(mǎn)足的求知欲
[同義] covetous， greedy， unquenchable
[反義] satiable / 5seiFiEbl / adj. 可滿(mǎn)足的
[派生] insatiate / in5seiFiit / adj. 不知足的，欲壑難填的
harmonious / hB：5mEunjEs / adj. 1 和諧的， 協(xié)調(diào)的， 和睦的2悅耳的
[例] a harmonious family 和睦的家庭
[同義] blending， compatible ，congenial ， in tune ，musical
[派生] harmony / 5hB：mEni / n. 協(xié)調(diào)， 融洽
derive / di5raiv / vt. 得自 vi. 起源
[例] Many English words are derived from Latin.
許多英語(yǔ)詞匯源于拉丁文。
[同義] acquire ，gain， get， obtain ，receive， secure
[派生] derivation / deri5veiFEn / n. 引出， 來(lái)歷， 出處， （語(yǔ)言）語(yǔ)源， 詞源
encompass / in5kQmpEs / v. 包圍， 環(huán)繞， 包含或包括某事物
[例] The course will encompass physics， chemistry and biology.
課程將包括物理、化學(xué)和生物學(xué)。
[同義] encircle ，enclose， include， surround
anthropology / 7AnWrE5pClEdVi / n. 人類(lèi)學(xué)
[例] social anthropology 社會(huì)人類(lèi)學(xué)
[派生] anthropologic / 7AnWrEpE5lCdVik / adj. 人類(lèi)學(xué)的
humanity / hju（：）5mAniti / n. 人性， 人類(lèi)， 博愛(ài)， 仁慈
[例] a great contribution to humanity 對(duì)人類(lèi)的一大貢獻(xiàn)
[派生] humanize / 5hju：mEnaiz / vt. 賦予人性， 使通人情， 教化 vi. 變?yōu)橛腥诵裕?變?yōu)橛星椋?有教化
orient / 5C：riEnt / n. 東方， 東方諸國(guó)（指地中海以東各國(guó)） adj. 1東方的2上升的3燦爛的 vi. 1適應(yīng)形勢(shì)2向東 vt. 1使朝東2使適應(yīng)3確定方向
[例] We must orient our products to the needs of the market.
我們必須使我們的產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需要。
[派生] oriental / 7C（：）ri5entl / n. 東方人（尤指中國(guó)人和日本人） adj. 1東方諸國(guó)的， 亞洲的， 東方的2（珍珠等）優(yōu)質(zhì)的
oriented / `R：rIentId，`EJ- / adj. 導(dǎo)向的
immense / i5mens / adj. 極廣大的， 無(wú)邊的， <口>非常好的
[例] The performance was immense. 演出好極了。
[同義] enormous ，giant ，gigantic， great ，huge， large ，mammoth
[反義] finite / 5fainait / adj. 有限的， [數(shù)]有窮的， 限定的
[派生] immensity / I5mEnsItI / n. 廣大， 巨大， 無(wú)限， 浩瀚
四、強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1. Hollywood is a weird combination of________ optimism and total despair.
A. orthodox B. outing C. insatiable D. overlapped
2. Counter-measures must be taken to curb the prevailing trend so as to return people a _________ living and working environment.
A. overwhelming B. harmonious C. owing D. potential
3. The purpose of each science or field of investigation was to accumulate data and to ________ from these phenomena the basic principles or laws or 'forces' which gave rise to them.
A. derive B. postpone C. prompt D. prosper
4. It was said to be the latest threat in an ongoing series of attacks on ________ by mysteriously mutating "supergerms."
A. retention B. revelation C. review D. humanity
5. When I first glimpsed the snow-capped peak of Tianshan Mountain visually dominating the Lake， the entire landscape filled me with a feeling of ______ awe.
A. piece B. immense C. rigorous D. robust
答案： CBADB
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative， possessed of insatiable curiosity. Furthermore， humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live， thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore， it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner， with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name， anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography， economics， political science， psychology， and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand， combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present， makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. Tylor defined culture as"…that complex whole which includes belief， art， morals， law， custom， and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight， so profound in its simplicity， opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned， shared， and patterned behavior.
Thus， the anthropological concept of "culture，" like the concept of "set" in mathematics， is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
二、譯文
各時(shí)期各地區(qū)的人們都思考各自的世界并想知道自己在其中的位置。人類(lèi)既善于思考又善于創(chuàng)造，具有永不滿(mǎn)足的好奇心。而且，人類(lèi)還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類(lèi)自己獨(dú)特的思想和想象。因此，冷靜而系統(tǒng)地研究人類(lèi)的豐富性和多樣性顯得尤為重要。人們希望這些研究的成果能使人類(lèi)與他們自己也與地球上其他生命形態(tài)和睦相處。
"人類(lèi)學(xué)"這個(gè)詞來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)anthropos（人類(lèi)）logos（研究）。就名字而言，人類(lèi)學(xué)包含了對(duì)整個(gè)人類(lèi)的研究。
人類(lèi)學(xué)是社會(huì)科學(xué)的一部分。社會(huì)科學(xué)是知識(shí)探索的一個(gè)分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類(lèi)及其行為。
社會(huì)科學(xué)科目包括地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)。每一門(mén)社會(huì)學(xué)科目都有一個(gè)分支或?qū)I(yè)特別接近人類(lèi)學(xué)。
所有社會(huì)科學(xué)都以研究人類(lèi)為核心。人類(lèi)學(xué)是一個(gè)重視實(shí)地考察的學(xué)科，在研究中大量使用對(duì)比分析法。強(qiáng)調(diào)搜集第一手資料，加上在分析過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時(shí)采用跨文化視角，使這一研究成為一門(mén)獨(dú)特并且非常重要的社會(huì)科學(xué)。
人類(lèi)學(xué)分析主依賴(lài)于文化概念。愛(ài)德華。泰勒爵士對(duì)文化概念的闡述是19世紀(jì)社會(huì)科學(xué)的偉大文化成就之一。泰勒把文化定義為"……一個(gè)復(fù)合的整體，它包括人作為社會(huì)成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其他能力和習(xí)慣".這一見(jiàn)解非常深刻，為觀察和理解人類(lèi)生活提供了嶄新的方法。泰勒的文化定義蘊(yùn)涵著這一概念，即文化是后天習(xí)得的、人類(lèi)共有的、被仿照的行為。
因此，人類(lèi)學(xué)中"文化"的概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中"集"的概念一樣，是一個(gè)抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和理解成為可能。
三、考研核心詞匯
insatiable / in5seiFEbl / adj. 不知足的， 貪求無(wú)厭的
[例] an insatiable desire for knowledge 永不滿(mǎn)足的求知欲
[同義] covetous， greedy， unquenchable
[反義] satiable / 5seiFiEbl / adj. 可滿(mǎn)足的
[派生] insatiate / in5seiFiit / adj. 不知足的，欲壑難填的
harmonious / hB：5mEunjEs / adj. 1 和諧的， 協(xié)調(diào)的， 和睦的2悅耳的
[例] a harmonious family 和睦的家庭
[同義] blending， compatible ，congenial ， in tune ，musical
[派生] harmony / 5hB：mEni / n. 協(xié)調(diào)， 融洽
derive / di5raiv / vt. 得自 vi. 起源
[例] Many English words are derived from Latin.
許多英語(yǔ)詞匯源于拉丁文。
[同義] acquire ，gain， get， obtain ，receive， secure
[派生] derivation / deri5veiFEn / n. 引出， 來(lái)歷， 出處， （語(yǔ)言）語(yǔ)源， 詞源
encompass / in5kQmpEs / v. 包圍， 環(huán)繞， 包含或包括某事物
[例] The course will encompass physics， chemistry and biology.
課程將包括物理、化學(xué)和生物學(xué)。
[同義] encircle ，enclose， include， surround
anthropology / 7AnWrE5pClEdVi / n. 人類(lèi)學(xué)
[例] social anthropology 社會(huì)人類(lèi)學(xué)
[派生] anthropologic / 7AnWrEpE5lCdVik / adj. 人類(lèi)學(xué)的
humanity / hju（：）5mAniti / n. 人性， 人類(lèi)， 博愛(ài)， 仁慈
[例] a great contribution to humanity 對(duì)人類(lèi)的一大貢獻(xiàn)
[派生] humanize / 5hju：mEnaiz / vt. 賦予人性， 使通人情， 教化 vi. 變?yōu)橛腥诵裕?變?yōu)橛星椋?有教化
orient / 5C：riEnt / n. 東方， 東方諸國(guó)（指地中海以東各國(guó)） adj. 1東方的2上升的3燦爛的 vi. 1適應(yīng)形勢(shì)2向東 vt. 1使朝東2使適應(yīng)3確定方向
[例] We must orient our products to the needs of the market.
我們必須使我們的產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需要。
[派生] oriental / 7C（：）ri5entl / n. 東方人（尤指中國(guó)人和日本人） adj. 1東方諸國(guó)的， 亞洲的， 東方的2（珍珠等）優(yōu)質(zhì)的
oriented / `R：rIentId，`EJ- / adj. 導(dǎo)向的
immense / i5mens / adj. 極廣大的， 無(wú)邊的， <口>非常好的
[例] The performance was immense. 演出好極了。
[同義] enormous ，giant ，gigantic， great ，huge， large ，mammoth
[反義] finite / 5fainait / adj. 有限的， [數(shù)]有窮的， 限定的
[派生] immensity / I5mEnsItI / n. 廣大， 巨大， 無(wú)限， 浩瀚
四、強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1. Hollywood is a weird combination of________ optimism and total despair.
A. orthodox B. outing C. insatiable D. overlapped
2. Counter-measures must be taken to curb the prevailing trend so as to return people a _________ living and working environment.
A. overwhelming B. harmonious C. owing D. potential
3. The purpose of each science or field of investigation was to accumulate data and to ________ from these phenomena the basic principles or laws or 'forces' which gave rise to them.
A. derive B. postpone C. prompt D. prosper
4. It was said to be the latest threat in an ongoing series of attacks on ________ by mysteriously mutating "supergerms."
A. retention B. revelation C. review D. humanity
5. When I first glimpsed the snow-capped peak of Tianshan Mountain visually dominating the Lake， the entire landscape filled me with a feeling of ______ awe.
A. piece B. immense C. rigorous D. robust
答案： CBADB