講解考研英語(yǔ)完形填空

字號(hào):

Part I、考題設(shè)計(jì)
    一、出題的三個(gè)方向:
    總的來(lái)說(shuō),完形填空為了測(cè)試考生實(shí)際應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的能力和語(yǔ)感。具體說(shuō)來(lái),是從語(yǔ)篇(discourse)的角度綜合測(cè)試考生的閱讀理解能力、詞匯的掌握和對(duì)英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的熟悉程度、以及語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的靈活運(yùn)用。因此,考試出題的三個(gè)方向是:
    一)、詞匯:某些詞義的識(shí)別,同義詞辨析。英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用法的熟悉程度。
    二)、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu):語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
    三)、語(yǔ)篇句意:從語(yǔ)篇角度綜合測(cè)試考生的閱讀理解能力
    二、考試題型:
    (一)詞匯題:(比重,占60%-85%)
    單純地考單詞或短語(yǔ)的釋義:
    1.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety ____. (99)
    A. comes off B. turns up C. pays off D. holds up
    答案:C.
    詞匯辨析題:
    主要是指同義詞、近義詞的辨析,這類(lèi)題較難。
    2.They are needed for ____ foodssintosenergy and body maintenance. (96)
    A. shifting B. transferring C. altering D. transforming
    答案:D.
    固定短語(yǔ)搭配題:
    3.With it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ____ of flyingsintosspace and returning many times.?。?2)
    A. capable B. suitable C. efficient D. fit
    答案:A.
    (二)語(yǔ)法題:(占15%左右)
    語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)題,主要是考結(jié)構(gòu)詞:代詞、介詞和從句連接詞。
    4.Moreover, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ____ difficult for  the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to  him. (94)
    A. that B. it C. so D. this
    答案:B.
    (三)語(yǔ)篇題:(占15%左右)
    主要是考狀語(yǔ)從句邏輯關(guān)系連接詞或句與句、段與段之間的過(guò)渡詞(transitional words)等。
    5.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has  no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people ____ believe in  being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. (96)
    A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile
    答案:A.
    總結(jié):邏輯關(guān)系連接詞和過(guò)渡詞:
    1.表示時(shí)間:since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time等等。
    2.表示列舉:firstly, secondly, finally, next, last, also, for example, for instance, such as等等。
    3.表示讓步與轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, yet, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, though, although, even though, in spite of, despite等等。
    4.表示因果:because, for, due to, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as, as a result等等。
    5.表示比較與對(duì)比:like, likewise, similarly, equally, conversely, on the contrary, by contrast, in contrast等等。
    6.表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明:furthermore, moreover, what's more, besides, in addition等等。
    Part II、解題步驟
    一、精讀第一句
    完形填空文章的第一句話(huà)通常是沒(méi)有空白的完整句子,而且第一句往往是文章的主題句(Topic Sentence),或是含有主題詞的句子,考生可以根據(jù)它來(lái)把握文章的中心思想,為下面答題奠定基礎(chǔ)。
    這里,首先我們要知道英文的主題句的特點(diǎn)。一個(gè)有效的主題句應(yīng)該有以下兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
    1.Topic:主題或議題。明確指示段落的內(nèi)容,起到限定主題范圍的作用。
    2.Opinion:反映作者對(duì)待主題的觀點(diǎn)、印象、態(tài)度,起到限定段落基調(diào)的作用。
    比如:
    a.I own a car
    b.Owning a car often presents many problems.
    Topic opinion
    顯然,a不是一個(gè)有效的主題句,因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有起到任何指示、概括文章內(nèi)容的作用。而b句卻明確地向讀者指示該文章的內(nèi)容將圍繞汽車(chē)帶來(lái)的種種問(wèn)題,讀者可以預(yù)知接下去的句子必是具體討論這些問(wèn)題。所以,b是一個(gè)好的主題句。
    知道了英文主題句的特點(diǎn)之后,我們?cè)陂喿x完型填空文章的第一句話(huà)時(shí),就不應(yīng)該只是讀懂其字面中文意思,而是要透過(guò)首句來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)文章的中心內(nèi)容,為接下來(lái)做題把準(zhǔn)方向。比如1994年考題的首句是:
    The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word.
    這就是一句非常有效的主題句。據(jù)此,我們可以大膽地預(yù)測(cè)文章的主題是討論"詞匯(word)"與"語(yǔ)言表達(dá)(language)"的關(guān)系。作者的態(tài)度通過(guò)"first and smallest"就說(shuō)明作者認(rèn)為"詞匯"對(duì)于"語(yǔ)言"的重要意義。實(shí)際上,該篇文章的確是圍繞"詞匯"與"語(yǔ)言"的關(guān)系展開(kāi)的。文章的第一段從正反兩方面闡述了"詞匯的選擇(choice of words)"與語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的關(guān)系。第二段闡述了"措詞不準(zhǔn)確 (inaccurate words)"對(duì)于語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的影響。
    由此可見(jiàn),精讀第一句對(duì)于理解和把握整個(gè)文章的中心意義和作者的行文的脈絡(luò)是非常有效的。這就為我們往下做題指明了方向!
    二、從上下文尋找信息詞
    完形填空所選的文章都是具有邏輯關(guān)系、意義相聯(lián)的語(yǔ)篇,而詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)、同義詞和反義詞的使用是重要的連句成篇的詞匯紐帶,因此,在行文中不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞語(yǔ)的復(fù)現(xiàn)、前后同義詞、反義詞相互照應(yīng)等現(xiàn)象。
    警示:考生在答題時(shí),不要急于求成。而要充分利用上下文信息詞,在繼續(xù)閱讀中尋找和斟酌答案。
    我們以1995年考題為例。
    The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments,  such as those described for the first time at a recent meeting of the  Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating  explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.?。?5)
    43. A. subtle B. obvious C. mysterious D. doubtful
    45. A. in the light B. by virtue C. with the exception D. for the purpose
    答案:43. C正確;45. D正確。
    分析:只要細(xì)心尋找即可發(fā)現(xiàn),文章開(kāi)頭說(shuō)的"the purpose of non-REM sleep"和結(jié)尾的"____ of non-REM  sleep."遙相呼應(yīng)。所以45填D.而在后文的fascinating就指示43應(yīng)填與其同義的次,故43題C選項(xiàng)mysterious正確,因?yàn)閮烧叨急硎?神秘的、為之著迷"的意思。
    三、借助語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
    主要是針對(duì)上文提到的語(yǔ)法題。再比如:
    They do not provide energy, ____ do they construct or build any part of the body.?。?6)
    A. either B. so C. nor D. never
    答案:C.
    分析:這是一常見(jiàn)的否定倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
    四、把握文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)
    主要是針對(duì)語(yǔ)篇題。
    做題時(shí),要把準(zhǔn)文章作者發(fā)展脈絡(luò),文章的起承轉(zhuǎn)合,要注意段落與段落之間,句與句之間的內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系,領(lǐng)悟暗示,選對(duì)答案。
    Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the  20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th  centuries. Yet much had happened __21__. As was discussed before, it was  not __22__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre- electronic __23__. (2002)
    21. A. between B. before C. since D. later
    22. A. after B. by C. during D. until
    23. A. means B. method C. medium D. measure
    答案:21. A. 22. D. 23. C
    分析:我們注意到文章講了兩個(gè)時(shí)間:20世紀(jì)和15、16世紀(jì),而19世紀(jì)顯然是處在兩者之間,故21填between.22題是一語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)題,固定結(jié)構(gòu):It was not until——that——。23題屬于前面介紹的"信息詞"題。上文中出現(xiàn)的:television,  printing, newspaper均說(shuō)明該題應(yīng)填medium.
    五、復(fù)校全篇短文
    填完20個(gè)空格之后,一定不要忘了全文通讀一篇,檢查句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系有無(wú)前后矛盾的地方,力避連錯(cuò)幾個(gè)的現(xiàn)象!