一、真題文章（1995年text 5）
That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano， to recitation of a poem， and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory ， remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically， the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .
Practice （or review） tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten； and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet， dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense， the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed， when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety， forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless， an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects， it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time， since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out， providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting， adaptive ability would suffer， for example ，learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who （by ordinary standards） forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view， continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage （ input） and forgetting （output） . Indeed， there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
二、譯文
過去的經(jīng)歷能影響隨后的行為，這種顯而易見但卻十分重要的行為叫做記憶。如果沒有記憶這種功能，學習行為就不可能發(fā)生。不斷的餓練習對記憶產(chǎn)生影響，使我們能夠熟練地演奏鋼琴，背誦詩歌，閱讀和理解文字。所謂的智力行為需要記憶，記憶也是推理的基礎。解決問題能力，甚至識別問題的能力，都要依靠記憶。例如，作出穿越馬路的決定就是建立在此前經(jīng)歷的記憶的基礎之上的。
練習（或者復習）能夠建立和鞏固對事情或學到的知識的記憶。如果一段時間沒有練習，學到的東西就可能忘掉，這種適應的結果可能并不明顯，但是突然性的遺忘就可以看作是適應的結果了。從這個意義上來說，遺忘的能力可以理解成，是在動物的自然選擇過程中保留下來的。確實如此，一段令人痛苦的記憶會導致嚴重的焦慮不安，這時遺忘可以緩解痛苦。然而，這種解釋很難真正讓人了解，普通的緩慢遺忘過程是怎樣從自然選擇的過程中保留下來的。
在考慮記憶的進化問題時，可以思考一下，如果記憶永遠不會淡忘，那會出現(xiàn)什么情況呢？很顯然，遺忘有助于時間上的調(diào)整，因為舊的記憶會褪色，而新的記憶會變的更加明顯，使我們能夠推測事情發(fā)生的時間先后。如果不遺忘，人的適應能力就會受到破壞，比如：十年前正確的行為十年后可能已經(jīng)不再正確了。在一些病歷中，有的人遺忘的太少（和普通人相比），以至于他們的行為充滿了混淆。這樣看來，遺忘似乎有助于個人和整個人類的生存。
另一種猜想是存儲記憶的系統(tǒng)的容量是有限的， 因此通過遺忘靈活地進行調(diào)整。在學習或者記憶存儲（輸入）和遺忘（輸出）之間不斷進行著調(diào)整。實際上，有證據(jù)表明一個人遺忘的速度和他學習的速度是直接相關的，這些數(shù)據(jù)完全證明了當代的輸入——輸出平衡的記憶模式。
三、考研核心詞匯
influence / 5influEns / n. 1影響， 感化， 勢力；有影響的人（或事）2（電磁）感應 vt. 影響， 改變
[例] My parents considered my friend to be a bad influence on me.
我父母認為我朋友對我有不良影響
[同義] affect ， induce， move ，persuade ，prejudice， sway
subsequent / 5sQbsikwEnt / adj. 后來的， 并發(fā)的
[例] subsequent events 隨后發(fā)生的一些事件
[同義] following ，later， next
[反義] previous / 5pri：vjEs / adj. 在前的， 早先的 adv. 在……以前 ， 返回上一級菜單
[派生] subsequence / 5sQbsikwEns / n. 后繼， 隨后
evidence / 5evidEns / n. 1明顯， 顯著， 明白2跡象， 根據(jù)， [物]證據(jù)， 證物
[例] Can you show me any evidence for your statement？
你能給我看你供詞的證據(jù)嗎？
[同義] clue ，data， indication ，proof ，sign
[派生] evident / 5evidEnt / adj. 明顯的， 顯然的
evidently / 5evidEntli / adv. 明顯地， 顯然
obvious / 5CbviEs， -vjEs / adj. 明顯的， 顯而易見的
[例] Indeed， there are many obvious advantages to a five-day week.
的確，實行五天工作制有許多明顯的優(yōu)點。
[同義] apparent ，clear ，distinct， evident ，explicit manifest， plain
[反義] obscure / Eb5skjuE / adj. 暗的， 朦朧的， 模糊的， 晦澀的
vt. 使暗， 使不明顯
[派生] obviously / 5RbvIEslI / adv. 明顯地
nevertheless / 7nevETE5les / conj. 然而， 不過 adv. 仍然， 不過
[例] She was very tired， nevertheless she kept on working.
她雖然很疲倦，可仍在繼續(xù)工作。
[同義] although ，anyway ，but ， regardless
remarkable / ri5mB：kEbl / adj. 不平常的， 非凡的， 顯著的
[例] Your work has been remarkable this week.
這星期你的工作很出色。
[同義] exceptional ，extraordinary ，great ， notable， noteworthy， special [派生] remark / ri5mB：k / n. 備注， 評論， 注意， 注釋 vt. 評論，
注意， 談及 vi. 談論
function / 5fQNkFEn / n. 1官能， 功能， 作用， 職責2典禮， 儀式， [數(shù)]函數(shù)
vi. （器官等）活動， 運行， 行使職責
[例] The old machine won't function properly if you don't oil it regularly.
那臺舊機器如果不經(jīng)常加油是不能正常運轉的。
[同義] act， ceremony ，exercise， gathering ，operate ，perform， rite， ritual ，serve ，service， work
[派生] functional / 5fQNkFEnl / adj. 功能的
constant / 5kCnstEnt / n. [數(shù)、物]常數(shù)， 恒量 adj. 不變的， 持續(xù)的， 堅決的
[例] An absolute constant is fixed and can not be changed.
絕對常數(shù)是固定而不可以改變的。
[反義] inconstant / in5kCnstEnt / adj. 變化無常的
[派生] constantly / 5kRnstEntlI / adv. 不變地， 經(jīng)常地， 堅持不懈地
recitation / resI5teIF（E）n / n. 朗誦， 背誦， 敘述， 背誦的東西
[例] Recitation works for several reasons： First， when you know you are going to recite something in your own words， you pay more attention. Second， you get immediate feedback.
背誦有幾個理由：第一，當你知道你將要用自己的話來背誦些東西的時候你就會更加注意。第二，你能夠立刻得到反饋。
[派生] recite / ri5sait / v. 背誦， 朗讀， 敘述， [律]書面陳述（事實）
recital / ri5saitl / n. 朗誦， 背誦， 敘述， 獨奏會， 獨唱會
intelligent / in5telidVEnt / adj. 聰明的， 有才智的， [計]智能的
[例] The most intelligent students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook.
聰明的學生用增加閱讀量來補充課本的內(nèi)容。
[同義] aware ，bright， perceptive， rational ，sensible， understanding
[派生] intelligence / in5telidVEns / n. 智力， 聰明， 智能
reasoning / 5ri：zEniN / n. 推理， 評理， 論證 adj. 推理的
[例] His close reasoning gave fibre to his argument.
他嚴密的邏輯使他的論點強勁有力。
[派生] reason / 5ri：zn / n. 理由， 原因， 動機， 理智， 前提 vt. 說服， 推論， 辯論 vi. 推論， 勸說， 思考
reasonable / 5ri：znEbl / adj. 合理的， 有道理的， 通情達理的， 講道理的
maintain / men5tein / vt. 1維持；維修， 供養(yǎng)2主張
[例] He failed again and again simply because he had maintained his defeatist attitude.
因為他一直堅持失敗主義的態(tài)度，所以失敗了又。
[同義] bear， keep ，possess ，preserve ， retain， save， support sustain， uphold
[反義] abandon / E5bAndEn / vt. 放棄， 遺棄 n. 放任， 狂熱
[派生] maintenance / 5meintinEns / n. 維護， 保持， 生活費用， 扶養(yǎng)
adaptive / E5dAptiv / adj. 適應的
[例] What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with the situation .
我們所能做的就是培養(yǎng)自己的適應能力去適應這種情況。
[派生] adapt / E5dApt / vt. 使適應， 改編
adaptable / E5dAptEbl / adj. 能適應的， 可修改的
instance / 5instEns / n. 1實例2建議， 要求3情況， 場合 vt. 舉……為例；獲得例證
[例] There are many instances of good people and good deeds nowadays.
現(xiàn)時好人好事的例子很多。
[同義] case ，circumstance， example ，occasion
[固定搭配] at the instance of 應…的請求；for instance 例如，舉例說；
anxiety / AN^5zaiEti / n. 憂慮， 焦急， 渴望， 熱望
[例] For some people， air travel is a real anxiety.
對一些人來說，飛機旅行是真正使他們焦慮的
[反義] ease / i：z / n. 安逸， 安心， 不費力， 悠閑 vt. 使悠閑， 使安心， 減輕， 放松 vi. 減弱， 減輕， 放松， 靈活地移動
[派生] anxious / 5ANkFEs / adj. 觀念的， 擔憂的， 渴望的， 盼望的
relief / ri5li：f / n. 1（痛苦等的）減輕2債務等的）免除3救濟， 調(diào)劑， 安慰
[例] I felt great relief when I heard I had passed the examination.
聽說我已經(jīng)通過了考試，感到輕松多了。
[同義] aid， alleviation ，alternate， assistance， ease， freedom ， release
[派生] relieve / ri5li：v / vt. 減輕， 解除， 援救， 救濟， 換班
relievable / ri5li：vEbl / adj. 可減輕的
gradual / 5^rAdjuEl / adj. 逐漸的， 逐步的， 漸進的
[例] There has been a gradual increase in the number of families owning refrigerators.
擁有電冰箱的家庭數(shù)一直在逐步增加。
[同義] little by little， slow
[派生] gradually / 5^rAdjJElI / adv. 逐漸地
fade / feid / vi. 1（聲音等）減弱下去， 褪色2枯萎， 凋謝 vt. 使褪色
n. 淡入， 淡出 adj. 乏味的， 平淡的
[例] The lights and music faded as we set sail from the harbor.
當我們從海港起航時，光線逐漸變暗，音樂聲逐漸減弱
[同義] bleach， decline， dim， droop， dull， fail ， weaken
[反義] bloom / blu：m / n. 花， 旺盛， 青春 v. （使）開花， （使）繁盛
clue / klu： / n. 線索
[例] The police found a clue which will help them catch the robber.
警察發(fā)現(xiàn)了能幫助他們抓住強盜的線索。
[同義] evidence， hint， key ，lead ，proof，sign
duration / djuE5reiFEn / n. 持續(xù)時間， 為期
[例] We hope the war will be short duration.
我們希望戰(zhàn)爭是短期的。
[同義] period， term ，time
confusion / kEn5fju：VEn / n. 混亂， 混淆
[例] Words like“ believe” and “receive” are a source of confusion in spelling.
諸如 believe和 receive 這樣的詞在拼寫上容易混淆。
[反義] order / 5C：dE / n. 1次序， 順序， 正常（工作）狀態(tài)， 秩序2會議規(guī)則3命令， 定購， 定單 vt. 命令， 定購， 定制
[派生] confuse / kEn5fju：z / vt. 搞亂， 使糊涂
confused / kEn5fju：zd / adj. 困惑的， 煩惱的
species / 5spi：Fiz / n. 種類， （原）核素 n. [律]式樣 n. [宗]圣餐物
[例] Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment.
"有一些動物已經(jīng)滅種了，因為它們不能適應環(huán)境的變化。"
[同義] class ，group， kind， sort ，type， variety
assume / E5sju：m / vt. 1假定， 設想2采取， 呈現(xiàn)
[例] I assume you always get up at the same time.
我想你總是在同一個時間起床。
[同義] adopt， believe， presume ，put on ，suppose ，suspect， think
[反義] conclude / kEn5klu：d / v. 結束， 終止， 決定， 作出結論 vt. 推斷， 斷定， 締結， 議定
[派生] assumption / E5sQmpFEn / n. 假定， 設想， 擔任， 承當， 假裝， 作態(tài)
flexibility / 7fleksE5biliti / n. 彈性， 適應性
[例] The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.
人老了肌肉的柔韌性將降低。
[派生] flexible / 5fleksEbl / adj. 柔韌性， 易曲的， 靈活的
adjustment / E5dVQstmEnt / n. 1調(diào)整， 調(diào)節(jié)2調(diào)節(jié)器
[例] The government decided to make minor adjustments in oil prices .
政府決定對石油價格略做調(diào)整。
[派生] adjust / E5dVQst / vt. 調(diào)整， 調(diào)節(jié)， 校準， 使適合
gross / ^rEus / adj. 總的， 毛重的 n. 總額 vt 總共賺得
[例] The company grossed over $5000000 last year.
該公司去年總共獲利在500萬美元以上。
[同義] total ， vulgar，whole
[反義] net / net / n. 1網(wǎng)， 網(wǎng)絡， 網(wǎng)狀物2凈利， 實價 adj. 凈余的， 純的vt. 用網(wǎng)捕， 凈賺， 得到 vi. 編網(wǎng)
contemporary / kEn5tempErEri / n. 同時代的人 adj. 當代的， 同時代的
[例] Shelley and Keats were contemporaries.
雪萊和濟慈是同一時代的人
四、強化練習
1.By the middle of the twentieth century， painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide ________ over art.
A. influence B. consultant C. accessD. expect
2.In 1976， something truly ________ happened to the Olympic Flame – it was transformed into an electric pulse， the pulse was then transmitted to an orbiting satellite， and finally， it was converted into a laser beam to relight the Flame！
A. civil B. remarkableC. national D. false
3.A dead chicken that has waited four days in Macedonia for its trip to a British laboratory equipped to check it for ________ of bird flu is finally getting a flight out， courtesy of the Royal Air Force.
A. show B. exhibitionC. diversion D. evidence
4.China flew a 49-member rescue team and tons of materials to Pakistan yesterday as a first batch of _______ to its quake-hit neighbor.
A. sink B. relief C. cherish D. devote
5.Too many policymakers and intelligence officers mistake secrecy for intelligence and ______ that information covertly（偷偷摸摸地） acquired is superior to that obtained openly.
A. assume B. deviate C. fleeD. fluctuate
6.______ reigned for hours after the disaster， reflecting sometimes inefficient government in this West African nation of 130 million people and its freewheeling air transport system in which a dozen local airlines fly from chaotic airports where crowds fight over seats in planes.
A. Fling B. Confusion C. Designation D. Capital
7.We wonder that age should be feeble and querulous， —— that the freshness of youth should______ away.
A. increase B. deal C. give D. fade
8.Gains in Asia were led by demand for juice drinks such as Orange Pulp by Minute Maid in China， a country that had 9.1 percent _____ domestic product growth last year and which now represents 4 percent of Coke‘s global volume.
A. heavy B. gross C. little D. light
9.It also said it would invest another US$500 million to ______ its 9 percent stake in CCB when it is listed.
A. maintainB. balance C. weigh D. measure
10. Scientists say they have found more bones in an Indonesian cave that offer additional evidence of a second human ______ short and hobbit-like that roamed the Earth the same time as modern man.
A. speciesB. races C. tribes D. aspeccts
答案：ABDBA BDBAA
That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano， to recitation of a poem， and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory ， remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically， the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .
Practice （or review） tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten； and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet， dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense， the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed， when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety， forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless， an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects， it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time， since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out， providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting， adaptive ability would suffer， for example ，learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who （by ordinary standards） forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view， continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage （ input） and forgetting （output） . Indeed， there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
二、譯文
過去的經(jīng)歷能影響隨后的行為，這種顯而易見但卻十分重要的行為叫做記憶。如果沒有記憶這種功能，學習行為就不可能發(fā)生。不斷的餓練習對記憶產(chǎn)生影響，使我們能夠熟練地演奏鋼琴，背誦詩歌，閱讀和理解文字。所謂的智力行為需要記憶，記憶也是推理的基礎。解決問題能力，甚至識別問題的能力，都要依靠記憶。例如，作出穿越馬路的決定就是建立在此前經(jīng)歷的記憶的基礎之上的。
練習（或者復習）能夠建立和鞏固對事情或學到的知識的記憶。如果一段時間沒有練習，學到的東西就可能忘掉，這種適應的結果可能并不明顯，但是突然性的遺忘就可以看作是適應的結果了。從這個意義上來說，遺忘的能力可以理解成，是在動物的自然選擇過程中保留下來的。確實如此，一段令人痛苦的記憶會導致嚴重的焦慮不安，這時遺忘可以緩解痛苦。然而，這種解釋很難真正讓人了解，普通的緩慢遺忘過程是怎樣從自然選擇的過程中保留下來的。
在考慮記憶的進化問題時，可以思考一下，如果記憶永遠不會淡忘，那會出現(xiàn)什么情況呢？很顯然，遺忘有助于時間上的調(diào)整，因為舊的記憶會褪色，而新的記憶會變的更加明顯，使我們能夠推測事情發(fā)生的時間先后。如果不遺忘，人的適應能力就會受到破壞，比如：十年前正確的行為十年后可能已經(jīng)不再正確了。在一些病歷中，有的人遺忘的太少（和普通人相比），以至于他們的行為充滿了混淆。這樣看來，遺忘似乎有助于個人和整個人類的生存。
另一種猜想是存儲記憶的系統(tǒng)的容量是有限的， 因此通過遺忘靈活地進行調(diào)整。在學習或者記憶存儲（輸入）和遺忘（輸出）之間不斷進行著調(diào)整。實際上，有證據(jù)表明一個人遺忘的速度和他學習的速度是直接相關的，這些數(shù)據(jù)完全證明了當代的輸入——輸出平衡的記憶模式。
三、考研核心詞匯
influence / 5influEns / n. 1影響， 感化， 勢力；有影響的人（或事）2（電磁）感應 vt. 影響， 改變
[例] My parents considered my friend to be a bad influence on me.
我父母認為我朋友對我有不良影響
[同義] affect ， induce， move ，persuade ，prejudice， sway
subsequent / 5sQbsikwEnt / adj. 后來的， 并發(fā)的
[例] subsequent events 隨后發(fā)生的一些事件
[同義] following ，later， next
[反義] previous / 5pri：vjEs / adj. 在前的， 早先的 adv. 在……以前 ， 返回上一級菜單
[派生] subsequence / 5sQbsikwEns / n. 后繼， 隨后
evidence / 5evidEns / n. 1明顯， 顯著， 明白2跡象， 根據(jù)， [物]證據(jù)， 證物
[例] Can you show me any evidence for your statement？
你能給我看你供詞的證據(jù)嗎？
[同義] clue ，data， indication ，proof ，sign
[派生] evident / 5evidEnt / adj. 明顯的， 顯然的
evidently / 5evidEntli / adv. 明顯地， 顯然
obvious / 5CbviEs， -vjEs / adj. 明顯的， 顯而易見的
[例] Indeed， there are many obvious advantages to a five-day week.
的確，實行五天工作制有許多明顯的優(yōu)點。
[同義] apparent ，clear ，distinct， evident ，explicit manifest， plain
[反義] obscure / Eb5skjuE / adj. 暗的， 朦朧的， 模糊的， 晦澀的
vt. 使暗， 使不明顯
[派生] obviously / 5RbvIEslI / adv. 明顯地
nevertheless / 7nevETE5les / conj. 然而， 不過 adv. 仍然， 不過
[例] She was very tired， nevertheless she kept on working.
她雖然很疲倦，可仍在繼續(xù)工作。
[同義] although ，anyway ，but ， regardless
remarkable / ri5mB：kEbl / adj. 不平常的， 非凡的， 顯著的
[例] Your work has been remarkable this week.
這星期你的工作很出色。
[同義] exceptional ，extraordinary ，great ， notable， noteworthy， special [派生] remark / ri5mB：k / n. 備注， 評論， 注意， 注釋 vt. 評論，
注意， 談及 vi. 談論
function / 5fQNkFEn / n. 1官能， 功能， 作用， 職責2典禮， 儀式， [數(shù)]函數(shù)
vi. （器官等）活動， 運行， 行使職責
[例] The old machine won't function properly if you don't oil it regularly.
那臺舊機器如果不經(jīng)常加油是不能正常運轉的。
[同義] act， ceremony ，exercise， gathering ，operate ，perform， rite， ritual ，serve ，service， work
[派生] functional / 5fQNkFEnl / adj. 功能的
constant / 5kCnstEnt / n. [數(shù)、物]常數(shù)， 恒量 adj. 不變的， 持續(xù)的， 堅決的
[例] An absolute constant is fixed and can not be changed.
絕對常數(shù)是固定而不可以改變的。
[反義] inconstant / in5kCnstEnt / adj. 變化無常的
[派生] constantly / 5kRnstEntlI / adv. 不變地， 經(jīng)常地， 堅持不懈地
recitation / resI5teIF（E）n / n. 朗誦， 背誦， 敘述， 背誦的東西
[例] Recitation works for several reasons： First， when you know you are going to recite something in your own words， you pay more attention. Second， you get immediate feedback.
背誦有幾個理由：第一，當你知道你將要用自己的話來背誦些東西的時候你就會更加注意。第二，你能夠立刻得到反饋。
[派生] recite / ri5sait / v. 背誦， 朗讀， 敘述， [律]書面陳述（事實）
recital / ri5saitl / n. 朗誦， 背誦， 敘述， 獨奏會， 獨唱會
intelligent / in5telidVEnt / adj. 聰明的， 有才智的， [計]智能的
[例] The most intelligent students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook.
聰明的學生用增加閱讀量來補充課本的內(nèi)容。
[同義] aware ，bright， perceptive， rational ，sensible， understanding
[派生] intelligence / in5telidVEns / n. 智力， 聰明， 智能
reasoning / 5ri：zEniN / n. 推理， 評理， 論證 adj. 推理的
[例] His close reasoning gave fibre to his argument.
他嚴密的邏輯使他的論點強勁有力。
[派生] reason / 5ri：zn / n. 理由， 原因， 動機， 理智， 前提 vt. 說服， 推論， 辯論 vi. 推論， 勸說， 思考
reasonable / 5ri：znEbl / adj. 合理的， 有道理的， 通情達理的， 講道理的
maintain / men5tein / vt. 1維持；維修， 供養(yǎng)2主張
[例] He failed again and again simply because he had maintained his defeatist attitude.
因為他一直堅持失敗主義的態(tài)度，所以失敗了又。
[同義] bear， keep ，possess ，preserve ， retain， save， support sustain， uphold
[反義] abandon / E5bAndEn / vt. 放棄， 遺棄 n. 放任， 狂熱
[派生] maintenance / 5meintinEns / n. 維護， 保持， 生活費用， 扶養(yǎng)
adaptive / E5dAptiv / adj. 適應的
[例] What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with the situation .
我們所能做的就是培養(yǎng)自己的適應能力去適應這種情況。
[派生] adapt / E5dApt / vt. 使適應， 改編
adaptable / E5dAptEbl / adj. 能適應的， 可修改的
instance / 5instEns / n. 1實例2建議， 要求3情況， 場合 vt. 舉……為例；獲得例證
[例] There are many instances of good people and good deeds nowadays.
現(xiàn)時好人好事的例子很多。
[同義] case ，circumstance， example ，occasion
[固定搭配] at the instance of 應…的請求；for instance 例如，舉例說；
anxiety / AN^5zaiEti / n. 憂慮， 焦急， 渴望， 熱望
[例] For some people， air travel is a real anxiety.
對一些人來說，飛機旅行是真正使他們焦慮的
[反義] ease / i：z / n. 安逸， 安心， 不費力， 悠閑 vt. 使悠閑， 使安心， 減輕， 放松 vi. 減弱， 減輕， 放松， 靈活地移動
[派生] anxious / 5ANkFEs / adj. 觀念的， 擔憂的， 渴望的， 盼望的
relief / ri5li：f / n. 1（痛苦等的）減輕2債務等的）免除3救濟， 調(diào)劑， 安慰
[例] I felt great relief when I heard I had passed the examination.
聽說我已經(jīng)通過了考試，感到輕松多了。
[同義] aid， alleviation ，alternate， assistance， ease， freedom ， release
[派生] relieve / ri5li：v / vt. 減輕， 解除， 援救， 救濟， 換班
relievable / ri5li：vEbl / adj. 可減輕的
gradual / 5^rAdjuEl / adj. 逐漸的， 逐步的， 漸進的
[例] There has been a gradual increase in the number of families owning refrigerators.
擁有電冰箱的家庭數(shù)一直在逐步增加。
[同義] little by little， slow
[派生] gradually / 5^rAdjJElI / adv. 逐漸地
fade / feid / vi. 1（聲音等）減弱下去， 褪色2枯萎， 凋謝 vt. 使褪色
n. 淡入， 淡出 adj. 乏味的， 平淡的
[例] The lights and music faded as we set sail from the harbor.
當我們從海港起航時，光線逐漸變暗，音樂聲逐漸減弱
[同義] bleach， decline， dim， droop， dull， fail ， weaken
[反義] bloom / blu：m / n. 花， 旺盛， 青春 v. （使）開花， （使）繁盛
clue / klu： / n. 線索
[例] The police found a clue which will help them catch the robber.
警察發(fā)現(xiàn)了能幫助他們抓住強盜的線索。
[同義] evidence， hint， key ，lead ，proof，sign
duration / djuE5reiFEn / n. 持續(xù)時間， 為期
[例] We hope the war will be short duration.
我們希望戰(zhàn)爭是短期的。
[同義] period， term ，time
confusion / kEn5fju：VEn / n. 混亂， 混淆
[例] Words like“ believe” and “receive” are a source of confusion in spelling.
諸如 believe和 receive 這樣的詞在拼寫上容易混淆。
[反義] order / 5C：dE / n. 1次序， 順序， 正常（工作）狀態(tài)， 秩序2會議規(guī)則3命令， 定購， 定單 vt. 命令， 定購， 定制
[派生] confuse / kEn5fju：z / vt. 搞亂， 使糊涂
confused / kEn5fju：zd / adj. 困惑的， 煩惱的
species / 5spi：Fiz / n. 種類， （原）核素 n. [律]式樣 n. [宗]圣餐物
[例] Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment.
"有一些動物已經(jīng)滅種了，因為它們不能適應環(huán)境的變化。"
[同義] class ，group， kind， sort ，type， variety
assume / E5sju：m / vt. 1假定， 設想2采取， 呈現(xiàn)
[例] I assume you always get up at the same time.
我想你總是在同一個時間起床。
[同義] adopt， believe， presume ，put on ，suppose ，suspect， think
[反義] conclude / kEn5klu：d / v. 結束， 終止， 決定， 作出結論 vt. 推斷， 斷定， 締結， 議定
[派生] assumption / E5sQmpFEn / n. 假定， 設想， 擔任， 承當， 假裝， 作態(tài)
flexibility / 7fleksE5biliti / n. 彈性， 適應性
[例] The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.
人老了肌肉的柔韌性將降低。
[派生] flexible / 5fleksEbl / adj. 柔韌性， 易曲的， 靈活的
adjustment / E5dVQstmEnt / n. 1調(diào)整， 調(diào)節(jié)2調(diào)節(jié)器
[例] The government decided to make minor adjustments in oil prices .
政府決定對石油價格略做調(diào)整。
[派生] adjust / E5dVQst / vt. 調(diào)整， 調(diào)節(jié)， 校準， 使適合
gross / ^rEus / adj. 總的， 毛重的 n. 總額 vt 總共賺得
[例] The company grossed over $5000000 last year.
該公司去年總共獲利在500萬美元以上。
[同義] total ， vulgar，whole
[反義] net / net / n. 1網(wǎng)， 網(wǎng)絡， 網(wǎng)狀物2凈利， 實價 adj. 凈余的， 純的vt. 用網(wǎng)捕， 凈賺， 得到 vi. 編網(wǎng)
contemporary / kEn5tempErEri / n. 同時代的人 adj. 當代的， 同時代的
[例] Shelley and Keats were contemporaries.
雪萊和濟慈是同一時代的人
四、強化練習
1.By the middle of the twentieth century， painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide ________ over art.
A. influence B. consultant C. accessD. expect
2.In 1976， something truly ________ happened to the Olympic Flame – it was transformed into an electric pulse， the pulse was then transmitted to an orbiting satellite， and finally， it was converted into a laser beam to relight the Flame！
A. civil B. remarkableC. national D. false
3.A dead chicken that has waited four days in Macedonia for its trip to a British laboratory equipped to check it for ________ of bird flu is finally getting a flight out， courtesy of the Royal Air Force.
A. show B. exhibitionC. diversion D. evidence
4.China flew a 49-member rescue team and tons of materials to Pakistan yesterday as a first batch of _______ to its quake-hit neighbor.
A. sink B. relief C. cherish D. devote
5.Too many policymakers and intelligence officers mistake secrecy for intelligence and ______ that information covertly（偷偷摸摸地） acquired is superior to that obtained openly.
A. assume B. deviate C. fleeD. fluctuate
6.______ reigned for hours after the disaster， reflecting sometimes inefficient government in this West African nation of 130 million people and its freewheeling air transport system in which a dozen local airlines fly from chaotic airports where crowds fight over seats in planes.
A. Fling B. Confusion C. Designation D. Capital
7.We wonder that age should be feeble and querulous， —— that the freshness of youth should______ away.
A. increase B. deal C. give D. fade
8.Gains in Asia were led by demand for juice drinks such as Orange Pulp by Minute Maid in China， a country that had 9.1 percent _____ domestic product growth last year and which now represents 4 percent of Coke‘s global volume.
A. heavy B. gross C. little D. light
9.It also said it would invest another US$500 million to ______ its 9 percent stake in CCB when it is listed.
A. maintainB. balance C. weigh D. measure
10. Scientists say they have found more bones in an Indonesian cave that offer additional evidence of a second human ______ short and hobbit-like that roamed the Earth the same time as modern man.
A. speciesB. races C. tribes D. aspeccts
答案：ABDBA BDBAA