一、真題文章（1996年Text 3）
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative， towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies， though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders， were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting ， trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large， impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class ， an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century， America， Africa， India， Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital， and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large " comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes， and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives， thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares， and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands， but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately， however， the increasing power and organization of the trade unions， at least in all skilled trades， enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
二、譯文
十九世紀(jì)后半葉，"資方"和"勞方"按現(xiàn)代化方式不斷擴(kuò)大和完善各自相對(duì)獨(dú)立的組織。許多舊式公司被有限責(zé)任公司所取代，這些公司雇傭拿薪水的經(jīng)理人來進(jìn)行管理。這種變化是符合新時(shí)代的工業(yè)需要的，它將職業(yè)化元素引入企業(yè)，防止了那種在老式家族企業(yè)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的第一代創(chuàng)始人之后的兩三代人中工作效率下降，從而妨害公司前途的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。這種機(jī)制逐漸擺脫了依靠個(gè)人的積極性，而轉(zhuǎn)向集體制和由國家、市政*掌管的企業(yè)。盡管鐵路仍是為股東牟利的私有企業(yè)，但和那些老式的家族企業(yè)有很大的區(qū)別。同時(shí)，市政*入主企業(yè)，為納稅人提供電力、交通和其他服務(wù)。
有限責(zé)任公司的發(fā)展壯大和市政企業(yè)的介入產(chǎn)生了重要的影響，這種大規(guī)模的、非個(gè)人性質(zhì)的資金運(yùn)作大大增加了股東這一社會(huì)階層的人數(shù)和重要性，而股東階層在社會(huì)生活中象征著財(cái)富與土地及土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任分離開來；同時(shí)，財(cái)富也和企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理責(zé)任分離開來。整個(gè)十九世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞以及歐洲的部分國家都是在英國的資金扶持下發(fā)展起來的，因此，英國股票持有者的腰包就在全球工業(yè)化的浪潮中充實(shí)了起來。Bournemouth和Eastbourne等城市就居住了一大批"閑適"階級(jí)，他們有收入，又不用工作，除了拿紅利和偶爾出席一次股東會(huì)議把他們的命令傳達(dá)給管理人外，他們和社會(huì)上的其他人幾乎沒有什麼聯(lián)系。另一方面，"持有股票"意味著閑適和自由，這也是維多利亞時(shí)代很多人對(duì)社會(huì)文明的期望。
這樣的"股東"根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人們的生活、思想和需要，因此，他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系有不良影響。公司的拿薪水的執(zhí)行經(jīng)理與工人和他們的需要有更直接的關(guān)系。但是，與現(xiàn)在正在消失的世襲制的舊家族企業(yè)的老板相比，即使是他也很少有過去那種對(duì)工人的熟悉程度。的確，僅經(jīng)營的規(guī)模和雇傭工人的數(shù)量兩方面就使得這種個(gè)人關(guān)系的建立成為不可能的事。然而，幸運(yùn)的是，工會(huì)的勢(shì)力和組織在日益擴(kuò)大，至少在各技術(shù)行業(yè)是這樣，這就使工人與雇傭他們的公司經(jīng)理們地位平等了。罷工和封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重對(duì)方的力量，理解公正談判的價(jià)值。
三、考研核心詞匯
rival / 5raivEl / n. 競(jìng)爭者， 對(duì)手 v. 競(jìng)爭， 對(duì)抗， 相匹敵
[例] She and I are rivals for the swimming prize.
我和她是游泳比賽獎(jiǎng)的競(jìng)爭對(duì)手。
[同義] match ，ally
[派生] rivalry / 5raIvElrI / n. 競(jìng)爭， 競(jìng)賽， 敵對(duì)， 敵對(duì)狀態(tài)
liability / 7laiE5biliti / n. 1責(zé)任， 義務(wù)2傾向3債務(wù)， 負(fù)債， 與assets相對(duì)
[例] The business failed because its assets were not so great as its liabilities.
這家商行因資不抵債而倒閉。
[反義] asset / 5Aset / n. 資產(chǎn)， 有用的東西
[派生] liable / 5laiEbl / adj. 1有責(zé)任的， 有義務(wù)的2易……的， 有……傾向的， 負(fù)有責(zé)任的， 很有可能的
bureaucracy / bjuE5rCkrEsi /n. 官僚， 官僚作風(fēng)， 官僚機(jī)構(gòu)
[例] Do you have an accountancy qualification and are you familiar with the bureaucracy of the European Union？
你具有會(huì)計(jì)師資格并熟悉歐盟的組織機(jī)構(gòu)嗎？
[派生] bureaucrat / 5bjuErEukrAt / n. 官僚主義者
salary / 5sAlEri / n. 薪水 vt. 給……加薪
[例] "He gets a good salary， but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back."
"他的工資待遇很好，但他總是向朋友借錢而又從不歸還。"
[同義] compensation， pay
requirement / ri5kwaiEmEnt / n. 1需求， 要求2必要條件， 需要的東西， 要求必備的條件
[例] If you have any requirements， ask me.
如果你有什么要求，請(qǐng)向我提出來。
[派生] require / ri5kwaiE / vt. 需要， 要求， 命令
engage / in5^eidV / vt. 使忙碌， 雇傭， 預(yù)定， 使從事于， 使參加 vi. 答應(yīng)， 從事， 交戰(zhàn)， [機(jī)]接合， 嚙合
[例] That's all I can engage for.
我所能擔(dān)保的而已。
[同義] absorb， agree ，busy ，employ， engross
[反義] disengage / 5disin5^eidV / v. 脫離
[派生] engagement / in5^eidVmEnt/ n. 約會(huì)， 婚約， 諾言， 交戰(zhàn)， 接站， 雇擁， [機(jī)]接合
engaging / in5^eidViN / adj. 動(dòng)人的， 有魅力的， 迷人的
[固定搭配] be engaged by 為……所吸引；be engaged in 正做著， 正忙著；
be engage oneself in 正做著， 正忙著； be engaged on 著手（某事）， 從事（某事）；
element / 5elimEnt / n. 1要素， 元素， 成分， 元件2自然環(huán)境
[例] He walked on， quite careless of the elements.
他還是向前走，不在乎天氣惡劣。
[派生] elementary / 7eli5mentEri / adj. 初步的， 基本的， [化]元素的， 自然力的
decline / di5klain / vi. 下傾， 下降， 下垂 v. 拒絕， 衰落 n. 1下傾， 下降， 下垂2斜面， 斜坡3 衰敗， 衰落
[例] They wish that prices would decline.
他們希望物價(jià)能下降。
[同義] descent， fail， fall， reject， slant ，slope， weaken
[反義] accept / Ek5sept / vt. 接受， 認(rèn)可， 承擔(dān)， 承兌 vi. 同意， 承認(rèn)
[派生] declinate / 5deklineit / adj. [植][動(dòng)]下傾的，斜向的，彎下的
efficiency / i5fiFEnsi / n. 效率， 功效
[例] Friction lowers the efficiency of a machine.
摩擦減低機(jī)器的效率。
[派生] efficient / i5fiFEnt / adj. （直接）生效的， 有效率的， 能干的
spoil / spCil / vt. 1損壞， 搞糟2寵壞， 溺愛 v. 擾亂
[例] Mankind is warned to stop spoiling the environment.
人類受到警告不能再污染環(huán)境。
[同義] botch， damage， decay ，destroy ，impair ，injure
energetic / 7enE5dVetik / adj. 精力充沛的， 積極的
[例] "The more the young students worked， the more energetic they became."
這些年青學(xué)生們?cè)礁稍接袆拧?BR> [派生] energy / 5enEdVi / n. 精力， 精神， 活力， [物]能量
founder / 5faundE / n. 1鑄工， 翻沙工2創(chuàng)始人， 奠基人
vt. 1使沉沒2使摔倒， 弄跛3浸水， 破壞
vi. 1沉沒2摔到， 變跛3倒塌， 失敗 ，方正集團(tuán)， 中國最的電子照排系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)商
[例] The ship struck a reef and foundered.
船觸礁沉沒了
[同義] break down ，builder， collapse， creator， inventor
moreover / mC：5rEuvE / adv. 而且， 此外
[例] "The price is too high， and moreover， the house isn't in a suitable position."
"房價(jià)太高，而且房屋的地點(diǎn)也不太合適。"
[同義] also， besides ，furthermore ，too
initiative / i5niFiEtiv / n. 主動(dòng)
[例] He helped me on his own initiative.
他主動(dòng)幫助我。
[派生] initiate / i5niFieit / vt. 開始， 發(fā)動(dòng)， 傳授 v. 開始， 發(fā)起
collectivism / kE5lektivizEm / n. 集體主義
[例] Across the Scottish political spectrum， there is common recognition of an ingrained left of centre political culture， comprising egalitarianism， social justice and collectivism. 在蘇格蘭的政治體系中，有一種根深蒂固的、以左派為政治中心的共識(shí)，這包括了平等主義、社會(huì)公正和集體主義。
[派生] collectivity / 7kElek5tiviti / n. 全體， 集體， 總體
municipal / mju（：）5nisipEl / adj. 市政的， 地方性的， 地方自治的
[例] a municipal council 市議會(huì)
the municipal government 市政府
[同義] civic， metropolitan， urban
[派生] municipality / mju：7nisi5pAliti / n. 市政*， 自治市
shareholder / 5FZEhEuldE / n. 股東
[例] All shareholders receive fair and equal treatment in the event .
在這次事件中所有的股東得到了公平、平等的待遇。
tram / trAm / n. 有軌電車，煤車， 吊車 v. 乘電車「機(jī)」正確調(diào)整， 正確位置
[例] The spindle is in tram. 紡機(jī)錠子調(diào)整正確。
taxpayer / 5tAks7peiE / n. 納稅人
[例] Should any taxpayer money be spent on renovating the Nassau Coliseum？
納稅人的錢應(yīng)該被用來修復(fù)拿騷（巴哈馬首都）大劇場(chǎng)嗎？
impersonal / im5pE：sEnl / adj. 非個(gè)人的
[例] an impersonal remark. 客觀的評(píng)價(jià)
[同義] detached， impartial， neutral ，unbiased， unprejudiced
[反義] personal / 5pE：sEnl / adj. 私人的， 個(gè)人的， 親自的， 容貌的， 身體的， 人身的， 針對(duì)個(gè)人的 adj. [語法]人稱的
[派生] impersonalism /Im`p\：sLnElIzLm/ n. 非人格主義，非人格性
manipulation / mE7nipju5leiFEn / n. 處理， 操作， 操縱， 被操縱
[例] Some people can put back a twisted joint， like the shoulder， by careful manipulation.
有的人會(huì)巧用推拿術(shù)使扭傷的關(guān)節(jié)， 例如肩膀復(fù)位。
[派生] manipulate / mE5nipjuleit / vt.1（熟練地）操作， 使用（機(jī)器等）， 操縱
（人或市價(jià)、市場(chǎng)）， 利用， 應(yīng)付2假造
vt. （熟練地）操作，巧妙地處理
represent / 7ri：pri5zent / vt. 1表現(xiàn)， 描繪， 聲稱2象征3扮演4回憶 vi . 提出異議
[例] Letters of the alphabet represent sounds. 字母表中的字母意指發(fā)音
[同義] characterize， demonstrate， exhibit ，express， manifest， symbolize
[派生] representation / 7reprizen5teiFEn / n. 1表現(xiàn)， 陳述2請(qǐng)求3扮演4畫像， 5代表
representative / 7repri5zentEtiv / n. 代表 adj. 典型的， 有代表性的
irresponsible / 7iris5pCnsEbl / adj. 不負(fù)責(zé)任的， 不可靠的
[例] His behavior was very irresponsible； he might have hurt somebody.
"他的所作所為很不負(fù)責(zé)，他可能已經(jīng)得罪了一些人。"
[反義] responsible / ris5pCnsEbl / adj. 有責(zé)任的， 可靠的， 可依賴的， 負(fù)責(zé)的
detach / di5tAtF / vt. 1分開， 分離2分遣， 派遣（軍隊(duì)）
[例] Men were detached to defend the pass. 已經(jīng)派遣了人員去防守關(guān)隘。
[同義] assign ，delegate， disconnect， separate
[反義] attach / E5tAtF / vt. 縛上， 系上， 貼上 v. 配屬， 隸屬于
[派生] detachable / dI`tAtFEbl / adj. 可分開的， 可分離的， 可分遣的
enrich / in5ritF / vt. 1使富足， 使肥沃2裝飾， 加料于3濃縮
[例] An appreciation of art will enrich your life. 藝術(shù)欣賞將會(huì)豐富你的生活
[同義] better ，enhance ，improve ，uplift
[派生] enrichment / in5ritFmEnt / n. 發(fā)財(cái)致富， 豐富， 肥沃， 濃縮， [礦]富集
industrialization / in7dQstriElai5zeiFn / n. 工業(yè)化， 產(chǎn)業(yè)化
[例] bring about industrialization實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化
[派生] industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz / vt. 使工業(yè)化 vi. 工業(yè)化
spring / spriN / n. 1春天2躍起；泉 3彈簧， 發(fā)條；彈性， 彈力4根源
v. 1跳， 躍， 躍出2使跳躍3使爆炸， 觸發(fā)
[例] A cry sprang from her lips. A thought springs to mind.
她突然一聲尖叫。一種想法突然出現(xiàn)在腦海里
[同義] bounce， hop ， jump ，leap， vault
retire / ri5taiE / vi. 退休， 引退， 退卻， 撤退， 就寢
[例] He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
"他現(xiàn)在正在退出政治生活，并已出國。"
[同義] abdicate ，discharge， dismiss ， recede
[派生] retired / ri5taiEd / adj. 退役的 v. 退休
retirement / ri5taiEmEnt / n. 退休， 引退， 退卻， 撤退
income / 5inkEm /n. 收入， 收益， 進(jìn)款， 所得
[例] Low-income families need government help. 低收入家庭需要政府幫助。
[同義] earnings， payment， proceeds， expense ， outgo
dictate / dik5teit / v. 1口述， 口授， 使聽寫2指令， 指示， 命令， 規(guī)定
n. 指示（指理智，變心）
[例] The union leaders are trying to dictate their demands to the employer.
工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正設(shè)法迫使雇主接受他們的要求。
[同義] demand， direct， instruct， order ， recommend
[反義] submit / sEb5mit / v. （使）服從， （使）順從 vt. 提交， 遞交
[派生] dictation / dik5teiFEn / n. 聽寫， 口述
[固定搭配] be dictated to 被任意指揮；follow the dictates of 聽從……的命令[支配]；dictate to 口述， 使聽寫；
leisure / 5leVE； 5li：VE / n. 空閑， 閑暇， 悠閑， 安逸
[例] I'll return the call at my leisure. 我有空就會(huì)來拜訪
[同義] freedom， business
purpose / 5pE：pEs / n. 1目的， 意圖2用途， 效果 vt. 打算， 企圖， 決心
[例] He was a man of purpose. 他是一個(gè)意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人
[同義] aim ， determination ， goal， intention， plan， resolution
[派生] purposely / 5p\：pEslI/ adv. 故意地
civilization / 9sIvIlaI`zeIFLn；-lI`z- / n. 文明， 文化， 文明社會(huì) ， 文明， 一個(gè)游戲的名稱
[例] It is generally accepted that the Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. 普遍認(rèn)為中國文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。
[同義] culture
[反義] barbarism / 5bB：bErizEm / n. 野蠻， 未開化， 原始， 不文明
[派生] civilize / 5sIvIlaIz / vt. 使開化， 使文明， 教化
patriarchal / 7peitri5B：kEl / adj. 家長的， 族長的
[例] a patriarchal social system 父權(quán)制社會(huì)制度
[派生] patriarch / 5peitrB：k / n. 家長， 族長， 創(chuàng)辦人， 最年長者
render / 5rendE / vt. 1呈遞， 歸還2著色3匯報(bào)4致使5實(shí)施
vi. 給予補(bǔ)償 n. 交納， 粉刷， 打底
[例] He had to render an apology for his rudeness.
他不得不因他的粗魯做出道歉。
[同義] allot ， grant， make， present
discipline / 5disiplin / n. 1紀(jì)律2學(xué)科 v. 訓(xùn)練
[例] The soldiers showed perfect discipline under the fire of the enemy.
在敵人的炮火下，那些士兵顯示了良好的紀(jì)律。
[同義] practice， prepare ， punish， train
lockout / `lCkaJt / n. 停工（業(yè)主為抵制工人的要求而停工）
[例] It was Saturday Night Hockey in Canada， the first experience of its kind for the Islanders this season， the first trip to the hockey motherland since the lockout. 在加拿大星期六曲棍球之夜，是島上居民在這個(gè)季節(jié)第一次觀看這種比賽，這也是自停賽后球隊(duì)第一次返回曲棍球的家鄉(xiāng)。
negotiation / ni7^EuFi5eiFEn / n. 商議， 談判， 流通
[例] Negotiation for the new school are finished. 新學(xué)校的籌備工作業(yè)已就緒。
[派生] negotiate / ni5^EuFieit / v. （與某人）商議， 談判， 磋商， ，買賣， 讓渡（支票、債券等）， 通過， 越過
四、強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1.Microsoft Corp. is not going to release a version of its Office suite software for open-source ________ Linux， although the company is actively studying how Linux works and how it can integrate with the platform， a Microsoft representative said Wednesday.
A. colleague B. discrepancy C. rival D. release
2.Eating fish at least once a week is good for the brain， slowing age-related mental ___________ by the equivalent of three to four years， a study suggests.
A. increase B. acceleration C. advanceD. decline
3.China's monthly personal _________ tax cutoff point was lifted to 1，600 yuan from 1，500 yuan after drawing on public opinions from the first-ever legislature hearing held on Sept. 27.
A. incomeB. commercial C. manufacture D. manifestation
4.Besides religious impact， buildings__________ our intellectual and business behavior. Take Bank of China Tower as an example. It is located at No. 1 Garden Road， central Hong Kong.
A. disperse B. represent C. transferD. transit
5.The________ will strengthen the direction and leadership of human intelligence throughout the Intelligence Community （IC）。
A. strangerB. initiative C. menace D. mercy
6.China and the United States did not reach any agreement in their fifth round of textile consultation. The _________， which started Monday in Washington D.C.， was scheduled to end Tuesday but was extended to a third day to give both sides more time to narrow their differences.
A. argument B. declaration C. negotiation D. hint
7.What a child does and abstains from doing by virtue of the _________ he receives is something he would not at first do of his own accord. The aim of it is not to curtail freedom but to give a child freedom within manageable limits.
A. discipline B.C.D.
8.Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are， we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to ________ in violent behavior.
A.B.C.D. engage
9.________ people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond， and remain dazzlingly productive.
A. B. Energetic C. D.
10. Meanwhile， IT skills are a basic qualification in our city that a teacher， especially young teacher must master， and we have built up a body of teachers who meet the __________ of development and can complement each other at different levels.
A. B. C. requirement D.
答案：CDABB CADBC
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative， towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies， though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders， were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting ， trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large， impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class ， an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century， America， Africa， India， Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital， and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large " comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes， and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives， thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares， and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands， but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately， however， the increasing power and organization of the trade unions， at least in all skilled trades， enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
二、譯文
十九世紀(jì)后半葉，"資方"和"勞方"按現(xiàn)代化方式不斷擴(kuò)大和完善各自相對(duì)獨(dú)立的組織。許多舊式公司被有限責(zé)任公司所取代，這些公司雇傭拿薪水的經(jīng)理人來進(jìn)行管理。這種變化是符合新時(shí)代的工業(yè)需要的，它將職業(yè)化元素引入企業(yè)，防止了那種在老式家族企業(yè)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的第一代創(chuàng)始人之后的兩三代人中工作效率下降，從而妨害公司前途的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。這種機(jī)制逐漸擺脫了依靠個(gè)人的積極性，而轉(zhuǎn)向集體制和由國家、市政*掌管的企業(yè)。盡管鐵路仍是為股東牟利的私有企業(yè)，但和那些老式的家族企業(yè)有很大的區(qū)別。同時(shí)，市政*入主企業(yè)，為納稅人提供電力、交通和其他服務(wù)。
有限責(zé)任公司的發(fā)展壯大和市政企業(yè)的介入產(chǎn)生了重要的影響，這種大規(guī)模的、非個(gè)人性質(zhì)的資金運(yùn)作大大增加了股東這一社會(huì)階層的人數(shù)和重要性，而股東階層在社會(huì)生活中象征著財(cái)富與土地及土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任分離開來；同時(shí)，財(cái)富也和企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理責(zé)任分離開來。整個(gè)十九世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞以及歐洲的部分國家都是在英國的資金扶持下發(fā)展起來的，因此，英國股票持有者的腰包就在全球工業(yè)化的浪潮中充實(shí)了起來。Bournemouth和Eastbourne等城市就居住了一大批"閑適"階級(jí)，他們有收入，又不用工作，除了拿紅利和偶爾出席一次股東會(huì)議把他們的命令傳達(dá)給管理人外，他們和社會(huì)上的其他人幾乎沒有什麼聯(lián)系。另一方面，"持有股票"意味著閑適和自由，這也是維多利亞時(shí)代很多人對(duì)社會(huì)文明的期望。
這樣的"股東"根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人們的生活、思想和需要，因此，他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系有不良影響。公司的拿薪水的執(zhí)行經(jīng)理與工人和他們的需要有更直接的關(guān)系。但是，與現(xiàn)在正在消失的世襲制的舊家族企業(yè)的老板相比，即使是他也很少有過去那種對(duì)工人的熟悉程度。的確，僅經(jīng)營的規(guī)模和雇傭工人的數(shù)量兩方面就使得這種個(gè)人關(guān)系的建立成為不可能的事。然而，幸運(yùn)的是，工會(huì)的勢(shì)力和組織在日益擴(kuò)大，至少在各技術(shù)行業(yè)是這樣，這就使工人與雇傭他們的公司經(jīng)理們地位平等了。罷工和封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重對(duì)方的力量，理解公正談判的價(jià)值。
三、考研核心詞匯
rival / 5raivEl / n. 競(jìng)爭者， 對(duì)手 v. 競(jìng)爭， 對(duì)抗， 相匹敵
[例] She and I are rivals for the swimming prize.
我和她是游泳比賽獎(jiǎng)的競(jìng)爭對(duì)手。
[同義] match ，ally
[派生] rivalry / 5raIvElrI / n. 競(jìng)爭， 競(jìng)賽， 敵對(duì)， 敵對(duì)狀態(tài)
liability / 7laiE5biliti / n. 1責(zé)任， 義務(wù)2傾向3債務(wù)， 負(fù)債， 與assets相對(duì)
[例] The business failed because its assets were not so great as its liabilities.
這家商行因資不抵債而倒閉。
[反義] asset / 5Aset / n. 資產(chǎn)， 有用的東西
[派生] liable / 5laiEbl / adj. 1有責(zé)任的， 有義務(wù)的2易……的， 有……傾向的， 負(fù)有責(zé)任的， 很有可能的
bureaucracy / bjuE5rCkrEsi /n. 官僚， 官僚作風(fēng)， 官僚機(jī)構(gòu)
[例] Do you have an accountancy qualification and are you familiar with the bureaucracy of the European Union？
你具有會(huì)計(jì)師資格并熟悉歐盟的組織機(jī)構(gòu)嗎？
[派生] bureaucrat / 5bjuErEukrAt / n. 官僚主義者
salary / 5sAlEri / n. 薪水 vt. 給……加薪
[例] "He gets a good salary， but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back."
"他的工資待遇很好，但他總是向朋友借錢而又從不歸還。"
[同義] compensation， pay
requirement / ri5kwaiEmEnt / n. 1需求， 要求2必要條件， 需要的東西， 要求必備的條件
[例] If you have any requirements， ask me.
如果你有什么要求，請(qǐng)向我提出來。
[派生] require / ri5kwaiE / vt. 需要， 要求， 命令
engage / in5^eidV / vt. 使忙碌， 雇傭， 預(yù)定， 使從事于， 使參加 vi. 答應(yīng)， 從事， 交戰(zhàn)， [機(jī)]接合， 嚙合
[例] That's all I can engage for.
我所能擔(dān)保的而已。
[同義] absorb， agree ，busy ，employ， engross
[反義] disengage / 5disin5^eidV / v. 脫離
[派生] engagement / in5^eidVmEnt/ n. 約會(huì)， 婚約， 諾言， 交戰(zhàn)， 接站， 雇擁， [機(jī)]接合
engaging / in5^eidViN / adj. 動(dòng)人的， 有魅力的， 迷人的
[固定搭配] be engaged by 為……所吸引；be engaged in 正做著， 正忙著；
be engage oneself in 正做著， 正忙著； be engaged on 著手（某事）， 從事（某事）；
element / 5elimEnt / n. 1要素， 元素， 成分， 元件2自然環(huán)境
[例] He walked on， quite careless of the elements.
他還是向前走，不在乎天氣惡劣。
[派生] elementary / 7eli5mentEri / adj. 初步的， 基本的， [化]元素的， 自然力的
decline / di5klain / vi. 下傾， 下降， 下垂 v. 拒絕， 衰落 n. 1下傾， 下降， 下垂2斜面， 斜坡3 衰敗， 衰落
[例] They wish that prices would decline.
他們希望物價(jià)能下降。
[同義] descent， fail， fall， reject， slant ，slope， weaken
[反義] accept / Ek5sept / vt. 接受， 認(rèn)可， 承擔(dān)， 承兌 vi. 同意， 承認(rèn)
[派生] declinate / 5deklineit / adj. [植][動(dòng)]下傾的，斜向的，彎下的
efficiency / i5fiFEnsi / n. 效率， 功效
[例] Friction lowers the efficiency of a machine.
摩擦減低機(jī)器的效率。
[派生] efficient / i5fiFEnt / adj. （直接）生效的， 有效率的， 能干的
spoil / spCil / vt. 1損壞， 搞糟2寵壞， 溺愛 v. 擾亂
[例] Mankind is warned to stop spoiling the environment.
人類受到警告不能再污染環(huán)境。
[同義] botch， damage， decay ，destroy ，impair ，injure
energetic / 7enE5dVetik / adj. 精力充沛的， 積極的
[例] "The more the young students worked， the more energetic they became."
這些年青學(xué)生們?cè)礁稍接袆拧?BR> [派生] energy / 5enEdVi / n. 精力， 精神， 活力， [物]能量
founder / 5faundE / n. 1鑄工， 翻沙工2創(chuàng)始人， 奠基人
vt. 1使沉沒2使摔倒， 弄跛3浸水， 破壞
vi. 1沉沒2摔到， 變跛3倒塌， 失敗 ，方正集團(tuán)， 中國最的電子照排系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)商
[例] The ship struck a reef and foundered.
船觸礁沉沒了
[同義] break down ，builder， collapse， creator， inventor
moreover / mC：5rEuvE / adv. 而且， 此外
[例] "The price is too high， and moreover， the house isn't in a suitable position."
"房價(jià)太高，而且房屋的地點(diǎn)也不太合適。"
[同義] also， besides ，furthermore ，too
initiative / i5niFiEtiv / n. 主動(dòng)
[例] He helped me on his own initiative.
他主動(dòng)幫助我。
[派生] initiate / i5niFieit / vt. 開始， 發(fā)動(dòng)， 傳授 v. 開始， 發(fā)起
collectivism / kE5lektivizEm / n. 集體主義
[例] Across the Scottish political spectrum， there is common recognition of an ingrained left of centre political culture， comprising egalitarianism， social justice and collectivism. 在蘇格蘭的政治體系中，有一種根深蒂固的、以左派為政治中心的共識(shí)，這包括了平等主義、社會(huì)公正和集體主義。
[派生] collectivity / 7kElek5tiviti / n. 全體， 集體， 總體
municipal / mju（：）5nisipEl / adj. 市政的， 地方性的， 地方自治的
[例] a municipal council 市議會(huì)
the municipal government 市政府
[同義] civic， metropolitan， urban
[派生] municipality / mju：7nisi5pAliti / n. 市政*， 自治市
shareholder / 5FZEhEuldE / n. 股東
[例] All shareholders receive fair and equal treatment in the event .
在這次事件中所有的股東得到了公平、平等的待遇。
tram / trAm / n. 有軌電車，煤車， 吊車 v. 乘電車「機(jī)」正確調(diào)整， 正確位置
[例] The spindle is in tram. 紡機(jī)錠子調(diào)整正確。
taxpayer / 5tAks7peiE / n. 納稅人
[例] Should any taxpayer money be spent on renovating the Nassau Coliseum？
納稅人的錢應(yīng)該被用來修復(fù)拿騷（巴哈馬首都）大劇場(chǎng)嗎？
impersonal / im5pE：sEnl / adj. 非個(gè)人的
[例] an impersonal remark. 客觀的評(píng)價(jià)
[同義] detached， impartial， neutral ，unbiased， unprejudiced
[反義] personal / 5pE：sEnl / adj. 私人的， 個(gè)人的， 親自的， 容貌的， 身體的， 人身的， 針對(duì)個(gè)人的 adj. [語法]人稱的
[派生] impersonalism /Im`p\：sLnElIzLm/ n. 非人格主義，非人格性
manipulation / mE7nipju5leiFEn / n. 處理， 操作， 操縱， 被操縱
[例] Some people can put back a twisted joint， like the shoulder， by careful manipulation.
有的人會(huì)巧用推拿術(shù)使扭傷的關(guān)節(jié)， 例如肩膀復(fù)位。
[派生] manipulate / mE5nipjuleit / vt.1（熟練地）操作， 使用（機(jī)器等）， 操縱
（人或市價(jià)、市場(chǎng)）， 利用， 應(yīng)付2假造
vt. （熟練地）操作，巧妙地處理
represent / 7ri：pri5zent / vt. 1表現(xiàn)， 描繪， 聲稱2象征3扮演4回憶 vi . 提出異議
[例] Letters of the alphabet represent sounds. 字母表中的字母意指發(fā)音
[同義] characterize， demonstrate， exhibit ，express， manifest， symbolize
[派生] representation / 7reprizen5teiFEn / n. 1表現(xiàn)， 陳述2請(qǐng)求3扮演4畫像， 5代表
representative / 7repri5zentEtiv / n. 代表 adj. 典型的， 有代表性的
irresponsible / 7iris5pCnsEbl / adj. 不負(fù)責(zé)任的， 不可靠的
[例] His behavior was very irresponsible； he might have hurt somebody.
"他的所作所為很不負(fù)責(zé)，他可能已經(jīng)得罪了一些人。"
[反義] responsible / ris5pCnsEbl / adj. 有責(zé)任的， 可靠的， 可依賴的， 負(fù)責(zé)的
detach / di5tAtF / vt. 1分開， 分離2分遣， 派遣（軍隊(duì)）
[例] Men were detached to defend the pass. 已經(jīng)派遣了人員去防守關(guān)隘。
[同義] assign ，delegate， disconnect， separate
[反義] attach / E5tAtF / vt. 縛上， 系上， 貼上 v. 配屬， 隸屬于
[派生] detachable / dI`tAtFEbl / adj. 可分開的， 可分離的， 可分遣的
enrich / in5ritF / vt. 1使富足， 使肥沃2裝飾， 加料于3濃縮
[例] An appreciation of art will enrich your life. 藝術(shù)欣賞將會(huì)豐富你的生活
[同義] better ，enhance ，improve ，uplift
[派生] enrichment / in5ritFmEnt / n. 發(fā)財(cái)致富， 豐富， 肥沃， 濃縮， [礦]富集
industrialization / in7dQstriElai5zeiFn / n. 工業(yè)化， 產(chǎn)業(yè)化
[例] bring about industrialization實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化
[派生] industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz / vt. 使工業(yè)化 vi. 工業(yè)化
spring / spriN / n. 1春天2躍起；泉 3彈簧， 發(fā)條；彈性， 彈力4根源
v. 1跳， 躍， 躍出2使跳躍3使爆炸， 觸發(fā)
[例] A cry sprang from her lips. A thought springs to mind.
她突然一聲尖叫。一種想法突然出現(xiàn)在腦海里
[同義] bounce， hop ， jump ，leap， vault
retire / ri5taiE / vi. 退休， 引退， 退卻， 撤退， 就寢
[例] He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
"他現(xiàn)在正在退出政治生活，并已出國。"
[同義] abdicate ，discharge， dismiss ， recede
[派生] retired / ri5taiEd / adj. 退役的 v. 退休
retirement / ri5taiEmEnt / n. 退休， 引退， 退卻， 撤退
income / 5inkEm /n. 收入， 收益， 進(jìn)款， 所得
[例] Low-income families need government help. 低收入家庭需要政府幫助。
[同義] earnings， payment， proceeds， expense ， outgo
dictate / dik5teit / v. 1口述， 口授， 使聽寫2指令， 指示， 命令， 規(guī)定
n. 指示（指理智，變心）
[例] The union leaders are trying to dictate their demands to the employer.
工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正設(shè)法迫使雇主接受他們的要求。
[同義] demand， direct， instruct， order ， recommend
[反義] submit / sEb5mit / v. （使）服從， （使）順從 vt. 提交， 遞交
[派生] dictation / dik5teiFEn / n. 聽寫， 口述
[固定搭配] be dictated to 被任意指揮；follow the dictates of 聽從……的命令[支配]；dictate to 口述， 使聽寫；
leisure / 5leVE； 5li：VE / n. 空閑， 閑暇， 悠閑， 安逸
[例] I'll return the call at my leisure. 我有空就會(huì)來拜訪
[同義] freedom， business
purpose / 5pE：pEs / n. 1目的， 意圖2用途， 效果 vt. 打算， 企圖， 決心
[例] He was a man of purpose. 他是一個(gè)意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人
[同義] aim ， determination ， goal， intention， plan， resolution
[派生] purposely / 5p\：pEslI/ adv. 故意地
civilization / 9sIvIlaI`zeIFLn；-lI`z- / n. 文明， 文化， 文明社會(huì) ， 文明， 一個(gè)游戲的名稱
[例] It is generally accepted that the Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. 普遍認(rèn)為中國文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。
[同義] culture
[反義] barbarism / 5bB：bErizEm / n. 野蠻， 未開化， 原始， 不文明
[派生] civilize / 5sIvIlaIz / vt. 使開化， 使文明， 教化
patriarchal / 7peitri5B：kEl / adj. 家長的， 族長的
[例] a patriarchal social system 父權(quán)制社會(huì)制度
[派生] patriarch / 5peitrB：k / n. 家長， 族長， 創(chuàng)辦人， 最年長者
render / 5rendE / vt. 1呈遞， 歸還2著色3匯報(bào)4致使5實(shí)施
vi. 給予補(bǔ)償 n. 交納， 粉刷， 打底
[例] He had to render an apology for his rudeness.
他不得不因他的粗魯做出道歉。
[同義] allot ， grant， make， present
discipline / 5disiplin / n. 1紀(jì)律2學(xué)科 v. 訓(xùn)練
[例] The soldiers showed perfect discipline under the fire of the enemy.
在敵人的炮火下，那些士兵顯示了良好的紀(jì)律。
[同義] practice， prepare ， punish， train
lockout / `lCkaJt / n. 停工（業(yè)主為抵制工人的要求而停工）
[例] It was Saturday Night Hockey in Canada， the first experience of its kind for the Islanders this season， the first trip to the hockey motherland since the lockout. 在加拿大星期六曲棍球之夜，是島上居民在這個(gè)季節(jié)第一次觀看這種比賽，這也是自停賽后球隊(duì)第一次返回曲棍球的家鄉(xiāng)。
negotiation / ni7^EuFi5eiFEn / n. 商議， 談判， 流通
[例] Negotiation for the new school are finished. 新學(xué)校的籌備工作業(yè)已就緒。
[派生] negotiate / ni5^EuFieit / v. （與某人）商議， 談判， 磋商， ，買賣， 讓渡（支票、債券等）， 通過， 越過
四、強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1.Microsoft Corp. is not going to release a version of its Office suite software for open-source ________ Linux， although the company is actively studying how Linux works and how it can integrate with the platform， a Microsoft representative said Wednesday.
A. colleague B. discrepancy C. rival D. release
2.Eating fish at least once a week is good for the brain， slowing age-related mental ___________ by the equivalent of three to four years， a study suggests.
A. increase B. acceleration C. advanceD. decline
3.China's monthly personal _________ tax cutoff point was lifted to 1，600 yuan from 1，500 yuan after drawing on public opinions from the first-ever legislature hearing held on Sept. 27.
A. incomeB. commercial C. manufacture D. manifestation
4.Besides religious impact， buildings__________ our intellectual and business behavior. Take Bank of China Tower as an example. It is located at No. 1 Garden Road， central Hong Kong.
A. disperse B. represent C. transferD. transit
5.The________ will strengthen the direction and leadership of human intelligence throughout the Intelligence Community （IC）。
A. strangerB. initiative C. menace D. mercy
6.China and the United States did not reach any agreement in their fifth round of textile consultation. The _________， which started Monday in Washington D.C.， was scheduled to end Tuesday but was extended to a third day to give both sides more time to narrow their differences.
A. argument B. declaration C. negotiation D. hint
7.What a child does and abstains from doing by virtue of the _________ he receives is something he would not at first do of his own accord. The aim of it is not to curtail freedom but to give a child freedom within manageable limits.
A. discipline B.C.D.
8.Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are， we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to ________ in violent behavior.
A.B.C.D. engage
9.________ people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond， and remain dazzlingly productive.
A. B. Energetic C. D.
10. Meanwhile， IT skills are a basic qualification in our city that a teacher， especially young teacher must master， and we have built up a body of teachers who meet the __________ of development and can complement each other at different levels.
A. B. C. requirement D.
答案：CDABB CADBC