Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1
Man is an aggressive creature， which will hardly be disputed. With the exception of certain animals， no other creature habitually destroys members of his own species. No other animal takes positive pleasure in the exercise of cruelty upon another of his own kind. We generally describe the most repulsive examples of mans cruelty as brutal or bestial， implying by these adjectives that such behavior is characteristic of less highly developed animals than ourselves. In truth， however， the extremes of “brutal” behavior are confined to man； and there is no parallel in nature to our savage treatment of each other. The depressing fact is that we are the cruelest and most ruthless species that has ever walked the earth； and that， although we may recoil in horror when we read in newspaper or history book of the atrocities committed by man upon man， we know in our hearts that each one of us harbors within himself those same savage impulses which lead to murder， to torture and to war.
To write about human aggression is a difficult task because the term is used in so many different senses. Aggression is one of those words which everyone knows， but which is nevertheless hard to define. As psychologists and psychiatrists use it， it covers a very wide range of human behavior； and so is the judge who awards a thirtyyear sentence for robbery. The guard in a concentration camp who tortures his helpless victim is obviously acting aggressively. Less manifestly， but no less certainly， so is the neglected wife who threatens or attempts suicide in order to regain her husbands affection. When a word becomes so diffusely applied that it is used both of the competitive striving of a footballer and also of the bloody violence of a murderer， it ought either to be dropped or else more closely defined. Aggression is a portmanteau term which is fairly bursting at its steams. Yet， until we can more clearly designate and comprehend the various aspects of human behavior which are sorted to this head， we cannot discard the concept.
One difficulty is that there is no clear dividing line between those forms of aggression which we all deplore and those which we must not disown if we are to survive. When a child rebels against authority it is being aggressive： but it is also manifesting a drive towards independence which is a necessary and valuable part of growing up. The desire for power has， in extreme form， disastrous aspects which we all acknowledge， but the drive to conquer difficulties， or to gain mastery over the external world underlies the greatest of human achievements. Some writers define aggression as “that response which follows frustration”， or as “an act whose goalresponse is injury to an organism （or organism surrogate）”。 In the authors view these definitions impose limits upon the concept of aggression which are not in accord with the underlying facts of human nature which the word is attempting to express. It is worth noticing， for instance， that the worlds we use to describe intellectual effort are aggressive words.
1. Man is unique according to the passage in
A. regularly killing members of the same species.
B. enjoying reading about atrocities.
C. enjoying being cruel to members of the same species.
D. gaining pleasure from watching acts of violence.
2. The writer implies that people
A. would be quite incapable of violenceB. are cruel in their everyday lives.
C. are unmoved by acts of violence.D. possess the potential to commit acts of violence.
3. The writer says that the word “aggression”
A. is easy to define because everyone knows it.
B. can be used to describe a limited range of human behavior.
C. is so imprecise as to be totally meaningless.
D. covers an immense variety of human activity.
4. According to the writer， one problem with the concept of aggression is that
A. it is such a deplorable characteristic of mankind.
B. it is hard to say where the negative side ends and the positive begins.
C. it is difficult to separate from the concept of frustration.
D. it is very often seen in wholly negative terms.
5. In the writers view the argument that aggression is the result of frustration
A. ignores the more positive aspects of aggression.
B. underlines the harsh realities of human nature.
C. is supported by evidence from the examination of intellectual efforts.
D. corresponds very closely to observable human behavior.
Passage 2
The study of philosophies should make our own ideas flexible. We are all of us apt to take certain general ideas for granted， and call them common sense. We should learn that other people have held quite different ideas， and that our own have started as very original guesses of philosophers.
A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example， Plato thought that when we saw something， one ray of light came to it from the sun， and another from our eyes and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun， and is reflected into our eyes. We dont know in much detail how the changes in our eyes five rise to sensation. But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the physiology of the brain， we shall do so， and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.
But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others that perplex us today， there will still be one field of which they do not know， namely the future. However exact our science， we cannot know it as we know the past. Philosophy may be described as argument about things of which we are ignorant. And where science gives us a hope of knowledge it is often reasonable to suspend judgment. That is one reason why Marx and Engels quite rightly wrote to many philosophical problems that interested their contemporaries.
But we have got to prepare for the future， and we cannot do so rationally without some philosophy. Some people say we have only got to do the duties revealed in the past and laid down by religion， and god will look after the future. Other say that the world is a machine and the course of future events is certain， whatever efforts we may make. Marxists say that the future depends on ourselves， even though we are part of the historical process. This philosophical view certainly does inspire people to very great achievements. Whether it is true or not， it is powerful guide to action.
We need a philosophy， then， to help us to tackle the future. Agnosticism easily becomes an excuse for laziness and conservatism. Whether we adopt Marxism or any other philosophy， we cannot understand it without knowing something of how it developed. That is why knowledge of the history of philosophy is important to Marxists， even during the present critical days.
1. What is the main idea of this passage？
A. The main idea of this passage is the argument whether philosophy will ultimately be solved by science or not.
B. The importance of learning philosophies， especially the history of philosophy.
C. The difference between philosophy and science.
D. A discuss about how to set a proper attitude towards future.
2. The example of what Plato thought in the passage shows that
A. the development of science really can solve a great many of the problems on which philosophers still argue.
B. plato knew nothing about Physics.
C. the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theory.
D. different people have different ways of perception.
3. What field can our descendants know？
A. The origin of human beings
B. Some questions that perplex us today.
C. Many philosophical problems which Marx and Engels wrote rather little.
D. The future.
4. How many kinds of ideas are there about the future？
A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five
5. What are the functions of studying philosophies mentioned in the passage？
A. The study of philosophies would make our own idea flexible.
B. The study of philosophies would help prepare us for the future and guide our actions.
C. The study of philosophies would enable us to understand how things develop as to better tackle the future.
D. All of the above.
Passage 3
Cancer is any of a group of more than 100 related diseases characterized by the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells in the body. If this multiplication of cells occurs within a vital organ or tissue， normal function will be impaired or halted， with possible fatal results.
Cancer is most commonly studied in association with human beings. Cells and tissues are said to be cancerous when， for reasons not clearly understood， they grow more rapidly than normal， assume abnormal shapes and sizes， and cease functioning in a normal manner. The ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer， either primary or metastatic， may lead to the death of the patient. Cancer， in contrast to benign neoplasms （tumors）， tends to spread， and the extent of its spread is usually related to an individuals chances of surviving the disease. Cancers are generally said to be in one of three stages of growth： early， or localized， when a tumour is still confined to the tissue of origin， or primary site （frequently curable）； direct extension， where cancer cells from the tumour have invaded adjacent tissue or have spread only to regional lymph nodes （sometime curable）； or metastasis， in which cancer cells have migrated to distant parts of the body from the primary site， via the blood or lymph systems， and have established secondary sites of infection （often incurable）。 Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated. Benign tumors usually do not cause death， although they may if they interfere with a normal body function by virtue of their location or size.
In general， cancer cells divide at a higher rate than do normal cells， but the distinction between the growth of cancerous and normal tissues is not so much the rapidity of cell division in the former as it is the partial or complete loss of growth restraint in cancer cells and their failure to differentiate into a useful， limited tissue of the type that characterizes the functional equilibrium of growth of normal tissue.
Cancer may not be as autonomous as once believed. The lesions probably are influenced by the hosts susceptibility and immunity. Certain cancers of the breast and prostate， for example， are considered dependent on specific hormones for their existence； other cancers are dependent on the presence of specific viruses.
It is estimated that one in three persons in developed countries will get cancer at some point in his life. Until more effective treatments of the common tumors can be developed， success in overcoming cancer will depend on early diagnosis of the disease （by screening those at high risk） and avoidance of known environmental carcinogens such as cigarette smoke， some industrial chemicals， and possibly the rich， fatty， lowfibred foods of modern diets.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this passage？
A. If one gets cancer， it means some abnormal cells have uncontrollably multiplied within his body.
B. Normal function will be halted if those abnormal cells multiplied within a vital organ or tissue.
C. Normal cells divide at a higher rate than cancer cells.
D. The patients susceptibility may influence the degree of cancers harmfulness.
2. It can be seen from this passage that
A. primary tumors wont lead to the death of the patient.
B. benign tumors tend to spread.
C. cancerous cells generally assume normal shapes and sizes.
D. benign tumours may cause death if they interfere with a normal body function.
3. It is informed in the passage that
A. in the early age， a tumor is anything but abnormal.
B. in the direct extension age， a malignant tumor is still confined to the primary site.
C. in the metastasis age， a tumor is rarely curable.
D. only in the third age is a tumor considered to be malignant.
4. According to the passage，
A. the existence of certain cancers may be concerned with specific hormones.
B. the growth of cancerous tissues results mainly in the division of cancerous cells.
C. breast cancers are dependent on the presence of specific viruses.
D. the immunity of a person may promote the growth of cancerous cells.
5. Which of the following is not mentioned as a way to overcome cancer in the passage？
A. To diagnose the disease in an early time.
B. To avoid the contact with those carcinogens such as cigarette smoke.
C. Keep away from those harmful industrial chemicals.
D. Eat richfat， lowfibre foods.
Passage 4
The American sociologist Talcott Parson believes that the two most important functions of the modern family are the primary socialization of children and the stabilization of adult personalities through marriage and the raising of children. His own concern was particularly with the middleclass American family， but these important aspects of family life are also applicable much more widely. In the present context it is worthwhile to look especially at primary socialization.
Primary socialization refers to the training of children during their earliest years， whereas secondary socialization refers to later influences on the development of the childs personality and learning activities， such as his involvement with teachers and with other children at school. Primary socialization is in most societies carried out essentially within the family as part of child rearing. In the modern family， parents take responsibility for raising and teaching their children such basic things as language and correct behavior. Toilet training， teaching children how to eat correctly， and encouraging children to get along with others are all aspects of child rearing. However， it is not only these more mundane aspects of behavior that children learn. Children are also implicitly encouraged to develop the values of the parents and of the society in which they live. In American society， which was Parsons main concern， these values include independence， motivation for achievement， and competition. In other societies， different values， such as cooperation and egalitarianism， may be stressed. Yet the principle behind primary socialization in different societies is the same： the development of social values must be achieved in an environment of love and security， as is found in the ideal family anywhere in the world.
Few families are ideal， however. Studies of the emotionally disturbed children have shown that unsatisfactory relationships between husbands and wives can have detrimental effects on children. Sometimes a child is used as a scapegoat. The parents blame or even physically abuse the child in order to cover up their own difficulties. In such a case， the child often fails to develop the values the parents wish to instill in him， developing instead antisocial habits leading to deviant behavior in later life. Indeed， the cycle may be repeated if such a person in time marries， has a family of his own， and treats his children in the same way. Nonetheless， there is no reason to suppose that all children of unsatisfactory marriages are treated in such a way or fail to overcome the difficulties they have as children.
Some social scientists have even suggested that the isolated nuclear family， as it exists in western industrialized societies， is to blame for the social ills found in those societies. They claim that in the past more support was offered from the wider kin network and from the community as a whole — as is still the case in less — developed parts of the world. The British psychiatrists R.D. Laing and David Cooper suggested that the modern family is dysfunctional in that， by its very nature， it forces upon children an undue emphasis on obedience to authority. These negative viewpoints aside， most experts as well as most parents agree that the primary socialization process in the modern family offers benefits both to the child and to the parents.
1. What is the main idea of this passage？
A. The differences between primary socialization and secondary socialization.
B. The relationship between parents and children in America.
C. The primary socialization and its functions.
D. The development of children of unsatisfactory marriage and their attitude toward life.
2. What will a child do in the process of primary socialization？
A. They have to be taught such basic things as language and correct behavior to get along with others.
B. They are also encouraged to develop the values including independence， motivation for achievements， competition， and so on.
C. They will receive influence on the development of personality and learning activities.
D. Both A and B.
3. Which of the following is true according to the passage？
A. The relationships between husband and wife have no effect on children.
B. The children living in a family without love and security rarely develop antisocial habits.
C. In modern family， the child likes to commit deviant behavior against their parents.
D. Some family fails to provide the children with an environment with love and security.
4. Which of the following is the possible effect on those children of unsatisfactory marriage？
A. They may treat their children in the same way as they have been treated after having their own family.
B. They may still grow as smoothly as other children with no moral detriments.
C. They will inevitably develop antisocial habit， and have no bright future.
D. Both A and B.
5. Why do some social scientists hold the opinion that the isolated nuclear family is to blame for the social ills found in those societies？
A. Because they fail to carry out primary socialization on children.
B. Because isolated nuclear family is lack in love and security.
C. Because less support is offered from isolated family and they are dysfunctional in forcing upon children an emphasis on obedience to authority.
D. The children often feel lonely in this kind of family and easily to develop psychological problems.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：
Passage 1
本文主要介紹了人類的侵略性，并指出要準(zhǔn)確地定義人類的侵略性是很困難的，因?yàn)樗婕暗饺祟惡艽蠓秶鷥?nèi)的行為。同時(shí)，很難劃分我們需要利用的侵略性行為和那些為了生存必須堅(jiān)決舍棄的侵略性行為。
We generally describe the most repulsive examples of mans cruelty as brutal or bestial， implying by these adjectives that such behavior is characteristic of less highly developed animals than ourselves. 一般而言，我們把人類令人反感的殘酷面描述為獸性的和殘忍的，通過這些形容詞暗示這些行為是比人類低級(jí)的動(dòng)物的特征。
1. 「C」在文章第一段中提到，no other creature habitually destroys members of his own species. No other animal takes positive pleasure in the exercise of cruelty upon another of his own kind.由此可知，C項(xiàng)是正確的。A，B，D項(xiàng)都只是一種表現(xiàn)，不符合題意。
2. 「D」見第一段最后一句話，“我們知道，在我們每個(gè)人內(nèi)心都隱藏這一種野性的沖動(dòng)，這常常會(huì)引發(fā)謀殺、折磨他人以及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。”。 A，B，C 項(xiàng)都不符合原意，不是正確答案。
3. 「D」可見第二段第一句和第三句。
4. 「B」由第三段第一句話可知，答案應(yīng)為B項(xiàng)，我們很難區(qū)分其負(fù)面和正面。
5. 「A」由最后一段第五句話可知，答案應(yīng)為A項(xiàng)。B，C，D項(xiàng)都不符合原意。
Passage 2
本文主要從兩個(gè)方面闡述了學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的重要性。
But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the physiology of the brain， we shall do so， and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.譯文“我們的確有理由相信，當(dāng)我們對(duì)大腦生理機(jī)能有了更多的了解，我們也將會(huì)這樣去做，我們就會(huì)明白這一點(diǎn)，而且，我們也相信許多關(guān)于知識(shí)的哲學(xué)問題都會(huì)得到更加圓滿的解決。”
1. 「B」文章第一段介紹了我們?yōu)槭裁匆獙W(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)；第二段和第三段介紹了哲學(xué)和科學(xué)的聯(lián)系和差別；第四段說明了學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的必然性；最后一段總結(jié)了我們?yōu)槭裁匆獙W(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)。因此，本文的大意應(yīng)是學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的必要性，所以選B.
2. 「A」第二段第一句指出，“科學(xué)家都傾向于認(rèn)為，所有有關(guān)哲學(xué)的問題最終會(huì)由科學(xué)來解決。我認(rèn)為對(duì)于許多哲學(xué)家仍爭(zhēng)論不休的問題，這一點(diǎn)是千真萬確的。”因此，A項(xiàng)正確，而B項(xiàng)顯然錯(cuò)誤。C，D項(xiàng)雖說法正確，但不符合題意。
3. 「D」由第三段第一句話知，就算我們的子孫知道了這些問題和那些現(xiàn)在仍困擾我們的問題的答案，那么仍然有一個(gè)領(lǐng)域是他們無從了解的，那就是將來。所以，選項(xiàng)D是正確的。
4. 「B」在第四段中，我們知道關(guān)于未來有這樣幾種觀點(diǎn)：“some people say…”，“others say that ……”， “Marxists say that ……”。因此，應(yīng)該是三種觀點(diǎn)，選B.
5. 「D」本題問的是學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的作用。A項(xiàng)在第一段開頭就已提到。第四段第一句話說道，“但是我們得為將來做準(zhǔn)備，沒有一些哲學(xué)知識(shí)，我們是無法理性地做到這一點(diǎn)的?！币虼?，B項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是符合題意的。而C項(xiàng)在最后一段也有談到。所以，答案應(yīng)選 D.
Passage 3
本文介紹了癌癥的特征和三個(gè)發(fā)展時(shí)期，以及不同時(shí)期治愈的可能性，并指出人體自身的免疫力也會(huì)影響癌癥的損害程度。
第三段可譯為：一般說來，癌細(xì)胞分裂的速度要比正常細(xì)胞快。但是，癌組織的增長(zhǎng)與正常組織的增長(zhǎng)之間的區(qū)別與其說在于前者中細(xì)胞分裂的速度快，倒不如說癌組織中的癌細(xì)胞的增長(zhǎng)部分失控或完全失控。這些癌組織不能轉(zhuǎn)化為那種具有正常組織均衡功能特征的、有用的、大小限定的組織。
1. 「C」從第三段的第一句明顯看出，C項(xiàng)顛倒了作者的原意，是不對(duì)的。第一段第一、二句分別證明了A，B項(xiàng)的正確性，從最后一段的第一句也可看出D項(xiàng)是正確的。
2. 「D」 由第二段第三句，“The ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer， either primary or metastatic， may lead to the death of the patient”可知，A項(xiàng)不正確。而B項(xiàng)與接下來一句矛盾，所以也不對(duì)。從第二段第一句可知，C項(xiàng)應(yīng)為“cancerous cells usually assume abnormal shapes and sizes.” D項(xiàng)與第二段最后一句意思相符，是正確的。
3. 「C」 由文中第二段知，癌癥分三期，第一期early age， frequently curable，第二期direct extension age， sometimes curable， 第三期metastasis age， often incurable， 所以C項(xiàng)正確。A，B，D項(xiàng)都不符合原意。
4. 「A」可見最后一段最后一句，C， D項(xiàng)不正確。B項(xiàng)與原文意思不符。
5. 「D」第五段最后一句意思是“在研究出更好的癌癥治療方法之前，治療癌癥要依靠早期診斷，還應(yīng)避免接觸環(huán)境中的那些已知的致癌物質(zhì)，如：香煙、某些工業(yè)化學(xué)物質(zhì)，并且盡量避免吃那些可能致癌的高脂肪、低纖維的食物。”所以，D是不正確的。
Passage 4
本文主題是兒童的初級(jí)社會(huì)化，主要概括介紹兒童的社會(huì)初級(jí)化的功能，婚姻不幸家庭的孩子在成長(zhǎng)中的困難，現(xiàn)代家庭和兒童的初級(jí)社會(huì)化。
Yet the principle behind primary socialization in different societies is the same： the development of social values must be achieved in an environment of love and security， as is found in the ideal family anywhere in the world. 然而，在不同社會(huì)，初級(jí)社會(huì)化背后的準(zhǔn)則卻是一樣的：社會(huì)價(jià)值觀的培養(yǎng)必須在一個(gè)充滿愛和安全感的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行，世界上任何一個(gè)完美的家庭都創(chuàng)造了這樣的一種環(huán)境。
1. 「C」從第一段最后一句可知，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。而A，B，D都只是文章具體分析的某一方面，不是主旨，因此不選。
2. 「D」在第二段有一句轉(zhuǎn)折句，起承上啟下的作用，“However， it is not only these more mundane aspects of behavior that children learn. Children are also implicitly encouraged to develop the values of the parents and of the society in which they live.”A，B項(xiàng)分別概括了這句的上一句和下一句的內(nèi)容，都符合題意，所以選D.而C項(xiàng)涉及的是secondary socialization 的事情，不符合題意，不是答案。
3. 「D」第二段最后一句話闡明，一個(gè)完美的家庭應(yīng)該是充滿愛和安全感的，而第三段開頭的第一句話說“Few families are ideal”，這說明許多家庭沒能做到這一點(diǎn)，所以D項(xiàng)正確。A，B，C項(xiàng)都不符合原文意思，不是正確答案。
4. 「D」第三段最后兩句話意思是“假如一個(gè)人在結(jié)了婚，有了自己的小孩之后，又以同樣的方式對(duì)待他的孩子，這就意味著一個(gè)循環(huán)的開始。然而，我們沒有理由設(shè)想所有不幸的婚姻家庭中的孩子都會(huì)受到這樣的對(duì)待，或者，他們將來不能克服孩提時(shí)代擁有的心理問題?！庇纱丝煽闯觯珻項(xiàng)太絕對(duì)了，不是正確答案。應(yīng)選D.
5. 「C」第四段第二、三句告訴我們，過去，廣泛的血緣關(guān)系和整個(gè)社區(qū)能提供更多的幫助。同時(shí)，我們從這句話“the modern family is dysfunctional in that， by its very nature， it forces upon children an undue emphasis on obedience to authority.”可知，C項(xiàng)是科學(xué)家們得出此結(jié)論的理由，為正確答案。
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1
Man is an aggressive creature， which will hardly be disputed. With the exception of certain animals， no other creature habitually destroys members of his own species. No other animal takes positive pleasure in the exercise of cruelty upon another of his own kind. We generally describe the most repulsive examples of mans cruelty as brutal or bestial， implying by these adjectives that such behavior is characteristic of less highly developed animals than ourselves. In truth， however， the extremes of “brutal” behavior are confined to man； and there is no parallel in nature to our savage treatment of each other. The depressing fact is that we are the cruelest and most ruthless species that has ever walked the earth； and that， although we may recoil in horror when we read in newspaper or history book of the atrocities committed by man upon man， we know in our hearts that each one of us harbors within himself those same savage impulses which lead to murder， to torture and to war.
To write about human aggression is a difficult task because the term is used in so many different senses. Aggression is one of those words which everyone knows， but which is nevertheless hard to define. As psychologists and psychiatrists use it， it covers a very wide range of human behavior； and so is the judge who awards a thirtyyear sentence for robbery. The guard in a concentration camp who tortures his helpless victim is obviously acting aggressively. Less manifestly， but no less certainly， so is the neglected wife who threatens or attempts suicide in order to regain her husbands affection. When a word becomes so diffusely applied that it is used both of the competitive striving of a footballer and also of the bloody violence of a murderer， it ought either to be dropped or else more closely defined. Aggression is a portmanteau term which is fairly bursting at its steams. Yet， until we can more clearly designate and comprehend the various aspects of human behavior which are sorted to this head， we cannot discard the concept.
One difficulty is that there is no clear dividing line between those forms of aggression which we all deplore and those which we must not disown if we are to survive. When a child rebels against authority it is being aggressive： but it is also manifesting a drive towards independence which is a necessary and valuable part of growing up. The desire for power has， in extreme form， disastrous aspects which we all acknowledge， but the drive to conquer difficulties， or to gain mastery over the external world underlies the greatest of human achievements. Some writers define aggression as “that response which follows frustration”， or as “an act whose goalresponse is injury to an organism （or organism surrogate）”。 In the authors view these definitions impose limits upon the concept of aggression which are not in accord with the underlying facts of human nature which the word is attempting to express. It is worth noticing， for instance， that the worlds we use to describe intellectual effort are aggressive words.
1. Man is unique according to the passage in
A. regularly killing members of the same species.
B. enjoying reading about atrocities.
C. enjoying being cruel to members of the same species.
D. gaining pleasure from watching acts of violence.
2. The writer implies that people
A. would be quite incapable of violenceB. are cruel in their everyday lives.
C. are unmoved by acts of violence.D. possess the potential to commit acts of violence.
3. The writer says that the word “aggression”
A. is easy to define because everyone knows it.
B. can be used to describe a limited range of human behavior.
C. is so imprecise as to be totally meaningless.
D. covers an immense variety of human activity.
4. According to the writer， one problem with the concept of aggression is that
A. it is such a deplorable characteristic of mankind.
B. it is hard to say where the negative side ends and the positive begins.
C. it is difficult to separate from the concept of frustration.
D. it is very often seen in wholly negative terms.
5. In the writers view the argument that aggression is the result of frustration
A. ignores the more positive aspects of aggression.
B. underlines the harsh realities of human nature.
C. is supported by evidence from the examination of intellectual efforts.
D. corresponds very closely to observable human behavior.
Passage 2
The study of philosophies should make our own ideas flexible. We are all of us apt to take certain general ideas for granted， and call them common sense. We should learn that other people have held quite different ideas， and that our own have started as very original guesses of philosophers.
A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example， Plato thought that when we saw something， one ray of light came to it from the sun， and another from our eyes and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun， and is reflected into our eyes. We dont know in much detail how the changes in our eyes five rise to sensation. But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the physiology of the brain， we shall do so， and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.
But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others that perplex us today， there will still be one field of which they do not know， namely the future. However exact our science， we cannot know it as we know the past. Philosophy may be described as argument about things of which we are ignorant. And where science gives us a hope of knowledge it is often reasonable to suspend judgment. That is one reason why Marx and Engels quite rightly wrote to many philosophical problems that interested their contemporaries.
But we have got to prepare for the future， and we cannot do so rationally without some philosophy. Some people say we have only got to do the duties revealed in the past and laid down by religion， and god will look after the future. Other say that the world is a machine and the course of future events is certain， whatever efforts we may make. Marxists say that the future depends on ourselves， even though we are part of the historical process. This philosophical view certainly does inspire people to very great achievements. Whether it is true or not， it is powerful guide to action.
We need a philosophy， then， to help us to tackle the future. Agnosticism easily becomes an excuse for laziness and conservatism. Whether we adopt Marxism or any other philosophy， we cannot understand it without knowing something of how it developed. That is why knowledge of the history of philosophy is important to Marxists， even during the present critical days.
1. What is the main idea of this passage？
A. The main idea of this passage is the argument whether philosophy will ultimately be solved by science or not.
B. The importance of learning philosophies， especially the history of philosophy.
C. The difference between philosophy and science.
D. A discuss about how to set a proper attitude towards future.
2. The example of what Plato thought in the passage shows that
A. the development of science really can solve a great many of the problems on which philosophers still argue.
B. plato knew nothing about Physics.
C. the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theory.
D. different people have different ways of perception.
3. What field can our descendants know？
A. The origin of human beings
B. Some questions that perplex us today.
C. Many philosophical problems which Marx and Engels wrote rather little.
D. The future.
4. How many kinds of ideas are there about the future？
A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five
5. What are the functions of studying philosophies mentioned in the passage？
A. The study of philosophies would make our own idea flexible.
B. The study of philosophies would help prepare us for the future and guide our actions.
C. The study of philosophies would enable us to understand how things develop as to better tackle the future.
D. All of the above.
Passage 3
Cancer is any of a group of more than 100 related diseases characterized by the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells in the body. If this multiplication of cells occurs within a vital organ or tissue， normal function will be impaired or halted， with possible fatal results.
Cancer is most commonly studied in association with human beings. Cells and tissues are said to be cancerous when， for reasons not clearly understood， they grow more rapidly than normal， assume abnormal shapes and sizes， and cease functioning in a normal manner. The ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer， either primary or metastatic， may lead to the death of the patient. Cancer， in contrast to benign neoplasms （tumors）， tends to spread， and the extent of its spread is usually related to an individuals chances of surviving the disease. Cancers are generally said to be in one of three stages of growth： early， or localized， when a tumour is still confined to the tissue of origin， or primary site （frequently curable）； direct extension， where cancer cells from the tumour have invaded adjacent tissue or have spread only to regional lymph nodes （sometime curable）； or metastasis， in which cancer cells have migrated to distant parts of the body from the primary site， via the blood or lymph systems， and have established secondary sites of infection （often incurable）。 Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated. Benign tumors usually do not cause death， although they may if they interfere with a normal body function by virtue of their location or size.
In general， cancer cells divide at a higher rate than do normal cells， but the distinction between the growth of cancerous and normal tissues is not so much the rapidity of cell division in the former as it is the partial or complete loss of growth restraint in cancer cells and their failure to differentiate into a useful， limited tissue of the type that characterizes the functional equilibrium of growth of normal tissue.
Cancer may not be as autonomous as once believed. The lesions probably are influenced by the hosts susceptibility and immunity. Certain cancers of the breast and prostate， for example， are considered dependent on specific hormones for their existence； other cancers are dependent on the presence of specific viruses.
It is estimated that one in three persons in developed countries will get cancer at some point in his life. Until more effective treatments of the common tumors can be developed， success in overcoming cancer will depend on early diagnosis of the disease （by screening those at high risk） and avoidance of known environmental carcinogens such as cigarette smoke， some industrial chemicals， and possibly the rich， fatty， lowfibred foods of modern diets.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this passage？
A. If one gets cancer， it means some abnormal cells have uncontrollably multiplied within his body.
B. Normal function will be halted if those abnormal cells multiplied within a vital organ or tissue.
C. Normal cells divide at a higher rate than cancer cells.
D. The patients susceptibility may influence the degree of cancers harmfulness.
2. It can be seen from this passage that
A. primary tumors wont lead to the death of the patient.
B. benign tumors tend to spread.
C. cancerous cells generally assume normal shapes and sizes.
D. benign tumours may cause death if they interfere with a normal body function.
3. It is informed in the passage that
A. in the early age， a tumor is anything but abnormal.
B. in the direct extension age， a malignant tumor is still confined to the primary site.
C. in the metastasis age， a tumor is rarely curable.
D. only in the third age is a tumor considered to be malignant.
4. According to the passage，
A. the existence of certain cancers may be concerned with specific hormones.
B. the growth of cancerous tissues results mainly in the division of cancerous cells.
C. breast cancers are dependent on the presence of specific viruses.
D. the immunity of a person may promote the growth of cancerous cells.
5. Which of the following is not mentioned as a way to overcome cancer in the passage？
A. To diagnose the disease in an early time.
B. To avoid the contact with those carcinogens such as cigarette smoke.
C. Keep away from those harmful industrial chemicals.
D. Eat richfat， lowfibre foods.
Passage 4
The American sociologist Talcott Parson believes that the two most important functions of the modern family are the primary socialization of children and the stabilization of adult personalities through marriage and the raising of children. His own concern was particularly with the middleclass American family， but these important aspects of family life are also applicable much more widely. In the present context it is worthwhile to look especially at primary socialization.
Primary socialization refers to the training of children during their earliest years， whereas secondary socialization refers to later influences on the development of the childs personality and learning activities， such as his involvement with teachers and with other children at school. Primary socialization is in most societies carried out essentially within the family as part of child rearing. In the modern family， parents take responsibility for raising and teaching their children such basic things as language and correct behavior. Toilet training， teaching children how to eat correctly， and encouraging children to get along with others are all aspects of child rearing. However， it is not only these more mundane aspects of behavior that children learn. Children are also implicitly encouraged to develop the values of the parents and of the society in which they live. In American society， which was Parsons main concern， these values include independence， motivation for achievement， and competition. In other societies， different values， such as cooperation and egalitarianism， may be stressed. Yet the principle behind primary socialization in different societies is the same： the development of social values must be achieved in an environment of love and security， as is found in the ideal family anywhere in the world.
Few families are ideal， however. Studies of the emotionally disturbed children have shown that unsatisfactory relationships between husbands and wives can have detrimental effects on children. Sometimes a child is used as a scapegoat. The parents blame or even physically abuse the child in order to cover up their own difficulties. In such a case， the child often fails to develop the values the parents wish to instill in him， developing instead antisocial habits leading to deviant behavior in later life. Indeed， the cycle may be repeated if such a person in time marries， has a family of his own， and treats his children in the same way. Nonetheless， there is no reason to suppose that all children of unsatisfactory marriages are treated in such a way or fail to overcome the difficulties they have as children.
Some social scientists have even suggested that the isolated nuclear family， as it exists in western industrialized societies， is to blame for the social ills found in those societies. They claim that in the past more support was offered from the wider kin network and from the community as a whole — as is still the case in less — developed parts of the world. The British psychiatrists R.D. Laing and David Cooper suggested that the modern family is dysfunctional in that， by its very nature， it forces upon children an undue emphasis on obedience to authority. These negative viewpoints aside， most experts as well as most parents agree that the primary socialization process in the modern family offers benefits both to the child and to the parents.
1. What is the main idea of this passage？
A. The differences between primary socialization and secondary socialization.
B. The relationship between parents and children in America.
C. The primary socialization and its functions.
D. The development of children of unsatisfactory marriage and their attitude toward life.
2. What will a child do in the process of primary socialization？
A. They have to be taught such basic things as language and correct behavior to get along with others.
B. They are also encouraged to develop the values including independence， motivation for achievements， competition， and so on.
C. They will receive influence on the development of personality and learning activities.
D. Both A and B.
3. Which of the following is true according to the passage？
A. The relationships between husband and wife have no effect on children.
B. The children living in a family without love and security rarely develop antisocial habits.
C. In modern family， the child likes to commit deviant behavior against their parents.
D. Some family fails to provide the children with an environment with love and security.
4. Which of the following is the possible effect on those children of unsatisfactory marriage？
A. They may treat their children in the same way as they have been treated after having their own family.
B. They may still grow as smoothly as other children with no moral detriments.
C. They will inevitably develop antisocial habit， and have no bright future.
D. Both A and B.
5. Why do some social scientists hold the opinion that the isolated nuclear family is to blame for the social ills found in those societies？
A. Because they fail to carry out primary socialization on children.
B. Because isolated nuclear family is lack in love and security.
C. Because less support is offered from isolated family and they are dysfunctional in forcing upon children an emphasis on obedience to authority.
D. The children often feel lonely in this kind of family and easily to develop psychological problems.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：
Passage 1
本文主要介紹了人類的侵略性，并指出要準(zhǔn)確地定義人類的侵略性是很困難的，因?yàn)樗婕暗饺祟惡艽蠓秶鷥?nèi)的行為。同時(shí)，很難劃分我們需要利用的侵略性行為和那些為了生存必須堅(jiān)決舍棄的侵略性行為。
We generally describe the most repulsive examples of mans cruelty as brutal or bestial， implying by these adjectives that such behavior is characteristic of less highly developed animals than ourselves. 一般而言，我們把人類令人反感的殘酷面描述為獸性的和殘忍的，通過這些形容詞暗示這些行為是比人類低級(jí)的動(dòng)物的特征。
1. 「C」在文章第一段中提到，no other creature habitually destroys members of his own species. No other animal takes positive pleasure in the exercise of cruelty upon another of his own kind.由此可知，C項(xiàng)是正確的。A，B，D項(xiàng)都只是一種表現(xiàn)，不符合題意。
2. 「D」見第一段最后一句話，“我們知道，在我們每個(gè)人內(nèi)心都隱藏這一種野性的沖動(dòng)，這常常會(huì)引發(fā)謀殺、折磨他人以及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。”。 A，B，C 項(xiàng)都不符合原意，不是正確答案。
3. 「D」可見第二段第一句和第三句。
4. 「B」由第三段第一句話可知，答案應(yīng)為B項(xiàng)，我們很難區(qū)分其負(fù)面和正面。
5. 「A」由最后一段第五句話可知，答案應(yīng)為A項(xiàng)。B，C，D項(xiàng)都不符合原意。
Passage 2
本文主要從兩個(gè)方面闡述了學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的重要性。
But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the physiology of the brain， we shall do so， and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.譯文“我們的確有理由相信，當(dāng)我們對(duì)大腦生理機(jī)能有了更多的了解，我們也將會(huì)這樣去做，我們就會(huì)明白這一點(diǎn)，而且，我們也相信許多關(guān)于知識(shí)的哲學(xué)問題都會(huì)得到更加圓滿的解決。”
1. 「B」文章第一段介紹了我們?yōu)槭裁匆獙W(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)；第二段和第三段介紹了哲學(xué)和科學(xué)的聯(lián)系和差別；第四段說明了學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的必然性；最后一段總結(jié)了我們?yōu)槭裁匆獙W(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)。因此，本文的大意應(yīng)是學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的必要性，所以選B.
2. 「A」第二段第一句指出，“科學(xué)家都傾向于認(rèn)為，所有有關(guān)哲學(xué)的問題最終會(huì)由科學(xué)來解決。我認(rèn)為對(duì)于許多哲學(xué)家仍爭(zhēng)論不休的問題，這一點(diǎn)是千真萬確的。”因此，A項(xiàng)正確，而B項(xiàng)顯然錯(cuò)誤。C，D項(xiàng)雖說法正確，但不符合題意。
3. 「D」由第三段第一句話知，就算我們的子孫知道了這些問題和那些現(xiàn)在仍困擾我們的問題的答案，那么仍然有一個(gè)領(lǐng)域是他們無從了解的，那就是將來。所以，選項(xiàng)D是正確的。
4. 「B」在第四段中，我們知道關(guān)于未來有這樣幾種觀點(diǎn)：“some people say…”，“others say that ……”， “Marxists say that ……”。因此，應(yīng)該是三種觀點(diǎn)，選B.
5. 「D」本題問的是學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)的作用。A項(xiàng)在第一段開頭就已提到。第四段第一句話說道，“但是我們得為將來做準(zhǔn)備，沒有一些哲學(xué)知識(shí)，我們是無法理性地做到這一點(diǎn)的?！币虼?，B項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是符合題意的。而C項(xiàng)在最后一段也有談到。所以，答案應(yīng)選 D.
Passage 3
本文介紹了癌癥的特征和三個(gè)發(fā)展時(shí)期，以及不同時(shí)期治愈的可能性，并指出人體自身的免疫力也會(huì)影響癌癥的損害程度。
第三段可譯為：一般說來，癌細(xì)胞分裂的速度要比正常細(xì)胞快。但是，癌組織的增長(zhǎng)與正常組織的增長(zhǎng)之間的區(qū)別與其說在于前者中細(xì)胞分裂的速度快，倒不如說癌組織中的癌細(xì)胞的增長(zhǎng)部分失控或完全失控。這些癌組織不能轉(zhuǎn)化為那種具有正常組織均衡功能特征的、有用的、大小限定的組織。
1. 「C」從第三段的第一句明顯看出，C項(xiàng)顛倒了作者的原意，是不對(duì)的。第一段第一、二句分別證明了A，B項(xiàng)的正確性，從最后一段的第一句也可看出D項(xiàng)是正確的。
2. 「D」 由第二段第三句，“The ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer， either primary or metastatic， may lead to the death of the patient”可知，A項(xiàng)不正確。而B項(xiàng)與接下來一句矛盾，所以也不對(duì)。從第二段第一句可知，C項(xiàng)應(yīng)為“cancerous cells usually assume abnormal shapes and sizes.” D項(xiàng)與第二段最后一句意思相符，是正確的。
3. 「C」 由文中第二段知，癌癥分三期，第一期early age， frequently curable，第二期direct extension age， sometimes curable， 第三期metastasis age， often incurable， 所以C項(xiàng)正確。A，B，D項(xiàng)都不符合原意。
4. 「A」可見最后一段最后一句，C， D項(xiàng)不正確。B項(xiàng)與原文意思不符。
5. 「D」第五段最后一句意思是“在研究出更好的癌癥治療方法之前，治療癌癥要依靠早期診斷，還應(yīng)避免接觸環(huán)境中的那些已知的致癌物質(zhì)，如：香煙、某些工業(yè)化學(xué)物質(zhì)，并且盡量避免吃那些可能致癌的高脂肪、低纖維的食物。”所以，D是不正確的。
Passage 4
本文主題是兒童的初級(jí)社會(huì)化，主要概括介紹兒童的社會(huì)初級(jí)化的功能，婚姻不幸家庭的孩子在成長(zhǎng)中的困難，現(xiàn)代家庭和兒童的初級(jí)社會(huì)化。
Yet the principle behind primary socialization in different societies is the same： the development of social values must be achieved in an environment of love and security， as is found in the ideal family anywhere in the world. 然而，在不同社會(huì)，初級(jí)社會(huì)化背后的準(zhǔn)則卻是一樣的：社會(huì)價(jià)值觀的培養(yǎng)必須在一個(gè)充滿愛和安全感的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行，世界上任何一個(gè)完美的家庭都創(chuàng)造了這樣的一種環(huán)境。
1. 「C」從第一段最后一句可知，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。而A，B，D都只是文章具體分析的某一方面，不是主旨，因此不選。
2. 「D」在第二段有一句轉(zhuǎn)折句，起承上啟下的作用，“However， it is not only these more mundane aspects of behavior that children learn. Children are also implicitly encouraged to develop the values of the parents and of the society in which they live.”A，B項(xiàng)分別概括了這句的上一句和下一句的內(nèi)容，都符合題意，所以選D.而C項(xiàng)涉及的是secondary socialization 的事情，不符合題意，不是答案。
3. 「D」第二段最后一句話闡明，一個(gè)完美的家庭應(yīng)該是充滿愛和安全感的，而第三段開頭的第一句話說“Few families are ideal”，這說明許多家庭沒能做到這一點(diǎn)，所以D項(xiàng)正確。A，B，C項(xiàng)都不符合原文意思，不是正確答案。
4. 「D」第三段最后兩句話意思是“假如一個(gè)人在結(jié)了婚，有了自己的小孩之后，又以同樣的方式對(duì)待他的孩子，這就意味著一個(gè)循環(huán)的開始。然而，我們沒有理由設(shè)想所有不幸的婚姻家庭中的孩子都會(huì)受到這樣的對(duì)待，或者，他們將來不能克服孩提時(shí)代擁有的心理問題?！庇纱丝煽闯觯珻項(xiàng)太絕對(duì)了，不是正確答案。應(yīng)選D.
5. 「C」第四段第二、三句告訴我們，過去，廣泛的血緣關(guān)系和整個(gè)社區(qū)能提供更多的幫助。同時(shí)，我們從這句話“the modern family is dysfunctional in that， by its very nature， it forces upon children an undue emphasis on obedience to authority.”可知，C項(xiàng)是科學(xué)家們得出此結(jié)論的理由，為正確答案。