非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
(一) 分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別
①、用于句首作狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)
例：Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
A
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
B C D
分析：分詞作狀語(yǔ)，主要看是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，美國(guó)贏得應(yīng)該是主動(dòng),所以A錯(cuò)，改won為winning ②、用于名詞后面作后置定語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)
例：In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
A B
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.
C D
分析：B錯(cuò)，生活在什么地方的人，人生活是主動(dòng)，因此改為living
一些動(dòng)詞后面必須用doing
對(duì)于加doing的詞來(lái)說(shuō)，考試中一般出現(xiàn)一個(gè)，下面這些詞都是要加doing的，請(qǐng)考生牢記。
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, adjust
advocate, suggest
delay, quit
forgive(原諒)，tolerate，
avoid, escape(逃避)
spend+名詞+doing;
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
例：Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their
A B C D
crops.
分析：D錯(cuò)，應(yīng)改為harvesting。及物動(dòng)詞celebrate直接帶名詞、名詞短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)，故將to harvest改為harvesting。
例：Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
A B
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.
C D
分析：A錯(cuò)，advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改為advocate bringing
(二) 不定式
A. 動(dòng)詞不定式的省略
①、help后面可以省略to
help to do
help sb. to do
例：A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
A B
the habits that might shorten the lives.
C D
分析：D錯(cuò)，應(yīng)改為their. 定冠詞在句中不如代詞所有格明確，如果lives后面有定語(yǔ)就可以用the。注意（A）并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，help后面可以接不帶to的不定式。
②、使役動(dòng)詞后面要省略to, 這樣的動(dòng)詞只有三個(gè)
make,
let,
have sb. do sth
注意get不是使役動(dòng)詞，get sb. to do sth.
例：A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
A B
to know when to play various parts of a composition.
C D
分析：let是使役動(dòng)詞，后面不需要to, C改為know
③、感官動(dòng)詞
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe
see sb do sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程
see sb doing sth 正在做某事
B. 動(dòng)詞不定式的固定用法
(1)表示第一人
the first woman to do sth.
(2)表示迫使的動(dòng)詞
一般考三個(gè)， allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
例：Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
A B
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
C D
分析：allow...to do是固定短語(yǔ),allow的賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)在不定式之前,即把C改為: allow geologists to speculate。
(3)表示傾向…的形容詞
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事
be inclined to do傾向于做某事
be liable to do 易于…的
be apt to do
(4)表示目的的名詞，一共有7個(gè)這樣的詞，這一條也是最重要的。
固定的句式：
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.
the objective 目標(biāo)
aim
goal
reason理由
function功能
intension意圖
例：The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing
A
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
B C D
分析：the function to provide, A錯(cuò)
例：The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
A
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds
B
that make up various components of a living cell.
C D
分析：the chief goal is to understand, A錯(cuò)
(5) 其他同根名詞
ability to do 受到be able to 的影響
attempt to do 企圖
decision to do 決定, 受decide的影響
ambition,
be ambitious to do
effort
例：For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation
A B
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions.
C D
分析：B錯(cuò)，應(yīng)改為to explain。 attempts后應(yīng)跟動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)表目的，故將名詞explanation改為to explain。
例：In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great
A B
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote.
C D
分析：efforts to register, C錯(cuò)
C. 動(dòng)詞不定式的其他用法
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，屬于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的范疇
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock.
(2)不定式的完成式為“to have done”，表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，這個(gè)完成式通常表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)
I am glad to see you.
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.
yesterday是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，修飾have seen.
(3) 形容詞后面使用動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)
It is difficult to decide.
(一) 分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別
①、用于句首作狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)
例：Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
A
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
B C D
分析：分詞作狀語(yǔ)，主要看是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，美國(guó)贏得應(yīng)該是主動(dòng),所以A錯(cuò)，改won為winning ②、用于名詞后面作后置定語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)
例：In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
A B
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.
C D
分析：B錯(cuò)，生活在什么地方的人，人生活是主動(dòng)，因此改為living
一些動(dòng)詞后面必須用doing
對(duì)于加doing的詞來(lái)說(shuō)，考試中一般出現(xiàn)一個(gè)，下面這些詞都是要加doing的，請(qǐng)考生牢記。
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, adjust
advocate, suggest
delay, quit
forgive(原諒)，tolerate，
avoid, escape(逃避)
spend+名詞+doing;
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
例：Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their
A B C D
crops.
分析：D錯(cuò)，應(yīng)改為harvesting。及物動(dòng)詞celebrate直接帶名詞、名詞短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)，故將to harvest改為harvesting。
例：Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
A B
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.
C D
分析：A錯(cuò)，advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改為advocate bringing
(二) 不定式
A. 動(dòng)詞不定式的省略
①、help后面可以省略to
help to do
help sb. to do
例：A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
A B
the habits that might shorten the lives.
C D
分析：D錯(cuò)，應(yīng)改為their. 定冠詞在句中不如代詞所有格明確，如果lives后面有定語(yǔ)就可以用the。注意（A）并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，help后面可以接不帶to的不定式。
②、使役動(dòng)詞后面要省略to, 這樣的動(dòng)詞只有三個(gè)
make,
let,
have sb. do sth
注意get不是使役動(dòng)詞，get sb. to do sth.
例：A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
A B
to know when to play various parts of a composition.
C D
分析：let是使役動(dòng)詞，后面不需要to, C改為know
③、感官動(dòng)詞
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe
see sb do sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程
see sb doing sth 正在做某事
B. 動(dòng)詞不定式的固定用法
(1)表示第一人
the first woman to do sth.
(2)表示迫使的動(dòng)詞
一般考三個(gè)， allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
例：Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
A B
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
C D
分析：allow...to do是固定短語(yǔ),allow的賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)在不定式之前,即把C改為: allow geologists to speculate。
(3)表示傾向…的形容詞
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事
be inclined to do傾向于做某事
be liable to do 易于…的
be apt to do
(4)表示目的的名詞，一共有7個(gè)這樣的詞，這一條也是最重要的。
固定的句式：
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.
the objective 目標(biāo)
aim
goal
reason理由
function功能
intension意圖
例：The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing
A
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
B C D
分析：the function to provide, A錯(cuò)
例：The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
A
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds
B
that make up various components of a living cell.
C D
分析：the chief goal is to understand, A錯(cuò)
(5) 其他同根名詞
ability to do 受到be able to 的影響
attempt to do 企圖
decision to do 決定, 受decide的影響
ambition,
be ambitious to do
effort
例：For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation
A B
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions.
C D
分析：B錯(cuò)，應(yīng)改為to explain。 attempts后應(yīng)跟動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)表目的，故將名詞explanation改為to explain。
例：In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great
A B
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote.
C D
分析：efforts to register, C錯(cuò)
C. 動(dòng)詞不定式的其他用法
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，屬于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的范疇
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock.
(2)不定式的完成式為“to have done”，表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，這個(gè)完成式通常表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)
I am glad to see you.
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.
yesterday是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，修飾have seen.
(3) 形容詞后面使用動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)
It is difficult to decide.