經(jīng)貿(mào)博覽之七:市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
經(jīng)過(guò)二十多年的改革開(kāi)放，特別是近幾年來(lái)，中國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得巨大成就，其成熟度甚至已經(jīng)超過(guò)目前一些被認(rèn)為是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的國(guó)家。但美國(guó)和歐盟直到現(xiàn)在，也沒(méi)有給予中國(guó)完全市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位；在反傾銷調(diào)查中，使用第三國(guó)價(jià)格來(lái)確定中國(guó)商品的正常價(jià)值，將我正常的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格判定為傾銷價(jià)格，使我出口蒙受損失。
Over the past 20-strong years of reform and opening-up, especially in recent years, China has achieved great accomplishments in developing its market economy. The level of its market economy is even higher than that in some countries who have already been granted market economy status. However, the US and the EU have not yet recognized China's market economy status. Therefore, in their anti-dumping investigations against Chinese products, they use the third country's price rather than the normal value of Chinese products, which often lead to the decision that Chinese products were dumped and then disadvantaged Chinese exports.
下面我將介紹一下美國(guó)和歐盟判定市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位時(shí)實(shí)行的一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Next, I'm going to brief you with the sets of standards referred to by the US and the EU when judging a country's market economy status.
美國(guó)(US)
美國(guó)1930年關(guān)稅法案，經(jīng)修訂后，規(guī)定美國(guó)商務(wù)部按照六項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定一國(guó)是否可以獲得市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。這六項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在1930年關(guān)稅法案第771節(jié)18段。具體如下：
（1）一國(guó)貨幣自由兌換度；
（2）勞資雙方通過(guò)自由討價(jià)還價(jià)確定工人工資；
（3）針對(duì)合資企業(yè)設(shè)立或外國(guó)投資的限制程度；
（4）生產(chǎn)方式的國(guó)有或國(guó)家控制程度；
（5）管理機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為合適的其它標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Section 771（18）of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, directs the Department of Commerce (DOC) to consider 6 factors when making a non-market economy country determination. These factors are listed in Section 771（18）.
（1）The extent to which the country's currency is convertible into the currencies of other countries;
（2）The extent to which wage rates are determined by free bargaining between labor and management;
（3）The extent to which joint ventures or other investments by firms of other countries are permitted;
（4）The extent of government ownership or control of the means of production;
（5）The extent of government control over the allocation of resources and over the price and output decisions of enterprises; and
（6）Such other factors as the administering authority considers appropriate.
上述六標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是美國(guó)在判定國(guó)家市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外，針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)某一行業(yè)是否是市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的行業(yè)（MOI），美國(guó)有專門的三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
（1）政府不能干預(yù)被調(diào)查商品的定價(jià)或產(chǎn)量；
（2）被調(diào)查商品所屬的行業(yè)應(yīng)以私人企業(yè)或集體所有制企業(yè)為主。該行業(yè)可以有國(guó)有企業(yè)，但國(guó)有企業(yè)的大量存在將很不利于市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的判定；
（3）所有主要的投入，不論是實(shí)物或非實(shí)物（例如勞動(dòng)力、企業(yè)管理費(fèi)用）以及總投入中占重要比例的那部分投入，應(yīng)該是按照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格支付的。
The above-mentioned six factors refer to a country's market economy status while the US government has three tests, specifically designed to judge whether a specific industry is a market-oriented industry（MOI）. They are as follows:
（1）For merchandise under investigation, there must be virtually no government involvement in setting prices or amounts to be produced;
（2）The industry producing the merchandise under investigation should be characterized by private or collective ownership. There may be state-owned enterprises in the industry but substantial state ownership would weigh heavily against finding a market-oriented industry;
（3）Market-determined prices must be paid for all significant inputs, whether material or non-material (e.g., labor and overhead), and for an all but insignificant proportion of all the inputs accounting for the total value of the merchandise under investigation.
歐盟（EU）
1. 公司有關(guān)成本、價(jià)格和投入，包括原材料、技術(shù)和勞工成本、產(chǎn)量、銷售和投資方面的決定是依據(jù)市場(chǎng)信號(hào)作出的，反映了供應(yīng)和需求，沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家干預(yù)，主要投入的成本很大程度地反映了市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。
2. 公司有一套根據(jù)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立審計(jì)的，并適用于任何目的的清晰的會(huì)計(jì)審計(jì)報(bào)告。
3. 公司的生產(chǎn)成本和財(cái)務(wù)狀況沒(méi)有因?yàn)橐郧暗姆鞘袌?chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制受到嚴(yán)重的扭曲，特別是在有關(guān)資產(chǎn)折舊、其他呆帳、易貨貿(mào)易和以抵償債務(wù)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的支付。
4. 有關(guān)公司受到破產(chǎn)法和財(cái)產(chǎn)法的管轄，確保了公司營(yíng)運(yùn)的合法性和穩(wěn)定性。
5. 匯率轉(zhuǎn)換依據(jù)市場(chǎng)匯率確定。
1. Decisions of firms regarding costs, prices and inputs, including for instance raw materials, cost of technology and labor, output, sales and investment are made in response to market signals reflecting supply and demand and without significant State interference in this regard, and costs of major inputs substantially reflect market values;
2. Firms have one set of clearly audited accounting records which are independently audited in accordance with international accounting standards and are applied for all purposes;
3. The production costs and financial situation of firms are not subject to significant distortions carried over from the former non-market economy system, in particular in relation to depreciation of assets, other write-offs, barter trade and payment via compensation of debts;
4. The firms concerned are subject to bankruptcy and property law which guarantee legal certainty and stability for the operation of the firms, and
5. Exchange rate conversions are carried out at the market rate
經(jīng)過(guò)二十多年的改革開(kāi)放，特別是近幾年來(lái)，中國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得巨大成就，其成熟度甚至已經(jīng)超過(guò)目前一些被認(rèn)為是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的國(guó)家。但美國(guó)和歐盟直到現(xiàn)在，也沒(méi)有給予中國(guó)完全市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位；在反傾銷調(diào)查中，使用第三國(guó)價(jià)格來(lái)確定中國(guó)商品的正常價(jià)值，將我正常的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格判定為傾銷價(jià)格，使我出口蒙受損失。
Over the past 20-strong years of reform and opening-up, especially in recent years, China has achieved great accomplishments in developing its market economy. The level of its market economy is even higher than that in some countries who have already been granted market economy status. However, the US and the EU have not yet recognized China's market economy status. Therefore, in their anti-dumping investigations against Chinese products, they use the third country's price rather than the normal value of Chinese products, which often lead to the decision that Chinese products were dumped and then disadvantaged Chinese exports.
下面我將介紹一下美國(guó)和歐盟判定市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位時(shí)實(shí)行的一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Next, I'm going to brief you with the sets of standards referred to by the US and the EU when judging a country's market economy status.
美國(guó)(US)
美國(guó)1930年關(guān)稅法案，經(jīng)修訂后，規(guī)定美國(guó)商務(wù)部按照六項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定一國(guó)是否可以獲得市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。這六項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在1930年關(guān)稅法案第771節(jié)18段。具體如下：
（1）一國(guó)貨幣自由兌換度；
（2）勞資雙方通過(guò)自由討價(jià)還價(jià)確定工人工資；
（3）針對(duì)合資企業(yè)設(shè)立或外國(guó)投資的限制程度；
（4）生產(chǎn)方式的國(guó)有或國(guó)家控制程度；
（5）管理機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為合適的其它標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Section 771（18）of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, directs the Department of Commerce (DOC) to consider 6 factors when making a non-market economy country determination. These factors are listed in Section 771（18）.
（1）The extent to which the country's currency is convertible into the currencies of other countries;
（2）The extent to which wage rates are determined by free bargaining between labor and management;
（3）The extent to which joint ventures or other investments by firms of other countries are permitted;
（4）The extent of government ownership or control of the means of production;
（5）The extent of government control over the allocation of resources and over the price and output decisions of enterprises; and
（6）Such other factors as the administering authority considers appropriate.
上述六標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是美國(guó)在判定國(guó)家市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外，針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)某一行業(yè)是否是市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的行業(yè)（MOI），美國(guó)有專門的三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
（1）政府不能干預(yù)被調(diào)查商品的定價(jià)或產(chǎn)量；
（2）被調(diào)查商品所屬的行業(yè)應(yīng)以私人企業(yè)或集體所有制企業(yè)為主。該行業(yè)可以有國(guó)有企業(yè)，但國(guó)有企業(yè)的大量存在將很不利于市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的判定；
（3）所有主要的投入，不論是實(shí)物或非實(shí)物（例如勞動(dòng)力、企業(yè)管理費(fèi)用）以及總投入中占重要比例的那部分投入，應(yīng)該是按照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格支付的。
The above-mentioned six factors refer to a country's market economy status while the US government has three tests, specifically designed to judge whether a specific industry is a market-oriented industry（MOI）. They are as follows:
（1）For merchandise under investigation, there must be virtually no government involvement in setting prices or amounts to be produced;
（2）The industry producing the merchandise under investigation should be characterized by private or collective ownership. There may be state-owned enterprises in the industry but substantial state ownership would weigh heavily against finding a market-oriented industry;
（3）Market-determined prices must be paid for all significant inputs, whether material or non-material (e.g., labor and overhead), and for an all but insignificant proportion of all the inputs accounting for the total value of the merchandise under investigation.
歐盟（EU）
1. 公司有關(guān)成本、價(jià)格和投入，包括原材料、技術(shù)和勞工成本、產(chǎn)量、銷售和投資方面的決定是依據(jù)市場(chǎng)信號(hào)作出的，反映了供應(yīng)和需求，沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家干預(yù)，主要投入的成本很大程度地反映了市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。
2. 公司有一套根據(jù)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立審計(jì)的，并適用于任何目的的清晰的會(huì)計(jì)審計(jì)報(bào)告。
3. 公司的生產(chǎn)成本和財(cái)務(wù)狀況沒(méi)有因?yàn)橐郧暗姆鞘袌?chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制受到嚴(yán)重的扭曲，特別是在有關(guān)資產(chǎn)折舊、其他呆帳、易貨貿(mào)易和以抵償債務(wù)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的支付。
4. 有關(guān)公司受到破產(chǎn)法和財(cái)產(chǎn)法的管轄，確保了公司營(yíng)運(yùn)的合法性和穩(wěn)定性。
5. 匯率轉(zhuǎn)換依據(jù)市場(chǎng)匯率確定。
1. Decisions of firms regarding costs, prices and inputs, including for instance raw materials, cost of technology and labor, output, sales and investment are made in response to market signals reflecting supply and demand and without significant State interference in this regard, and costs of major inputs substantially reflect market values;
2. Firms have one set of clearly audited accounting records which are independently audited in accordance with international accounting standards and are applied for all purposes;
3. The production costs and financial situation of firms are not subject to significant distortions carried over from the former non-market economy system, in particular in relation to depreciation of assets, other write-offs, barter trade and payment via compensation of debts;
4. The firms concerned are subject to bankruptcy and property law which guarantee legal certainty and stability for the operation of the firms, and
5. Exchange rate conversions are carried out at the market rate