三、代詞
1、人稱代詞
主格 I you he，she，it we you they
賓格 me you him，her，it us you them
1.1排序一般為：第二人稱，第三人稱，第一人稱：you，he and I；you，John and I
1.2 it 的用法
①代事物、動(dòng)物、嬰兒以及未知的人或事：Who is that？ It’s my friend.
②用于引出非人稱句，表示天氣、時(shí)間和距離等：It’s cloudy today.
③形式代詞：It is quite right that you did that.
④引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was his father that made him a lawyer.
2、物主代詞
形容詞性 my your his，her，its our your their
名詞性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs
2.1形容詞性物主代詞屬限定詞范圍，注意避免人稱和數(shù)的誤用。
2.2名詞性物主代詞可作主語、賓語和表語。
Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. a friend of mine no fault of yours
3、反身代詞
myself yourself himself，herself，itself ourselves yourselves themselves
Take care of yourself. He was teaching himself English.
The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor.
4、指示代詞：this、that、these、those
4.1關(guān)于that的固定用法：
（1）Jack helped finish my work and that was kind of him.杰克幫助我完成了任務(wù)，他（那樣做）真是太好了。
（2）He told me only part of the story and that was that. 他只跟我講了這個(gè)故事的一部分，就那些。
4.2關(guān)于that 和those：
（1）It’s a different kind of car from that （kind of car） （which） I’m used to.這種汽車和我所習(xí)慣的那種不同。
（2）The president and his wife were among those （who were） present at the ceremony.
出席那個(gè)典禮有總統(tǒng)和他的夫人。
5、相互代詞：each other（兩者）和one another（兩者以上）
（1）The two parties， the Democratic Party and the Republic Party often attack each other.
（2）The boys in this class like to bully one another. 這個(gè)班上的男孩子喜歡互相打斗。
6、不定代詞
6.1 all和both
（1）前者表示兩個(gè)以上；后者表示兩個(gè)。 （2）都位于行為動(dòng)詞之前，be動(dòng)詞后：
They all （both） agreed with me. They are all （both） quite wealthy.
6.2 no one和 none
（1）no one只用于指人，none可指人也可指物。None of后接的謂語可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用單數(shù)。
No one told us that he was there. I want some milk but there was none in the house.
How many elephants did you see at the zoo? ----None.
None of them have （has） arrived yet. None of this money is mine.
7、some / any/ no/ every+（thing， one ，body…）
7.1 everyone和 every one
前者意思為"每個(gè)人"，與everybody同義，用于泛指，不可跟of短語；
后者意思是每個(gè)人或物，用于特指，可跟of短語。
everyone in the village 村子里所有的人（泛指） every one of the children 這些孩子中的每一個(gè)（特指）
7.2 anybody，everybody和"every（each）+單數(shù)名詞"
正式英語 Anybody can do it if he or she tries. 日常英語 if they try
Everybody started waving his flag. their flags
Everybody has arrived， hasn’t he？ haven’t they
***Everything is all right，isn’s it？
7.3 something， anything， nothing等被形容詞修飾時(shí)，該形容詞后置： nothing wrong
8、否定
1）部分否定：當(dāng)all，both，each和every（body，thing）等表示整體意義的代詞與否定詞連用時(shí)，一般只表示部分否定。
All of the students did not turn up.不是所有的學(xué)生都出席。 現(xiàn)代英語常用作：Not all of the students turned up.
2）全部否定：none， no one， neither，nobody，nothing 等對(duì)整體意義具有否定作用的代詞或副詞。
None of the students turned up.沒有一個(gè)學(xué)生出席。
9、其他限定詞
1） 常見修飾可數(shù)名詞的限定詞：（a） few， a couple of， both， many， many a， a great many， several， a number of
2） 常見修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞：（a）little， much， a （large） amount of， a great deal of， a bit of
3）some/any/no any：非肯定句（否定、疑問、條件句） no：否定句
some：肯定句和含有肯定意味的場(chǎng)合，特殊如：
Can I have some coffee？請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答時(shí)。
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. 表示某一個(gè)= a certain
4） many/much many接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，much接不可數(shù)名詞，在肯定句中常和so和too連用
I have met （so）many people who share your view. （So） Much time has been wasted.
**many a +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞相當(dāng)于many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
She has been to Beijing many a time. （many times） Many an accident has happened here.
5）each/every
each用作名詞或形容詞，every用作形容詞，后面必須跟名詞。
"我們中的每個(gè)人"應(yīng)為every one of us或each of us.
6）both/either
both為兩者都…，后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，either為兩者中任何一個(gè)，接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。兩者的否定形式為neither.
Truth may lie on both sides，on either side，or on neither（side）。
7）either/any either為兩者中的任何一個(gè)；any為兩者以上中的任何一個(gè)。
Come on Tuesday or Wednesday. Either day is OK. You will find me at my desk at any hour of the day.
***either后接end，side等詞有時(shí)可指兩個(gè)都： There are trees on either side of the street. = both sides
8）neither/none
表示兩者都不…，用neither；表示兩者以上都不…，用none（of）。
Neither接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，none of 接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
Neither book is mine.
None of the books on the shelves belong to me. （用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)"都不是"）
**Of all the books on the shelves， none belongs to me. （用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)"沒有一本是".）
9）all/whole
區(qū)別：①all可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，whole一般接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
②語序：all用于冠詞、所有格或其他限定詞之前，whole只用于冠詞等限定詞的后面。
He ate all the vegetables. He ate the whole pie.
The whole book is interesting. All the chapters are interesting.
10） another/other
This book is too difficult. Show me another one.
Of the three books on the desk， two are written by Dickens， the other one is written by Mark Twain.
***other前面可帶some， any， every， many， one， his等其他限定詞。
Will you come some other time？ 改日 Please write on every other line.隔行
***the rest of the money 不可數(shù)名詞 the rest of the workers可數(shù)名詞
11）a number of/ the number of
前者為：許多…，后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。后者為：…的總數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。
A number of comrades were absent from the meeting.
The number of comrades absent from the meeting was surprising.
12） few/ a few few表否定， a few表數(shù)量不大，表肯定。
quite a few 表相當(dāng)多，為肯定。 only a few表否定，同few.
13）little/ a little用法同上
1、人稱代詞
主格 I you he，she，it we you they
賓格 me you him，her，it us you them
1.1排序一般為：第二人稱，第三人稱，第一人稱：you，he and I；you，John and I
1.2 it 的用法
①代事物、動(dòng)物、嬰兒以及未知的人或事：Who is that？ It’s my friend.
②用于引出非人稱句，表示天氣、時(shí)間和距離等：It’s cloudy today.
③形式代詞：It is quite right that you did that.
④引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was his father that made him a lawyer.
2、物主代詞
形容詞性 my your his，her，its our your their
名詞性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs
2.1形容詞性物主代詞屬限定詞范圍，注意避免人稱和數(shù)的誤用。
2.2名詞性物主代詞可作主語、賓語和表語。
Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. a friend of mine no fault of yours
3、反身代詞
myself yourself himself，herself，itself ourselves yourselves themselves
Take care of yourself. He was teaching himself English.
The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor.
4、指示代詞：this、that、these、those
4.1關(guān)于that的固定用法：
（1）Jack helped finish my work and that was kind of him.杰克幫助我完成了任務(wù)，他（那樣做）真是太好了。
（2）He told me only part of the story and that was that. 他只跟我講了這個(gè)故事的一部分，就那些。
4.2關(guān)于that 和those：
（1）It’s a different kind of car from that （kind of car） （which） I’m used to.這種汽車和我所習(xí)慣的那種不同。
（2）The president and his wife were among those （who were） present at the ceremony.
出席那個(gè)典禮有總統(tǒng)和他的夫人。
5、相互代詞：each other（兩者）和one another（兩者以上）
（1）The two parties， the Democratic Party and the Republic Party often attack each other.
（2）The boys in this class like to bully one another. 這個(gè)班上的男孩子喜歡互相打斗。
6、不定代詞
6.1 all和both
（1）前者表示兩個(gè)以上；后者表示兩個(gè)。 （2）都位于行為動(dòng)詞之前，be動(dòng)詞后：
They all （both） agreed with me. They are all （both） quite wealthy.
6.2 no one和 none
（1）no one只用于指人，none可指人也可指物。None of后接的謂語可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用單數(shù)。
No one told us that he was there. I want some milk but there was none in the house.
How many elephants did you see at the zoo? ----None.
None of them have （has） arrived yet. None of this money is mine.
7、some / any/ no/ every+（thing， one ，body…）
7.1 everyone和 every one
前者意思為"每個(gè)人"，與everybody同義，用于泛指，不可跟of短語；
后者意思是每個(gè)人或物，用于特指，可跟of短語。
everyone in the village 村子里所有的人（泛指） every one of the children 這些孩子中的每一個(gè)（特指）
7.2 anybody，everybody和"every（each）+單數(shù)名詞"
正式英語 Anybody can do it if he or she tries. 日常英語 if they try
Everybody started waving his flag. their flags
Everybody has arrived， hasn’t he？ haven’t they
***Everything is all right，isn’s it？
7.3 something， anything， nothing等被形容詞修飾時(shí)，該形容詞后置： nothing wrong
8、否定
1）部分否定：當(dāng)all，both，each和every（body，thing）等表示整體意義的代詞與否定詞連用時(shí)，一般只表示部分否定。
All of the students did not turn up.不是所有的學(xué)生都出席。 現(xiàn)代英語常用作：Not all of the students turned up.
2）全部否定：none， no one， neither，nobody，nothing 等對(duì)整體意義具有否定作用的代詞或副詞。
None of the students turned up.沒有一個(gè)學(xué)生出席。
9、其他限定詞
1） 常見修飾可數(shù)名詞的限定詞：（a） few， a couple of， both， many， many a， a great many， several， a number of
2） 常見修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞：（a）little， much， a （large） amount of， a great deal of， a bit of
3）some/any/no any：非肯定句（否定、疑問、條件句） no：否定句
some：肯定句和含有肯定意味的場(chǎng)合，特殊如：
Can I have some coffee？請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答時(shí)。
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. 表示某一個(gè)= a certain
4） many/much many接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，much接不可數(shù)名詞，在肯定句中常和so和too連用
I have met （so）many people who share your view. （So） Much time has been wasted.
**many a +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞相當(dāng)于many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
She has been to Beijing many a time. （many times） Many an accident has happened here.
5）each/every
each用作名詞或形容詞，every用作形容詞，后面必須跟名詞。
"我們中的每個(gè)人"應(yīng)為every one of us或each of us.
6）both/either
both為兩者都…，后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，either為兩者中任何一個(gè)，接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。兩者的否定形式為neither.
Truth may lie on both sides，on either side，or on neither（side）。
7）either/any either為兩者中的任何一個(gè)；any為兩者以上中的任何一個(gè)。
Come on Tuesday or Wednesday. Either day is OK. You will find me at my desk at any hour of the day.
***either后接end，side等詞有時(shí)可指兩個(gè)都： There are trees on either side of the street. = both sides
8）neither/none
表示兩者都不…，用neither；表示兩者以上都不…，用none（of）。
Neither接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，none of 接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
Neither book is mine.
None of the books on the shelves belong to me. （用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)"都不是"）
**Of all the books on the shelves， none belongs to me. （用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)"沒有一本是".）
9）all/whole
區(qū)別：①all可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，whole一般接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
②語序：all用于冠詞、所有格或其他限定詞之前，whole只用于冠詞等限定詞的后面。
He ate all the vegetables. He ate the whole pie.
The whole book is interesting. All the chapters are interesting.
10） another/other
This book is too difficult. Show me another one.
Of the three books on the desk， two are written by Dickens， the other one is written by Mark Twain.
***other前面可帶some， any， every， many， one， his等其他限定詞。
Will you come some other time？ 改日 Please write on every other line.隔行
***the rest of the money 不可數(shù)名詞 the rest of the workers可數(shù)名詞
11）a number of/ the number of
前者為：許多…，后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。后者為：…的總數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。
A number of comrades were absent from the meeting.
The number of comrades absent from the meeting was surprising.
12） few/ a few few表否定， a few表數(shù)量不大，表肯定。
quite a few 表相當(dāng)多，為肯定。 only a few表否定，同few.
13）little/ a little用法同上