詞義猜測八法
猜測生詞詞義是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn)，要想做好閱讀理解猜測詞義題，就必須要掌握一些猜詞方法，具備一定的猜詞能力。下面以2005年高考試題為例，介紹幾種行之有效的猜測生詞詞義的方法。
一、 同義解釋法
同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等進(jìn)行解釋，有的利用破折號(hào)，同位語（從句），定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等進(jìn)行解釋。例如：
1. （湖北，A篇）A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own.
由定義可知territory的意思是“領(lǐng)域”、 “領(lǐng)土”。
2. （江蘇，E篇）The web of our life is of a min-gled yarn (紗線), good and ill together.
根據(jù)其后的同位語good and ill together可判斷，mingled的意思是mixed。
3. （北京，C篇）This results in unusual and self- destructive behavior called zoochosis.
既然不正常的、自我毀滅的行為叫做zoochosis，那么可推斷zoochosis的意思為：“行為古怪”。
二、前后對(duì)比法
有時(shí)作者對(duì)文章中的生詞給出了一定的對(duì)比背景，以反義或?qū)φ辗绞匠霈F(xiàn)。例如：
1. （廣東，C篇）Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.
下文的sending off應(yīng)與picking up意思相反，所以picking up應(yīng)為collecting（聚積）。
2. （重慶，D篇）It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience.
根據(jù)But 后的內(nèi)容可知，out-of-the-way與isola-tion意義相近，所以其義為faraway 或isolated。
3. （北京，D篇）However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except we take special pains to think about this subject.
由上文的they are actually not so obvious as they seem 及文中的except可知，take special pains應(yīng)與該句意思相反，據(jù)此可推斷它與try very hard意義相近。
三、 舉例說明法
根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，即使不能完全猜測生詞的詞義，也能猜出大致意義。例如：
1. （湖南，A篇）More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said....
根據(jù)下文舉出的數(shù)字可知，survey是research（調(diào)查）之意。
2. （廣東，B篇）Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be care-fully cultivated.
下文從三個(gè)方面論述了如何培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能，所以cultivate的意思應(yīng)與develop相似。
四、 上下文暗示法
根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子，對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語境的推測。例如：
1. （湖南，B篇）“We’ve collected foreign coins for years—since our families went on holiday to Tenerife.” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pe－setas in”. Lauren continues: “I find a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over...”
根據(jù)上下文可知pesetas是一種硬幣。
2. （上海，D篇）Devoted birdwatchers are fast be-ing joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches（雀科鳴鳥） on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.
根據(jù)whose interest is satiated by watching...in the back garden.可知, satiated應(yīng)該是“使……滿足(satisfied)”之意。
3. （天津，B篇）Lack of parent willpower may contribute more to juvenile obesity than under-exercis-ing or overeating.
Research suggests that having overweight parents is a big influence upon a child’s weight...
由下文可知這一句的意思是“缺乏父母的意志力可能比缺乏鍛煉或過量飲食更容易導(dǎo)致兒童時(shí)期的超重?！彼詊uvenile obesity意思是childhood overweight。
五、 因果推斷法
有時(shí)對(duì)生詞的詞義需要結(jié)合上下文的因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行推斷，既可根據(jù)原因推測結(jié)果，也可根據(jù)結(jié)果推測原因。例如：
1. （江西，D篇）The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.
由so that后的句意,可推斷prune意為“剪枝、修剪”。
2. （上海，B篇）“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”
因?yàn)閷?duì)方是上級(jí)，所以如果告訴對(duì)方做什么，自己會(huì)認(rèn)為是冒犯了對(duì)方，是自以為是，所以presump-tuous與too confident and rude意義相近。
六、 經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)法
有的生詞的猜測要求利用自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及科學(xué)常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析推斷。例如：
1. （福建，C篇）Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
結(jié)合下文helping to slow global warming與科學(xué)常識(shí)，不難知道m(xù)op up意為“吸收(take in)”。
2. （江蘇，C篇）Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day, an extremely ex-citing horserace.
根據(jù)生活常識(shí)及上文Towards the evening可知the horserace是這一天的最后一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，所以finale應(yīng)為“l(fā)ast part”。
七、 基本構(gòu)詞法
根據(jù)基本的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合等）來推測生詞的詞義。例如：
（上海，B篇）But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas. I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going.
初看起來，independently，input和feedback非常生疏，但利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)不難猜測它們的詞義。in-dependently是depend加后綴-ent，加前綴in-，再加后綴-ly而成的，那就是“獨(dú)立地”。input=in（進(jìn)入）+put（放）, 故input的意思為“輸入”。feedback=feed（輸入）+back（回）, 由此可知feedback意為“反饋，反應(yīng)”。
八、 音譯法
對(duì)文章中的人名、地名、動(dòng)物名、建筑物名以及山脈、河流、島嶼、海洋等專用名詞及漢語中的外來詞等，常可通過音譯來解決。當(dāng)然有的詞甚至不需要音譯，明白是人名、地名，并能理清之間的關(guān)系即可。
猜測生詞詞義是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn)，要想做好閱讀理解猜測詞義題，就必須要掌握一些猜詞方法，具備一定的猜詞能力。下面以2005年高考試題為例，介紹幾種行之有效的猜測生詞詞義的方法。
一、 同義解釋法
同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等進(jìn)行解釋，有的利用破折號(hào)，同位語（從句），定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等進(jìn)行解釋。例如：
1. （湖北，A篇）A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own.
由定義可知territory的意思是“領(lǐng)域”、 “領(lǐng)土”。
2. （江蘇，E篇）The web of our life is of a min-gled yarn (紗線), good and ill together.
根據(jù)其后的同位語good and ill together可判斷，mingled的意思是mixed。
3. （北京，C篇）This results in unusual and self- destructive behavior called zoochosis.
既然不正常的、自我毀滅的行為叫做zoochosis，那么可推斷zoochosis的意思為：“行為古怪”。
二、前后對(duì)比法
有時(shí)作者對(duì)文章中的生詞給出了一定的對(duì)比背景，以反義或?qū)φ辗绞匠霈F(xiàn)。例如：
1. （廣東，C篇）Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.
下文的sending off應(yīng)與picking up意思相反，所以picking up應(yīng)為collecting（聚積）。
2. （重慶，D篇）It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience.
根據(jù)But 后的內(nèi)容可知，out-of-the-way與isola-tion意義相近，所以其義為faraway 或isolated。
3. （北京，D篇）However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except we take special pains to think about this subject.
由上文的they are actually not so obvious as they seem 及文中的except可知，take special pains應(yīng)與該句意思相反，據(jù)此可推斷它與try very hard意義相近。
三、 舉例說明法
根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，即使不能完全猜測生詞的詞義，也能猜出大致意義。例如：
1. （湖南，A篇）More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said....
根據(jù)下文舉出的數(shù)字可知，survey是research（調(diào)查）之意。
2. （廣東，B篇）Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be care-fully cultivated.
下文從三個(gè)方面論述了如何培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能，所以cultivate的意思應(yīng)與develop相似。
四、 上下文暗示法
根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子，對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語境的推測。例如：
1. （湖南，B篇）“We’ve collected foreign coins for years—since our families went on holiday to Tenerife.” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pe－setas in”. Lauren continues: “I find a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over...”
根據(jù)上下文可知pesetas是一種硬幣。
2. （上海，D篇）Devoted birdwatchers are fast be-ing joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches（雀科鳴鳥） on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.
根據(jù)whose interest is satiated by watching...in the back garden.可知, satiated應(yīng)該是“使……滿足(satisfied)”之意。
3. （天津，B篇）Lack of parent willpower may contribute more to juvenile obesity than under-exercis-ing or overeating.
Research suggests that having overweight parents is a big influence upon a child’s weight...
由下文可知這一句的意思是“缺乏父母的意志力可能比缺乏鍛煉或過量飲食更容易導(dǎo)致兒童時(shí)期的超重?！彼詊uvenile obesity意思是childhood overweight。
五、 因果推斷法
有時(shí)對(duì)生詞的詞義需要結(jié)合上下文的因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行推斷，既可根據(jù)原因推測結(jié)果，也可根據(jù)結(jié)果推測原因。例如：
1. （江西，D篇）The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.
由so that后的句意,可推斷prune意為“剪枝、修剪”。
2. （上海，B篇）“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”
因?yàn)閷?duì)方是上級(jí)，所以如果告訴對(duì)方做什么，自己會(huì)認(rèn)為是冒犯了對(duì)方，是自以為是，所以presump-tuous與too confident and rude意義相近。
六、 經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)法
有的生詞的猜測要求利用自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及科學(xué)常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析推斷。例如：
1. （福建，C篇）Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
結(jié)合下文helping to slow global warming與科學(xué)常識(shí)，不難知道m(xù)op up意為“吸收(take in)”。
2. （江蘇，C篇）Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day, an extremely ex-citing horserace.
根據(jù)生活常識(shí)及上文Towards the evening可知the horserace是這一天的最后一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，所以finale應(yīng)為“l(fā)ast part”。
七、 基本構(gòu)詞法
根據(jù)基本的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合等）來推測生詞的詞義。例如：
（上海，B篇）But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas. I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going.
初看起來，independently，input和feedback非常生疏，但利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)不難猜測它們的詞義。in-dependently是depend加后綴-ent，加前綴in-，再加后綴-ly而成的，那就是“獨(dú)立地”。input=in（進(jìn)入）+put（放）, 故input的意思為“輸入”。feedback=feed（輸入）+back（回）, 由此可知feedback意為“反饋，反應(yīng)”。
八、 音譯法
對(duì)文章中的人名、地名、動(dòng)物名、建筑物名以及山脈、河流、島嶼、海洋等專用名詞及漢語中的外來詞等，常可通過音譯來解決。當(dāng)然有的詞甚至不需要音譯，明白是人名、地名，并能理清之間的關(guān)系即可。