考研英語歷年真題閱讀理解精讀筆記(七)

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TEXT 4
    Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect.Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education-not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.
    Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual, says education writer Diane Ravitch.Schools could be a counterbalance. Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of antiintellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
     But they could and should be.Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, We will become a second rate country. We will have a less civil society.
    Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege, writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of antiintellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book."
     Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American antiintellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized-going to school and learning to read-so he can preserve his innate goodness.
     Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire.Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
     School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.
    56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
    A.The habit of thinking independently.
    B.Profound knowledge of the world.
    C.Practical abilities for future career.
    D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
    57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of .
    A.undervaluing intellect
    B.favoring intellectualism
    C. supporting school reform
    D.suppressing native intelligence
    58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are .
    A.identical
    B.similar
    C.complementary
    D.opposite
    59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably .
    A.a(chǎn) pioneer of education reform
    B.a(chǎn)n opponent of intellectualism
    C.a(chǎn) scholar in favor of intellect
    D.a(chǎn)n advocate of regular schooling
    60. What does the author think of intellect?
    A.It is second to intelligence.
    B.It evolves from common sense.
    C.It is to be pursued.
    D.It underlies power.
    ability15 n.①能力,智能;②才能,才干
    acquire7 v.①取得,獲得,占有;②學(xué)到
    athlete3 n.運(yùn)動(dòng)員
    author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
    avoid9 v.避免,回避,逃避
    career11 n.①生涯,經(jīng)歷;②專業(yè),職業(yè)
    civil1 a.①公民的,市民的;②國內(nèi)的,民間的;③民用的;④有禮貌的,文明的;⑤文職的
    civilize2 v.使文明,開化
    conclude5 v.①結(jié)束,終結(jié);②斷定,下結(jié)論;③締結(jié),議定
    confidence6 n.①(in)信任;②信心,自信;③秘密,機(jī)密
    creative9 a.有創(chuàng)造力的,創(chuàng)造性的
    critical7 a.①批評的,評論的;②危急的,緊要的;③臨界的;④重要的,關(guān)鍵的
    criticize3 v.批評,評論
    democracy5 n.民主,民主制,民主國家
    democratic6 a.民主的
    encourage13 v.鼓勵(lì),慫恿
    entrepreneur1 n.企業(yè)家,主辦人
    evolve3 v.(使)發(fā)展,(使)進(jìn)化
    exemplify2 v.舉例證明,是...的榜樣
    goodness1 n.善良,仁慈;int.天哪
    grasp2 v./n.①抓住,抓緊;②掌握,領(lǐng)會(huì)
    grip3 v./n.緊握,抓緊
    historian9 n.歷史學(xué)家
    identical1 a.(to,with)同一的,同樣的
    identify10 v.①識別,鑒別;②(with)把...和...看成一樣,打成一片
    intellectual19 n.知識分子
    intelligence13 n.①智力,聰明;②理解力;③情報(bào),消息,報(bào)導(dǎo)
    kid14 n.小孩,兒童;v.戲弄,取笑
    knowledge15 n.①知識,學(xué)識;②知道,了解
    manipulate2 v.操縱,使用,控制
    opponent2 n.對手,反對者,敵手;a.對立的,對抗的
    participate1 v.①(in)參與,參加;②分享,分擔(dān)
    philosopher8 n.哲學(xué)家,哲人
    politics5 n.①政治,政治學(xué);②政綱,政見
    ponder1 v.沉思,考慮
    practical7 a.實(shí)際的,實(shí)用的
    preserve4 v.①保護(hù),維持;②保存,保藏;③腌漬;n.專門領(lǐng)域
    privilege4 n.特權(quán),優(yōu)惠,特許;v.享有特權(quán),特許
    proclaim1 v.宣告,聲明
    profound3 a.①深刻的,意義深遠(yuǎn)的;②淵博的,造詣深的
    pursue5 v.①追趕,追蹤;②繼續(xù),從事;③獲得,完成
    pursuit6 n.①追趕,追求;②職業(yè),工作
    rate31 n.①比率,率;②等級;③價(jià)格,費(fèi)用;v.①估價(jià);②評級,評價(jià)
    reform8 v./n.改革,改造,改良
    reject7 v.①拒絕,抵制,駁回;②丟棄;③排斥,退掉
    religion8 n.①宗教,信仰;②信念,信條
    resent3 v.對...表示忿恨,怨恨
    restraint1 n.抑制,制止,克制
    rigorous1 a.嚴(yán)格的,嚴(yán)厲的,嚴(yán)酷的,嚴(yán)峻的
    sake1 n.緣故
    scholar5 n.學(xué)者
    school44 n.①學(xué)校;②(大學(xué)里的)學(xué)院,系;③學(xué)派,流派
    sense16 n.①感官,官能;②感覺;③判斷力;④見識;⑤意義,意思;v.感覺到,意識到
    suppress1 v.①鎮(zhèn)壓,壓制;②抑制,忍住;③查禁
    symptom2 n.癥狀,征兆
    system31 n.①系統(tǒng),體系;②制度,體制
    trace4 n.①痕跡,蹤跡;②極少量,微量;v.①描繪;②跟蹤,追蹤;③追溯,探索
    underlie3 vt.位于...之下,成為...的基礎(chǔ)
    urge3 v.①催促,力勸;②強(qiáng)烈希望;③鼓勵(lì),促進(jìn);n.強(qiáng)烈欲望,迫切要求
    view28 n.①景象,風(fēng)景;②觀點(diǎn),見解;③觀察,觀看;④眼界;v.看待,觀察,考慮
    vulnerable3 a.易受攻擊的,易受...的攻擊
    word36 n.①詞,單詞;②[常pl.]話;③消息,傳說;④諾言,保證;v.用言語表達(dá)
    writer10 n.作者,作家
    according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
    adjust3 v.調(diào)節(jié),調(diào)整,校正
    advocate13 n.提倡者,鼓吹者;v.提倡,鼓吹
    bellyful1 n.滿腹,滿肚子,過量
    complementary4 a.補(bǔ)充的,補(bǔ)足
    contemplative1 a.沉思的
    counterbalance2 vt.使平均,使平衡,彌補(bǔ);n.平衡,勢均力敵
    critically3 ad.批評地,用鉆研眼光地,精密地,危急地
    distaste1 n.討厭,嫌惡
    elitism1 n.精英優(yōu)越論
    entertainer1 n.款待者,表演娛樂節(jié)目的人,演藝人員
    exploitation2 n.①開發(fā),開采;②剝削,利用
    hostility1 n.敵意,惡意
    independently3 ad.獨(dú)立地,自立地
    innate1 a.先天的,天生的
    intellect8 n.智力
    intellectualism4 n.①智力活動(dòng);②才智主義,知性主義
    latest8 a.最近的
    militantly1 ad.軍事地,好戰(zhàn)地
    pervasive2 a.擴(kuò)大的,普遍的
    populist1 a./n.民族主義(的),民粹主義(的)
    practicality1 n.實(shí)用性
    recitation2 n.朗誦,背誦
    reluctantly1 ad.不情愿地,嫌惡地
    schooling2 n.①學(xué)校教育;②上學(xué),就學(xué)
    theorize1 v.建立理論,推論,推理
    transcendentalist1 a./n.先驗(yàn)論者(的)
    undervalue1 v.低估
    unnatural1 a.不自然的
    難句1
    Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
    1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu):Ravitch's latest book ... traces the roots ...;
    2. concluding引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是部分詞組的理解;
    [方法對策]trace the root of:追溯;anything but:根本不;
    [例句精譯]萊維西最新著作《回顧:一百年來學(xué)校改革的失敗》探索學(xué)校里反學(xué)識傾向的根源,書中的結(jié)論是:學(xué)校根本未能制衡美國人對學(xué)識追求的厭惡。但學(xué)校是能夠并應(yīng)該做到這一點(diǎn)的。
    難句2
    Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
    1. 本句主干是:Hofstadter says + 賓語部分;
    2. 賓語部分主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:our country's educational system is in the grips of people,其后是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾people;
    3. 此定語從句中,who作主語,謂語是proclaim,賓語是and連接的their hostility和their hostility;
    4.此定語從句中,又包含一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾children;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是賓語部分比較復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]找出賓語部分的主干,再分析其他成分;
    [例句精譯]霍夫斯塔特說,掌握我們國家教育體系的人得意而咄咄逼人地宣揚(yáng)自己對學(xué)識的敵視,迫不及待地認(rèn)同那些看來在學(xué)識方面最難造就的孩子。
    56.[答案] C
    [解析]本文猛烈抨擊了美國人對智力和知識的輕視。開頭即講:今天的美國人不太重視學(xué)識。人們崇拜的都是運(yùn)動(dòng)員、娛樂明星和企業(yè)家,而不是學(xué)者。甚至我們送孩子去學(xué)校也是為了接受實(shí)用教育而非為了獲得知識。由此可知,C為正確選項(xiàng)。
    57.[答案] A
    [解析]從第二段,schools have always been...;traces the roots...可知,美國人歷來有輕視智力的歷史。而B:贊賞學(xué)識,C:支持學(xué)校改革,D:壓制天賦。則不是答案。
    58. [答案] D
    [解析]從第二段我們已知Ravitch的態(tài)度是贊成學(xué)校傳授知識。然后我們找到Emerson處可知他反對將book learning強(qiáng)加給孩子們。所以,這兩人態(tài)度是截然相反的。故選D。
    59.[答案] B
    [解析]由此,我們也可以得出結(jié)論,Emerson是一個(gè)反對在學(xué)校單純進(jìn)行學(xué)識知識教育的人,故選B.
    60. [答案] C
    [解析]同學(xué)們?nèi)杂浄??!我們曾講過,探求作者態(tài)度,But是個(gè)重要參考。本文第二段講美國的歷史是重實(shí)用輕知識,本來學(xué)??梢云鹨粋€(gè)糾正這種風(fēng)氣的作用,可惜它們沒做到。接著第三段寫B(tài)ut,它們應(yīng)該而且也能夠做到的??梢娮髡邞B(tài)度是C。
    今天的美國人不很看重學(xué)識。人們崇拜的都是運(yùn)動(dòng)員、演藝圈明星和企業(yè)家,而不是學(xué)者。甚至我們送孩子去學(xué)校也是為了接受實(shí)用教育而非為了獲得知識。學(xué)校里不難發(fā)現(xiàn)反學(xué)識傾向的普遍表現(xiàn)。
     教育學(xué)作家戴安·萊維西說: 學(xué)校始終處于實(shí)用重于才學(xué)的社會(huì)之中,學(xué)校完全可以(對這種社會(huì)思潮)發(fā)揮制衡作用。萊維西最新著作《回顧:一百年來學(xué)校改革的失敗》探索學(xué)校里反學(xué)識傾向的根源,書中的結(jié)論是:學(xué)校根本未能制衡美國人對學(xué)識追求的厭惡。
     但學(xué)校是能夠并應(yīng)該做到這一點(diǎn)的。鼓勵(lì)孩子們放棄精神上的追求,會(huì)使他們極易被利用和控制。如果不能批判地思考、不能維護(hù)自己的思想、不能理解他人的觀念,他們就不能充分地參與民主社會(huì)。作家厄爾·紹瑞斯說,沿著這條路線發(fā)展下去,我們將變?yōu)槎鲊?,社?huì)也不再那么文明。
    歷史學(xué)家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美國生活中的反學(xué)識傾向》中寫道:學(xué)識被看作一種權(quán)利或特權(quán)而遭厭惡。該書探討美國政治、宗教和教育中的反學(xué)識傾向的根源,曾獲普利策圖書獎(jiǎng)?;舴蛩顾卣f:自美國建國之初,我們的民主化和大眾平民化傾向就使我們摒棄一切和精英主義沾邊的東西。實(shí)用性、常識以及與生俱有的智力這些素質(zhì)一直被視作比可以從書本里學(xué)得的任何東西都高貴。
    拉爾夫·瓦爾多·愛默生和其他一些先驗(yàn)主義哲學(xué)家則認(rèn)為學(xué)校教育和僵化的書本學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)抑制孩子們的天性,我們被關(guān)在中小學(xué)和大學(xué)的讀書室里十年或十五年,最后出來滿肚子墨水,卻啥都不懂。馬克·吐溫的小說《哈克貝利·芬》正好詮釋了美國人的反學(xué)識傾向。該書的主人公拒絕被文明化--不上學(xué)和不學(xué)習(xí)讀書寫字--因此他才得以保住善良的天性。
     按照霍夫斯塔特的觀點(diǎn),學(xué)識不同于天生的智慧,它是一種我們不太情愿去贊賞的品質(zhì)。學(xué)識是精神世界中的批評、創(chuàng)造和沉思的一面。智力尋求的是理解、運(yùn)用、整合和調(diào)節(jié),而學(xué)識則是審視、思考、探究、形成理論、批判和想像。
    在學(xué)校,學(xué)識仍不被信任?;舴蛩顾卣f,掌握我們國家教育體系的人 得意而咄咄逼人地宣揚(yáng)自己對學(xué)識的敵視,迫不及待地認(rèn)同那些看來在學(xué)識方面最難造就的孩子。
    56. 美國的父母期望他們的孩子在學(xué)校獲得什么?
    A.獨(dú)立思考的習(xí)慣。
    B.深諳世事。
    C. 適用將來職業(yè)的實(shí)用技能。
    D.對智慧追求的信心。
    57. 根據(jù)本文,我們可以了解到:美國人有的歷史。
    A.輕視智力
    B.贊成學(xué)識
    C.支持學(xué)校改革
    D. 壓制天賦
    58. Ravitch與Emerson有關(guān)教育的觀點(diǎn)是。
    A.相同的
    B.相似的
    C.互補(bǔ)的
    D.相反的
    59. 根據(jù)本文的觀點(diǎn),愛默生可能是。
    A.一名教育改革的先驅(qū)
    B.一名(反對在學(xué)校單純進(jìn)行學(xué)識教育的)學(xué)識主義反對者
    C. 一名支持才智的學(xué)者
    D.一名常規(guī)教育的倡導(dǎo)者
    60. 作者如何看待學(xué)識?
    A.它僅次于智慧。
    B.它由常識演變而來的。
    C.它應(yīng)當(dāng)受到人們的追求。
    D. 它是權(quán)力的基礎(chǔ)。