考研英語歷年真題閱讀理解精讀筆記(三)

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TEXT 1
    In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference"characteristic of popular culture.People are absorbed into"a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
    Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000.Now, consider three indices of assimilation-language, home ownership and intermarriage.
    The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin  spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for language. By 1996 foreign born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native born Americans.
    Foreign born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do US born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian American women are married to non Asians.
    Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power."
    Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
    21. The word "homogenizing" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .
    [A] identifying
    [B] associating
    [C] assimilating
    [D] monopolizing
    22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century .
    [A] played a role in the spread of popular culture
    [B] became intimate shops for common consumers
    [C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite
    [D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption
    23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the US .
    [A] are resistant to homogenization
    [B] exert a great influence on American culture
    [C] are hardly a threat to the common culture
    [D] constitute the majority of the population
    24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
    [A] To prove their popularity around the world.
    [B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
    [C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
    [D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
    25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is .
    [A] rewarding
    [B] successful
    [C] fruitless
    [D] harmful
    absence1 n.①缺席,不在場;②缺乏,沒有
    absorb3 v.①吸收;②吸引,使專心
    act11 v.①行動(dòng),做事;②(on)起作用;③表演;④(for)代表,代替;n.①行為,動(dòng)作;②(一)幕;③法令,條例
    amaze5 v.使驚奇,使驚愕,使驚嘆
    array2 n.①一系列,大量;②排列;v.排列
    assimilate2 v.①(被)吸收,(被)消化;②(使或被)同化
    associate3 v.①(with)使聯(lián)系,使聯(lián)合;②交往,結(jié)合;n.合作人,伙伴,同事,同行;a.副的
    atmosphere3 n.①大氣(層);②空氣;③氣氛,環(huán)境
    author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
    background6 n.背景,經(jīng)歷
    cater1 vi.備辦食物,滿足(需要),投合
    census4 n.人口普查(調(diào)查)
    characteristic8 a.(of)特有的,獨(dú)特的;n.特征,特性
    constitute4 v.組成,構(gòu)成
    consumption4 n.消費(fèi)(量),消耗
    culture21 n.①修養(yǎng),教養(yǎng);②文化,文明
    democratic6 a.民主的
    department5 n.①部,局,處,科,部門;②系,學(xué)部
    description6 n.①描寫,形容;②種類
    deteriorate1 v.(使)惡化,(使)變壞
    discourse1 n.演講,論述,論文,講道,談話,談?wù)?;vi.談?wù)?,演說
    elegant3 a.優(yōu)雅的,優(yōu)美的,精致的
    elevate2 v.抬起,升高
    elite4 n.①[總稱]上層人士,掌權(quán)人物,實(shí)力集團(tuán);②出類拔萃的人(集團(tuán)),精英
    environment12 n.環(huán)境,外界
    exert3 v.盡(力),施加(壓力等)
    forum1 n.論壇,討論會(huì)
    goods9 n.商品,貨物
    hence6 ad.①從此,今后;②因此
    identify10 v.①識別,鑒別;②(with)把...和...看成一樣,打成一片
    immigrant10 a.(從國外)移來的,移民的;n.移民,僑民
    immune3 a.①免疫的,有免疫力的;②有受影響的;③免除的,豁免的
    index3 n.([pl.]indexes,indices)①索引;②指數(shù),指標(biāo),標(biāo)志;v.附以索引,編入索引
    influence17 n.①(on)影響,感化;②勢力,權(quán)勢;v.影響,感化
    intimate1 a.親密的,密切的
    issue18 v.①流出,放出;②發(fā)行,發(fā)表,頒布;n.①發(fā)行(物),(報(bào)刊)期號;②問題,爭論點(diǎn),爭端
    launch4 v.①發(fā)射;②使(船)下水;③發(fā)動(dòng),開展;n.發(fā)射,下水
    note9 n.①筆記,記錄;②按語,注釋;③便條,短箋;④鈔票,紙幣;⑤暗示,建議v.①記下,摘下;②表明,認(rèn)為
    origin5 n.①起源,由來;②出身,來歷
    original3 a.①最初的,原始的,原文的;②新穎的,有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的;n.原物,原作,原文
    ownership4 n.所有(權(quán)),所有制
    poisonous2 a.有毒的
    powerful10 a.強(qiáng)大的,有力的,有權(quán)的
    prior1 a./ad.①優(yōu)先的,在前的;②(to)在...之前
    rate31 n.①比率,率;②等級;③價(jià)格,費(fèi)用;v.①估價(jià);②評級,評價(jià)
    regardless1 a.①不留心的,不注意的;②(of)不管
    remote1 a.①遠(yuǎn)的,長久的;②偏遠(yuǎn)的,偏僻的;③關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)的
    residence1 n.①住處,住宅;②居住
    resident4 n.居民,常住者;a.居住的
    resistant2 a.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的
    reveal8 v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露
    role22 n.①角色;②作用,任務(wù)
    social38 a.①社會(huì)的;②社交的,交際的;n.社交活動(dòng)
    spite1 n.①惡意;②怨恨;③(in ~ of)盡管
    tend26 v.①趨向,往往是;②照料,看護(hù)
    threat9 n.①恐嚇,威脅;②壞兆頭,危險(xiǎn)跡象
    turbulent1 a.狂暴的,無秩序的
    view28 n.①景象,風(fēng)景;②觀點(diǎn),見解;③觀察,觀看;④眼界;v.看待,觀察,考慮
    absorption1 n.吸收
    according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
    advertise12 v.做廣告
    assimilation3 n.同化,同化作用
    assimilative1 a.同化的
    bilingual1 a.能說兩種語言的
    casualness1 a.偶然的,不經(jīng)意的
    consumer20 n.消費(fèi)者
    deference1 n.順從, 尊重
    democratize1 v.(使)民主化
    divisive1 a.分裂的
    emergence5 n.浮現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)
    graveyard1 n.墓地
    harmful5 a.有害的,傷害的
    homogenization1 n.(均)勻化,同質(zhì)化
    homogenize1 v.均質(zhì)化
    immigration1 n.外來的移民,移居入境
    intermarriage2 n.聯(lián)姻,異族結(jié)婚
    knowledgeable1 a.知識淵博的,有見識的
    media9 n.媒體
    monopolize1 vt.獨(dú)占,壟斷
    popularity5 n.普及,流行
    proficient1 a.精通的,熟練的  rewarding2 a.有益的, 值得的
    seething1 a.火熱的, 沸騰的
    superstar2 n.超級明星
    uniformity1 n.統(tǒng)一,一致
    unprecedented1 a.空前的
    難句1
    There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference"characteristic of popular culture.
    [語法分析]本句是there is 結(jié)構(gòu),引號內(nèi)的兩個(gè)名詞詞組是characteristic of popular culture的具體說明,為定語;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]定語部分較長,由兩個(gè)名詞詞組構(gòu)成;
    [方法對策]本句there is結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語為characteristic of popular culture,然后再分析其他部分;
    [例句精譯](在美國)有人們在服裝和談吐上平民化的一致,也有美國在流行文化漫不經(jīng)心、隨心所欲的典型風(fēng)格上的一致。
    難句2
    Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句結(jié)構(gòu)為:主句+從句,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾this common culture;
    2. 定語從句中包含了一個(gè)not...but...結(jié)構(gòu);
    [本句難點(diǎn)]本句相對簡單;
    [方法對策]找出主句從句,然后分析各自主干部分;
    [例句精譯]外國來的移民很快就融入了這種文化,這(對美國文化)也許無甚大助,但起碼也無甚大害。
    難句3
    By 1996 foreign born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native born Americans.
    [語法分析]
    1.本句主干為:...foreignborn immigrants...had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent...;
    2. immigrants后面是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾immigrants,who在從句中作主語;
    3. higher than是比較結(jié)構(gòu),做a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent的后置定語;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句關(guān)系復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]首先找出主句主干,然后再分析從句和其他修飾成分;
    [例句精譯]到1996年為止,1970年前來到美國的外國出生的移民擁有75.6%的住宅率,這比美國本國人的69.8%的擁有率還高。
    難句4
    Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power."
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句是用轉(zhuǎn)折詞yet連接的兩個(gè)分句;
    2. 第一個(gè)分句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Rodriguez notes + that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;賓語從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:children...are fans of superstars...;
    3. 第二個(gè)分句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:some American fear + that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,賓語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子結(jié)構(gòu)和從句關(guān)系復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]看到轉(zhuǎn)折詞yet把句子分成前后兩個(gè)分句,再分別找出各自的主句主干和從句主干,即可比較好的理解本句;
    [例句精譯]Rodriguez指出,世界邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的孩子都崇拜阿諾德·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯那樣的超級明星,然而"還有部分美國人擔(dān)心,住在美國國內(nèi)的移民仍然不為國家的融合力所動(dòng)。"
    21.[答案]C
    [解析]本文講了美國在同化移民方面的成功。文章開始就談到了:"雖然有關(guān)于差異的無休止的談?wù)?,但是美國社?huì)其實(shí)是一部令人吃驚的同化人的機(jī)器"。這就使我們聯(lián)想到美國這個(gè)移民國家的多元化和統(tǒng)一性(例如:政治上有共和黨和民主黨;左派有共產(chǎn)黨,右派有三K黨;人種上有白人、黑人、黃種人;文化上有歐洲文化、亞洲文化、非洲文化等等。表面上不可調(diào)和,但身為美國人之后,又有著某種形式上多么奇妙的統(tǒng)一:大家都講著美式英語,穿著牛仔褲,吃著麥當(dāng)勞,看著好萊塢大片和NBA籃球賽等等。)
    根據(jù)查找閱讀法看完首段,大家應(yīng)馬上來做21題。這時(shí),如果有點(diǎn)構(gòu)詞法常識,該多么好!(這也是考研英語大綱中的基本要求)。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法,homo表示"共同,同化",如homology,homologue,homograph,homogenize,最常見的是homosex:同性戀。這樣,我們基本上可排除A:"辨認(rèn)"和B:"聯(lián)系"。至于D:monopolizing,mono這個(gè)前綴表示"單獨(dú)",例如:monobloc:單塊的,monochrome:單色,monocyte:單核細(xì)胞,monolog:獨(dú)白......,而選項(xiàng)D"壟斷"也基本上可以排除了。故正確選項(xiàng)為C:assimilating。眾所周知,similar為"相似的",又知某個(gè)單詞前加"a"在構(gòu)詞法上表示加強(qiáng)語氣"使勁做",即"使相同或相似,同化"。
    萬一不會(huì)構(gòu)詞法也沒關(guān)系,筆者在《考研英語歷年真題閱讀理解精讀筆記》一書中講解閱讀技巧時(shí)談到過"詞匯類選項(xiàng)"應(yīng)該看上、下文。從上文看:雖然人們在談?wù)撝绹木薮蟛町?,但是美國相?dāng)?shù)亟y(tǒng)一(In spite of=Although),所以homogenizing必然與上文的difference相反,因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)詞在"雖然......,但是......"中一前一后,意思必然截然相反。而從下文看,homogenizing又與uniformity是一致的:(form為"形式",uni為"一";如:unify:統(tǒng)一;unique:惟一的;unite,union,unity......等等。所以,uniform為"形式的統(tǒng)一","同一"等)。所以,考研大綱中的常見構(gòu)詞法還是要看一看的。
    22.[答案]A
    [解析]問題是:"按作者說法,19世紀(jì)的百貨商場......"。大家知道,第一段主要談美國表面上有差異,好像一盤散沙,實(shí)質(zhì)上非常一致,舉例子時(shí)談到了美國人服裝的統(tǒng)一(牛仔褲等),談吐上的統(tǒng)一(美式英語),也談到了購物作風(fēng)上的統(tǒng)一(美國人購物普遍是大大咧咧、隨心所欲)--而這種作風(fēng)正是19世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生的大眾化百貨商場所培養(yǎng)起來的,所以選A。至于選項(xiàng)B:這種19世紀(jì)的商場"對平民大眾消費(fèi)者有親和力"是不對的,因?yàn)樵牡膇ntimate是指對elite有親和力的那種商店,而非這種商場。選項(xiàng)C:這種19世紀(jì)的商場"滿足有知識的精英們的需求",這不對,原文的intimate shops才滿足精英們的需求。而選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)在它說:這種19世紀(jì)的商場是由"一種平民消費(fèi)文化的出現(xiàn)所促生的。"錯(cuò)!先有了這種商場,才促生了美國平民的大眾消費(fèi)文化,而不是相反,所以,此題錯(cuò)在把因果弄顛倒了。僅看完了第一段,就可以回答兩道問題了,可見查找式閱讀法是多么省時(shí)而又高效??!
    23.[答案]C
    [解析]第二段開頭就談到了"外國來的移民很快就溶入了這種文化,這對(美國文化)也許無甚大助(elevating),但起碼也無甚大害(hardly poisonous)"。所以選C,只不過把形容詞poisonous換成了名詞threat而已,記?。涸綋Q同義詞的細(xì)節(jié)題,越可能是答案。選項(xiàng)A、B明顯不對。至于D,從第二段數(shù)字中也可以看出是錯(cuò)誤的。
    24.[答案]D
    [解析]看完第二段后,先不急于看三、四段,而應(yīng)先看24題問的是什么?這就是查找閱讀法。24題問:"第五段中,為什么要提(美國影星)施瓦辛格和布魯克斯?"這就等于告訴我們,第三、四段基本上可以不看,(至少也應(yīng)該看得快點(diǎn)!盡量一掠而過。因?yàn)樗鼈兣c問題無關(guān)!)而細(xì)看第五段后我們發(fā)現(xiàn):施瓦辛格等甚至受到了世界遙遠(yuǎn)角落里農(nóng)村孩子們的喜愛,可見美國文化的影響是多么強(qiáng)大?。〉牵▂et),還是有美國人擔(dān)心它不夠強(qiáng)大,怕新來的移民不受其影響。故選D,提到施瓦辛格是表明美國文化影響力之強(qiáng)大??梢?但是"(but ,yet,however,although,nevertheless)一詞的份量是很重的。"但是"前后,一定要仔細(xì)品味。
    25.[答案]B
    [解析]最后一段談到:美國人就那么統(tǒng)一,難道沒有分歧意見嗎?當(dāng)然了,美國這么大,不可能是鐵板一塊。但是(又是這個(gè)"但是"),(請注意本題問作者的態(tài)度,而作者的意思常常藏在But后面),跟過去的動(dòng)蕩相比較(如南北戰(zhàn)爭,黑人的民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)等等),今日的美國社會(huì)并未呈現(xiàn)出更黑暗和更惡化的社會(huì)環(huán)境--言外之意,我們的社會(huì)統(tǒng)一做得還是蠻成功的!故選B。C、D為否定,當(dāng)然不對。至于A,與第二段首句沖突,也是不對的。
    盡管人們在無休止地談?wù)撝绹鐣?huì)的差異,但美國社會(huì)其實(shí)是一部能夠同化人的神奇機(jī)器。(在美國)有人們在服裝和談吐上平民化的一致,也有美國在流行文化漫不經(jīng)心、隨心所欲的典型風(fēng)格上的一致。同時(shí),美國人也都(一致地)沉醉于一種由19世紀(jì)的百貨商場所發(fā)端的"消費(fèi)文化"。這類的百貨商場在優(yōu)雅的環(huán)境中給顧客提供大量的商品。它們不同于過去那種僅迎合有知識的精英并使他們感到親切的商店,而是為大眾而設(shè):任何人都可以進(jìn)去,不分階級和背景。這就把消費(fèi)變成了一種大眾化的平民行為。大眾傳媒、廣告和體育運(yùn)動(dòng)則是另類的同化力量。
    外國來的移民很快就溶入了這種文化,這(對美國文化)也許無甚大助,但起碼也無甚大害。Gregory Rodriguez為《國家移民論壇》撰寫文章,他在報(bào)道中指出,如今移民人數(shù)既沒有創(chuàng)新高,也不拒絕被同化。1998年,移民占美國人口總數(shù)的9.8%,而1990年移民人口所占比例是13.6%。在1990年前的十年間,每1,000名居民中有3.1個(gè)移民,而在1890年前的十年中,每1,000個(gè)居民中有9.2個(gè)移民?,F(xiàn)在要考慮一下同化的三個(gè)指數(shù):語言,住房擁有情況和通婚。
    1990年的人口普查表明,"十五個(gè)最主要的移民來源國中的大部分移民,定居美國十年后就能將英語說的‘好’或‘很好’"。移民的孩子往往講雙語,精通英語。"到了第三代,母語就在大多數(shù)家庭中消失了。"因此,美國被說成是"語言的墓地"。到1996年為止,1970年前來到美國的外國出生的移民擁有75.6%的住宅率,這比美國本國人的69.8%的擁有率還高。
    國外出生的亞裔和西班牙裔"異族通婚率也比美國出生的白人和黑人高"。到了第三代,三分之一的西班牙裔女性嫁給了非西班牙裔男士,而41%的亞裔女性與非亞裔人結(jié)婚。
    Rodriguez指出,世界邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的孩子都崇拜阿諾德·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯那樣的超級明星,然而"還有部分美國人擔(dān)心,住在美國國內(nèi)的移民仍然不為國家的融合力所動(dòng)。"
    美國存在分裂問題和*地區(qū)嗎?沒錯(cuò)。這個(gè)國家太大,以至于樣樣?xùn)|西都會(huì)有一點(diǎn)的。但是,當(dāng)我們審視美國過去的*時(shí),今天的各項(xiàng)社會(huì)指標(biāo)并沒有表明(更)黑暗和惡化的社會(huì)環(huán)境。
    21.(首段2行)"homogenizing"一詞最可能的意思是:
    [A]辨認(rèn)
    [B]聯(lián)系
    [C]同化
    [D]壟斷
    22.按照作者的說法,19世紀(jì)的大百貨商場(stores)。
    [A] 在大眾流行文化的傳播方面扮演著重要角色
    [B] 成了對普通消費(fèi)者有親和力的商店(shops)
    [C] 滿足了有知識的精英階層的需要
    [D] 把它的出現(xiàn)歸因于大眾消費(fèi)文化(的出現(xiàn))
    23.本文表明美國現(xiàn)在的移民。
    [A] 抵制同化
    [B] 對美國文化施加巨大影響
    [C] 對(美國的這種)大眾文化幾乎不構(gòu)成什么威脅
    [D] 構(gòu)成了(美國)人口的大多數(shù)
    24.為什么第5段中提到施瓦辛格和布魯克斯?
    [A](為了)證明他們在世界各地都受歡迎。
    [B](為了)表明公眾對移民們的擔(dān)心害怕。
    [C](為了)舉一些成功移民的例子。
    [D](為了)表明美國文化具有的強(qiáng)大影響力。
    25.在作者看來,美國社會(huì)對移民的吸納是。
    [A] 有報(bào)答的
    [B] 成功的
    [C] 毫無成果的
    [D]有害的
    TEXT 2
    Stratford on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.
    The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise making.
    The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus-and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side-don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.
    The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.
    Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
    It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
    26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that .
    [A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue
    [B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage
    [C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms
    [D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism
    27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that .
    [A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately
    [B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers
    [C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers
    [D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater
    28.By saying"Stratford cries poor traditionally"(Line 2,Paragraph 4),the author implies that .
    [A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects
    [B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties
    [C] the town is not really short of money
    [D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid
    29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because .
    [A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending
    [B] the company is financially ill managed
    [C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable
    [D] the theatre attendance is on the rise
    30. From the text we can conclude that the author .
    [A] is supportive of both sides
    [B] favors the townsfolk’s view
    [C] takes a detached attitude
    [D] is sympathetic to the RSC
    afford4 v.①擔(dān)負(fù)得起,買得起,花得起(時(shí)間);②供給,給予
    alike2 a.相同的,相像的
    attendance1 n.到場,出席
    attitude14 n.①(to,towards)態(tài)度,看法;②姿勢
    attractive3 a.有吸引力的,引起興趣的,動(dòng)人的
    author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
    banquet1 n.宴會(huì);v.赴宴
    beard2 n.胡須
    behavior15 n.①行為,舉止;②(機(jī)器的)特性
    cash4 n.現(xiàn)金,現(xiàn)款;v.兌現(xiàn),付(或收)現(xiàn)款
    conclude5 v.①結(jié)束,終結(jié);②斷定,下結(jié)論;③締結(jié),議定
    contend3 v.①競爭,斗爭;②堅(jiān)決主張,聲稱,認(rèn)為
    contribute6 v.①(to)貢獻(xiàn),捐助,捐獻(xiàn);②投稿
    contribution4 n.①貢獻(xiàn);②捐獻(xiàn)(物);③作用,影響;④因素,成份
    council2 n.理事會(huì),委員會(huì),議事機(jī)構(gòu)
    decorate1 v.裝飾,裝璜,布置
    dedicate5 v.奉獻(xiàn),把...用在
    deny5 v.①否認(rèn),否定;②拒絕
    deserve4 v.應(yīng)受,值得
    detach2 v.分開,拆開
    directly10 ad.①直接地,徑直地;②馬上,立即
    dislike1 n./v.不喜歡,厭惡
    doubt8 n./v.懷疑,疑慮
    expansion2 n.①擴(kuò)張,膨脹;②張開,伸展
    financial11 a.財(cái)政的,金融的
    forth2 ad.向前,向外;(back and ~)來回地
    hamburger1 n.漢堡包,牛肉餅
    hostile2 a.敵對的,敵方的,敵意的
    imitate2 v.①模仿,仿效;②仿造,偽造
    imply12 v.意指,含...意思,暗示
    increasingly11 ad.不斷增加地,日益
    infer21 v.推論,推斷
    jeans1 n.斜紋布褲,牛仔褲
    lean2 v.①傾斜,屈身;②倚,靠,依賴;a.①瘦的,無脂肪的;②精干的,效率高的;③貧瘠的
    local9 a.①地方的,當(dāng)?shù)氐模虎诰植康?BR>    lounge2 n.休息室,起居室,客廳
    memorial1 a.記憶的,紀(jì)念的;n.紀(jì)念物,紀(jì)念碑,紀(jì)念館
    nevertheless7 conj./ad.雖然如此
    occupy2 v.①占,占用;②占據(jù),占領(lǐng);③填滿;④忙于,從事
    present16 a.①出席的,到場的;②現(xiàn)在的,目前的;n.①現(xiàn)在,目前;②禮物,贈(zèng)品;v.①贈(zèng)(送),呈獻(xiàn);②介紹,陳述;③提出,呈交;④上演
    project8 n.方案,計(jì)劃,項(xiàng)目;v.①投射,放映;②(使)凸出,(使)伸出;③設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃
    reason26 n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推論,推理;②說服,評理;③討論,辯論
    resident4 n.居民,常住者;a.居住的
    revenue7 n.財(cái)政收入,稅收
    rocket1 n.火箭;v.劇增
    royal4 a.①王室的,皇家的;②第一流的,高貴的
    seat3 n.①座位,底座;②所在地,場所;v.使坐下,安排座位
    stream3 n.①小河,溪流;②川流不息的事物;v.流出,涌
    subsidy2 n.補(bǔ)助金,津貼
    superb1 a.極好的,高質(zhì)量的
    sympathetic1 a.同情的,共鳴的
    view28 n.①景象,風(fēng)景;②觀點(diǎn),見解;③觀察,觀看;④眼界;v.看待,觀察,考慮
    worthy2 a.①(of)值得...的,配得上...的;②可尊敬的,有價(jià)值的
    according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
    birthplace1 n.誕生地
    bun1 n.小圓面包
    clientele1 n.客戶
    cocktail1 n.雞尾酒
    deliciously1 ad.美味地,芬香地
    distinctly2 ad.清楚地,顯然
    financially2 ad.財(cái)政上,金融上
    flagstone1 n.石板
    frankly2 n.坦白地,真誠地
    ironic1 a.說反話的,諷刺的
    nightfall1 n.黃昏
    noisiness1 n.吵鬧
    playgoer2 n.愛看戲的人
    playgoing1 n.看戲
    sandal2 n.涼鞋,便鞋
    sightseer2 n.觀光客
    socially2 ad.在社交方面,在社會(huì)地位上  tourism1 n.觀光事業(yè),游覽
    townsfolk3 n.市民,居民
    traditionally3 ad.傳統(tǒng)地,慣例地
    難句1
    Stratford on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句為but連接的兩個(gè)分句;
    2. 第一個(gè)分句主干為:Stratford on Avon...has...one industry...,其中,as we know為插入語,兩個(gè)破折號之間的 William Shakespeare是對one industry的補(bǔ)充說明;
    3. 第二個(gè)分句為there be結(jié)構(gòu),句子主干是:there are two...buanches;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]句子關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but把句子分成前后兩個(gè)句子,分別找出各自的主干,再分析其他成分;其中,William Shakespeare不是人名或者一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè),而是一個(gè)品牌;
    [例句精譯]眾所周知,Stratford on Avon鎮(zhèn)只有一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)--威廉·莎士比亞業(yè)--但是,卻存在著兩個(gè)截然不同并且越來越互相敵對的分支。
    難句2
    And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為:there are the townfolk...;
    2. townfolk后面是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾townfolk,who在從句中作主語;
    3. 此定語從句中還包含了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the tourists,此外本句還包含一個(gè)not...but...結(jié)構(gòu);Shakespeares birthplace是Anne Hathaway’s Cottage的同位語;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]從句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]首先找出句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu),然后再分析從句關(guān)系;注意從句中的not...but...結(jié)構(gòu);
    [例句精譯]另一邊則是靠游客謀生的市民們,那些游客來這兒不是為了看戲,而是為了看Anne Hathaway小屋、莎翁的出生地和其他景點(diǎn)。
    難句3
    It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise making.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Its...ironic...;
    2. ironic后面是when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,此狀語從句中包含一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,作為consider的賓語;
    3. 此賓語從句中包含兩個(gè)謂語was和did;
    4.兩個(gè)逗號之間的部分是who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,修飾Shakespeare;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜,還有插入語的影響;
    [方法對策]找出句子主干,忽略插入語的影響,然后再分析從句結(jié)構(gòu);
    [例句精譯]而當(dāng)你想到為該鎮(zhèn)居民創(chuàng)造了謀生手段的莎士比亞本人也是個(gè)演員,也留著胡須,也制造噪音時(shí),那就極具諷刺意味了!
    難句4
    It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):It is...who...,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語;
    2. because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,兩個(gè)逗號之間的 the RSC contends是插入語;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu);插入語的影響;
    [方法對策]本句強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語,本句基本句型為:強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)+原因狀語從句;
    [例句精譯]因此皇家演出公司的演員們爭辯說:正是這些看戲客們帶來了小鎮(zhèn)的大部分收入,因?yàn)樗麄円^夜(有人甚至住四、五夜),這就把大量的錢財(cái)消費(fèi)在鎮(zhèn)旅館和飯店里。
    難句5
    They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:They all seem to look alike...,破折號后面的lean,pointed,dedicated faces補(bǔ)充說明這些人的樣子;
    2. 其后是三個(gè)并列的現(xiàn)在分詞短語:wearing,eating和bedding down表示伴隨的情況;
    3. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets是目的狀語;
    4.其后是seats和tickets的后置定語:held for the sleepers and sold to them;
    5.when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]句子比較長,從句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]首先找出主句和從句的關(guān)系,然后找出主句和從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu),再分析其他修飾成分;
    [例句精譯]他們看起來都很相像(盡管他們來自各地)--精瘦的、敏銳的、虔誠的臉龐,穿著牛仔褲和便鞋,吃著面包,在劇院外的石板地上打地鋪過夜以便購買次日上午10點(diǎn)半劇院售票處開門時(shí)專門留給他們的那20張座票和80張站票。
    26.[答案]A
    [解析]本文介紹了莎士比亞故鄉(xiāng)的情況。第一段談到了在莎士比亞的故鄉(xiāng),有兩派:一派是劇團(tuán)的演員;另一派是鎮(zhèn)上的居民??赐甏硕挝覀儊碜?6題(查找式閱讀法),卻發(fā)現(xiàn)沒法做,因?yàn)?6題問:"從頭兩段中,......。"我們只好再看第二段(查找閱讀,此之謂也)。選項(xiàng)B與D均無實(shí)事依據(jù),而C也不對:原文是RSC與鎮(zhèn)上的townsfolk不和,沒講RSC中又分兩派。故只能選A:鎮(zhèn)上居民不認(rèn)為劇團(tuán)對該鎮(zhèn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)做出了什么貢獻(xiàn)。(doubt 此處可譯為"不相信",牛津雙解字典中為"question the truth of...")
    27.[答案]B
    [解析]問題問從第三段得出什么推論,看完第三段可知(又是查找式閱讀法):看戲客們因?yàn)榭磻蚨谶@里過夜(有時(shí)候甚至三、四夜),所以比觀光客們花錢自然要多。
    28.[答案]C
    [解析]本題問道作者說"Stratford鎮(zhèn)(政府)傳統(tǒng)上喜歡"哭窮",意味著什么?"哭窮"當(dāng)然不是真窮,這從下文"但是"(Nevertheless)后可以看出。(又是"但是"):一邊"哭窮","但是"卻另一邊又在大興土木。所以選C:"哭窮"并不是真缺錢。至于選項(xiàng)D中的poorly是指"差勁地,很少地",為干擾項(xiàng)。
    29.[答案]D
    [解析]看完第五段可知:該鎮(zhèn)居民并不認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該給劇團(tuán)補(bǔ)貼,因?yàn)樗麄兊纳献屎芨呗?!故選D。
    30.[答案]D
    [解析]我們從文中多處可以看出作者并不支持市民們這一方。比如,第二段提到,鎮(zhèn)上居民討厭演員,殊不知為鎮(zhèn)上居民們(who earns their living)帶來謀生手段的莎翁本人也是個(gè)演員。又如:第四段,市政府哭窮不資助劇團(tuán),"但是"真窮為什么能大興土木呢?可見并不窮。(言外之意:那為什么不幫助劇團(tuán)呢?)注意:作者態(tài)度常藏在"但是"一詞后面。
    眾所周知,Stratford on Avon鎮(zhèn)只有一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)--威廉·莎士比亞業(yè)--但是,卻存在著兩個(gè)截然不同并且越來越互相敵對的分支。一邊是皇家莎士比亞演出公司(RSC),它在該鎮(zhèn)莎士比亞紀(jì)念劇院上演莎翁的戲劇作品。另一邊則是靠游客謀生的市民們,那些游客來這兒不是為了看戲,而是為了看Anne Hathaway小屋,莎翁的出生地和其他景點(diǎn)。
    Stratford 鎮(zhèn)可敬的居民們不相信劇院能給他們帶來哪怕是一個(gè)便士的收入。他們很坦白自己不喜歡RSC的演員們,那些人留著長發(fā),蓄著胡須,穿著便鞋,吵吵鬧鬧。而當(dāng)你想到為該鎮(zhèn)居民創(chuàng)造了謀生手段的莎士比亞本人也是個(gè)演員,也留著胡須,也制造噪音時(shí),那就極具諷刺意味了!
    游客們卻并未完全分流。坐大客車來的觀光客們(通常也順道看一下沃里克古堡和布倫海姆皇宮)一般不看戲,其中有些人看到該鎮(zhèn)竟然有一個(gè)劇場時(shí)還會(huì)感到吃驚。但是,看戲的人在看戲的同時(shí)卻總是設(shè)法進(jìn)行一點(diǎn)觀光的。因此皇家演出公司的演員們爭辯說:正是這些看戲客們帶來了小鎮(zhèn)的大部分收入,因?yàn)樗麄円^夜(有人甚至住四、五夜),這就把大量的錢財(cái)消費(fèi)在鎮(zhèn)旅館和飯店里。而觀光客卻能在夜幕降臨前看完所有景點(diǎn),離開城鎮(zhèn)。
    鎮(zhèn)上的市民們可不這么看問題,而鎮(zhèn)議政廳(市政府)也不會(huì)直接撥款資助補(bǔ)貼演出公司。該鎮(zhèn)傳統(tǒng)上喜歡哭窮。但是,幾乎鎮(zhèn)上的每一個(gè)旅館都在大興土木,擴(kuò)建新的側(cè)樓或建造雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓大飯店也正在建自己的旅館,而且肯定會(huì)裝潢出像哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧、李爾王休息廳、班柯晏會(huì)廳這樣的建筑物,其價(jià)格將肯定會(huì)十分昂貴。
    不管怎樣,鎮(zhèn)上的居民也不能理解為什么皇家莎士比亞演出公司需要財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼(劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破上座率。去年,它的1431個(gè)座位達(dá)到全年94%的上座率,今年還會(huì)更好)。當(dāng)然,真實(shí)的原因是物價(jià)在飛漲而票價(jià)卻一直維持得很低。
    漲價(jià)太多將是可恥的,因?yàn)檫@將會(huì)趕走對Stratford小鎮(zhèn)最著迷的年輕客戶。他們完全是為看戲而不是為觀光而來的。他們看起來都很相像(盡管他們來自各地)--簡樸的,敏銳的,虔誠的臉龐,穿著牛仔褲和便鞋,吃著面包,在劇院外的石板地上打地鋪過夜以便購買次日上午10:30劇院售票處開門時(shí)專門留給他們的那20張座票和80張站票。
    26.從開頭兩段中,我們可知:。
    [A]鎮(zhèn)上的居民們不認(rèn)為RSC為該鎮(zhèn)的收入做出了什么貢獻(xiàn)
    [B]RSC的演員們在臺上臺下都模仿莎士比亞
    [C]RSC中的兩派關(guān)系不好
    [D]鎮(zhèn)上的居民們從旅游業(yè)收入不多
    27.從第三段中可以推理出:。
    [A]游客們不能把古堡和皇宮分開來參觀
    [B]看戲客比觀光客花更多的錢
    [C]觀光客比看戲客購物更多
    [D]看戲客在鎮(zhèn)里只去劇院(而并不去觀光)
    28.(第四段2~3行)"Stratford市(政府)哭窮"是什么意思?
    [A]該市拿不出擴(kuò)建工程的費(fèi)用。
    [B]該市長期處于財(cái)政拮據(jù)之中。
    [C]該市并不是真缺錢。
    [D]市民們曾經(jīng)工資都很低?!?BR>    29.按照市民的看法,不應(yīng)該補(bǔ)貼RSC,因?yàn)椋?BR>    [A]票價(jià)可以上漲以填補(bǔ)支出的費(fèi)用
    [B]公司財(cái)政上經(jīng)營不善(干嘛要給他們錢)
    [C]演員們的行為是難以接受的(所以不能給他們錢)
    [D]劇場上座率還在上升(干嘛還要再給錢)
    30.從本文得出結(jié)論,作者:。
    [A]支持兩邊
    [B]支持市民們的觀點(diǎn)
    [C]對雙方爭執(zhí)漠然視之
    [D]同情RS
    TEXT 3
    When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
    That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long fished areas, it has halved again since then.
    Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
    Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
    31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that .
    [A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment
    [B] small species survived as large animals disappeared
    [C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
    [D] slow growing fish outlive fast growing ones
    32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that .
    [A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
    [B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
    [C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
    [D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
    33. By saying "these figures are conservative"(line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. worm means that .
    [A] fishing technology has improved rapidly
    [B] the catch sizes are actually smaller than recorded
    [C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
    [D] the data collected so far are out of date
    34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that .
    [A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time
    [B] fisheries should keep the yields below 50% of the biomass
    [C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level
    [D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.
    35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries .
    [A] management efficiency
    [B] biomass level
    [C] catch size limits
    [D] technological application
    account22 n.①賬(目,戶);②敘述,說明;③價(jià)值,地位;v.(for)①說明,解釋;②占;③(take into)考慮;顧及
    acknowledge4 v.①承認(rèn),認(rèn)為;②致謝;③確認(rèn)
    amount10 n.數(shù)量,總額;v.(to)合計(jì),總共達(dá),等于
    application4 n.①請求,申請(書,表);②應(yīng)用,運(yùn)用;③施用,敷用
    argue19 v.①爭論,辯論;②認(rèn)為,主張,論證;③說服
    attempt6 v.(to)嘗試,試圖;n.(at)企圖,努力
    author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
    available18 a.①可用的,可得到的;②可以見到的,隨時(shí)可來的
    average17 n.平均(數(shù));a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
    bait1 n.誘餌;vt.引誘
    business36 n.①商業(yè),生意;②事務(wù),業(yè)務(wù),職責(zé);③企業(yè);④貿(mào)易量;⑤行業(yè),業(yè)務(wù)
    concern20 v.①涉及,關(guān)系到;②(常與with,about,in連用)關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂;n.①(利害)關(guān)系;②關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂
    conservative5 a.保守的,守舊的;n.保守主義者
    current7 n.①電流,水流,氣流;②潮流,趨勢;a.①當(dāng)前的,現(xiàn)在的;②通用的,流行的,最近的
    data22 n.(datum的復(fù)數(shù))資料,數(shù)據(jù)
    detect4 v.察覺,發(fā)覺,偵察,探測
    disappear4 v.不見,消失
    efficiency5 n.①效率;②功效
    environment12 n.環(huán)境,外界
    estimate5 v./n.估計(jì),估價(jià)
    extinct1 a.①滅絕的;②熄滅了的
    figure10 n.①體形;②數(shù)字;③圖形;④人物;v.(out)算出,估計(jì),推測
    furthermore5 ad.而且,此外
    hook2 n.鉤,吊鉤,鉤狀物;v.鉤住
    hunt4 v./n.①打獵,獵??;②(for)搜索;③尋找
    individual21 a.①個(gè)人的,單獨(dú)的;②獨(dú)特的;n.個(gè)人,個(gè)體
    infer21 v.推論,推斷
    lead21 v.①領(lǐng)導(dǎo),引導(dǎo);②,占首位;③(to)通向,導(dǎo)致,引起;④經(jīng)驗(yàn),過(生活);n.帶領(lǐng),引導(dǎo);n.鉛
    management11 n.①經(jīng)營,管理;②管理部門
    marine1 a.①海的,海生的;②船舶的,航海的
    massive3 a.①巨大的;大規(guī)模的;②嚴(yán)重的
    maximum2 n.值,極限;a.的,的
    nature14 n.①自然界,大自然;②性質(zhì),本性,天性
    note9 n.①筆記,記錄;②按語,注釋;③便條,短箋;④鈔票,紙幣;⑤暗示,建議v.①記下,摘下;②表明,認(rèn)為
    notion7 n.概念,想法,意念,看法,觀點(diǎn)
    original3 a.①最初的,原始的,原文的;②新穎的,有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的;n.原物,原作,原文
    present16 a.①出席的,到場的;②現(xiàn)在的,目前的;n.①現(xiàn)在,目前;②禮物,贈(zèng)品;v.①贈(zèng)(送),呈獻(xiàn);②介紹,陳述;③提出,呈交;④上演
    prey1 n.①被捕食的動(dòng)物,捕獲物;②受害者;v.獵取食物
    proportion3 n.①比例;②部分,份兒;③均衡,相稱
    publish3 v.①出版,刊??;②公布,發(fā)表
    reason26 n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推論,推理;②說服,評理;③討論,辯論
    restore3 v.①恢復(fù),使回復(fù);②歸還,交還;③修復(fù),重建
    satellite4 n.衛(wèi)星,人造衛(wèi)星
    saturate1 v.使飽和,浸透,使充滿
    shark2 n.鯊魚
    shift12 v.①替換,轉(zhuǎn)移;②移動(dòng);n.①轉(zhuǎn)換,轉(zhuǎn)變;②(輪)班,(換)班
    species7 n.(物)種,種類
    stock9 n.①備料,庫存,現(xiàn)貨;②股票,公債;③無生命之物;④群,家庭,家系;v.儲(chǔ)存
    suffer4 v.①(from)受痛苦,患?。虎谑軗p失;③遭受;④忍受,忍耐
    survive11 v.①幸免于,幸存;②比...長命
    target5 n.目標(biāo),對象,靶子;vt.以...為目標(biāo)
    technology27 n.工藝,技術(shù)
    theory20 n.①理論,原理;②學(xué)說,見解,看法;③看法,觀點(diǎn)
    threat9 n.①恐嚇,威脅;②壞兆頭,危險(xiǎn)跡象
    trap2 n.陷阱,圈套;v.誘捕,使中圈套
    underestimate2 v.低估
    vessel2 n.①容器,器皿;②船,艦;③管,血管
    vulnerable3 a.易受攻擊的,易受...的攻擊
    yield3 v.①出產(chǎn),生長;②(to)屈服,服從;n.產(chǎn)量,收獲
    according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
    adjust3 v.調(diào)節(jié),調(diào)整,校正
    baseline2 n.基準(zhǔn)線
    biological3 a.生物學(xué)的
    biologist3 n.生物學(xué)家
    biomass3 n.生物量
    exploitation2 n.①開發(fā),開采;②剝削,利用
    extinction1 n.滅絕,消失
    fishery4 n.漁業(yè),漁場
    halve1 v.平分,減半
    latest8 a.最近的
    longline2 n.多鉤長線
    outlive2 vt.比...長壽
    overfish1 vt.捕撈過度
    predator1 n.食肉動(dòng)物
    prehistoric1 a.史前的,陳舊的
    relatively4 ad.相關(guān)地
    sonar1 n.聲納
    sustainable1 a.可以忍受的,養(yǎng)得起的
    technological9 a.科技的
    難句1
    Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass...but rather changes...,注意句干中包含一個(gè)not...but...結(jié)構(gòu);
    2. 本句包含兩個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語:of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是注意estimate后面的兩個(gè)賓語:biomass和changes;
    [方法對策]找出句子主干,注意雙賓語和not...but...結(jié)構(gòu);
    [例句精譯]其目的不是要去估算海洋特定區(qū)域魚類的實(shí)際存在數(shù)量是多少,而是想知道多年來這些魚類的生物群體增減變化情況。
    難句2
    That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句是由連接詞so連接的兩個(gè)表示因果關(guān)系的分句構(gòu)成;
    2. 第一個(gè)分句主干為:That means...,means的賓語是省略了that的賓語從句;
    3. 第二個(gè)分句主干為:the real difference...is likely to be...;
    4.in catch size是changes的后置定語;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]本句由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成,結(jié)構(gòu)相對復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]分別找出兩個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu),再分析其他修飾成分;
    [例句精譯]這意味著海洋中更大數(shù)量的魚類遭到了捕獲。因此,現(xiàn)在和過去魚量的真正差異可能比捕撈量所記載的還要糟糕。
    難句3
    Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
    [語法分析]
    1. 第一個(gè)逗號前為主句主干;
    2. since引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語從句;
    3. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語leading...表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]would表示的是對過去情況的推測;
    [方法對策]按照主句、從句、伴隨修飾成分分析即可掌握本句;
    [例句精譯]因?yàn)闆]有更多的帶餌魚鉤來捕捉它們,所以有些魚就沒被抓到,這就導(dǎo)致人們對過去魚量的低估。
    難句4
    The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:The notion is + that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;
    2. 此賓語從句中,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the massive changes;
    3. because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,補(bǔ)充說明賓語從句的內(nèi)容;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
    [方法對策]首先找出主句主干,然后分析從句之間關(guān)系,即可掌握理解本句;
    [例句精譯]意思是:人們沒能覺察到海洋中所發(fā)生的巨大變化是因?yàn)樗麄儍H回顧了過去相對短暫的一段時(shí)間里的情況。
    難句5
    That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
    [語法分析]
    1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:That matters...;
    2. 主干后面because引導(dǎo)的從句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:theory suggests + that賓語從句;
    3. 在此賓語從句中,句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:the maximum sustainable yield...comes...;yield后面是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾yield;其后有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句比較多,而且有從句嵌套現(xiàn)象;
    [方法對策]找出主句主干,然后再逐層分析其他從句;
    [例句精譯]這很重要,因?yàn)槔碚摫砻鳎寒?dāng)一個(gè)特定物種的生物群體總量降到其最初水平的50%時(shí),這就是該漁場可以收獲的的、可維持的漁業(yè)產(chǎn)量的頂峰了。
    31.[答案]C
    [解析]本文作者對海洋生物的現(xiàn)狀表示了深刻的擔(dān)憂。這從第一段(尤其是末句)中可以看出。所以,作者通過對陸地大型動(dòng)物的滅絕的回顧,實(shí)際是想提醒我們:今天,大型海洋動(dòng)物可能會(huì)面臨著同樣的威脅(選項(xiàng)C)。
    32.[答案]A
    [解析]選項(xiàng)B和D明顯不對(見譯文原文和選項(xiàng)的中文譯文)。而選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)在說新漁場的"捕魚量"(catchsizes)只有原來的20%。但原文不是"捕魚量"(catchsizes),而是"大型魚類的群體總量"(biomass of large predators)只剩20%了。而選項(xiàng)A是正確的。因?yàn)椋簼O場開發(fā)的15年內(nèi),大型魚生物群體總量下降80%,也就是說,只剩20%了。而從那以來至今,又下降了一半(it has halved again since then),即又下降10%,那不就等于說選A是對的嘛:只剩10%,或者說下降90%!(不要忘了,推理題需要自己推想才行!!!)另外,把原文中的"biomass"("生物群體總量")改為選項(xiàng)中的同義詞stock("總的儲(chǔ)量")也同樣是為了迷惑考生!切記,越換同義詞的題(如原文biomass換成選項(xiàng)中的stock),越可能是正確答案。越照抄原文的越可能是干擾項(xiàng)。因?yàn)槌鲱}人的原則很明確:盡量把正確的答案隱藏起來讓考生找不到,而盡量把表面上的東西端上來把考生引入歧途!!!
    33.[答案]C
    [解析]問題是:(第三段中)Worm博士說:"這些數(shù)字還是有些保守"。這是什么意思?從第三段中可知:選項(xiàng)A與D明顯不對,B是"當(dāng)時(shí)的捕魚量比實(shí)際記錄得要小"也不合情理,而C"海洋生物群體的實(shí)際損失(比這些數(shù)字)大得多"才是正確答案(因?yàn)檫^去的統(tǒng)計(jì)手段比較落后,好多魚被漏掉了,所以過去魚類的真實(shí)數(shù)量應(yīng)該比記載的還要大。而現(xiàn)在的捕魚業(yè)更發(fā)達(dá),捕得更多。所以,現(xiàn)在與過去的真實(shí)魚量差距應(yīng)比統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)字更大。)
    34.[答案]D
    [解析]Myers博士等研究人員并沒說:"海洋生物體總量應(yīng)恢復(fù)到它原來的水平"(C),也未說"人們應(yīng)該找到一條能更長時(shí)間起作用的底線"(A)。倒是選項(xiàng)B是一道非常狡滑的問題:漁場應(yīng)將其捕撈量(yield)控制在魚群總量的50%以下才行。這完全是在偷換概念。原文為:當(dāng)魚群總量降到其最初水平的50%時(shí)(50% of its original levels),而不是選項(xiàng)B中的(50% of the biomass),這時(shí),就可以考慮該收收手了。(見中文譯文),切記切記!照抄原文(50%)的,有時(shí)很可能是陷阱。
    35.[答案]B
    [解析]縱觀全文(尤其是每段首句),可知作者主要關(guān)心的不是漁場的效益(A),技術(shù)的運(yùn)用(D),甚至也不是捕魚量的限度(C),而是:海洋生物還有多少?水平降到了何種程度?是否到了危險(xiǎn)的地步?(B)
    當(dāng)史前人類來到地球新的角落時(shí),大型動(dòng)物發(fā)生了一些奇怪的事:它們突然滅亡了。小一點(diǎn)的物種得以存活。而大的、生長慢的動(dòng)物因比較容易被獵取而被迅速地捕殺殆盡,現(xiàn)在,一些類似的事情可能正在海洋中發(fā)生。
    海洋生物遭到過度捕撈的情況已經(jīng)為人們所熟知多年了。而像Ransom Myers和Boris Worm這樣的研究人員現(xiàn)在只是讓我們知道了事情的變化有多么快!他們翻閱了世界各地漁場的近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的資料,目的不是要去估算海洋特定區(qū)域魚類的實(shí)際存在數(shù)量是多少,而是想知道多年來這些魚類的生物群體增減變化情況。按照他們發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上的最新論文:某些大型食肉魚的群體總量在一個(gè)新漁場開發(fā)的十年之內(nèi)竟平均下降達(dá)80%之多。而在一些開發(fā)很久的地區(qū),從那以后數(shù)量又下降了一半。
    Worm博士承認(rèn)這些數(shù)字還是有些保守。原因之一是今天的捕魚技術(shù)又有了極大的改進(jìn)。現(xiàn)代漁輪可用衛(wèi)星和聲納發(fā)現(xiàn)魚群,而這在五十年前根本是不可能的。這意味著海洋中更大數(shù)量的魚類遭到了捕獲。因次,現(xiàn)在和過去魚量的真正差異可能比捕撈量所記載的還要糟糕。此外,早期(科學(xué)調(diào)查用的)深海捕魚繩上捕滿了魚,因?yàn)闆]有更多的帶鉺魚鉤來捕捉它們,所以有些魚就沒被抓到,這就導(dǎo)致人們對過去魚量的低估。還有,在過去的捕魚繩捕魚中,也有時(shí)有的魚被魚鉤住之后又被鯊魚吞吃(言外之意:又鉤一條又被吃掉,又鉤一條又被吃掉......直到最后又鉤住一條沒吃??茖W(xué)調(diào)查人員統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字時(shí)只看到一條)。這現(xiàn)在不再是個(gè)問題了。因?yàn)橹車孽忯~也少多了。(本段說明:過去的真實(shí)魚量,比統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字要大,這就更顯得過去與現(xiàn)在魚量反差之巨大)。
    Myers和Worm博士指出:他們所做的工作給出了一個(gè)未來(漁業(yè))管理必須加以考慮的正確底線。他們認(rèn)為他們的資料支持目前在海洋生物學(xué)家中非常流行的看法:(捕魚應(yīng)該有一個(gè))"變化的底線"。意思是:人們沒能覺察到海洋中所發(fā)生的巨大變化是因?yàn)樗麄儍H回顧了過去相對短暫的一段時(shí)間里的情況。這很重要,因?yàn)槔碚摫砻鳎寒?dāng)一個(gè)特定物種的生物群體總量降到其最初水平的50%時(shí),這就是該漁場可以收獲的的、可維持的漁業(yè)產(chǎn)量的頂峰了。多數(shù)漁場魚量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這可是一種不好的做事方式。
    31.(文章首段)提到大型史前動(dòng)物的滅絕是想要說明:。
    [A]大型動(dòng)物對變化的環(huán)境反應(yīng)脆弱
    [B]大型動(dòng)物消失了,小型動(dòng)物就活了下來
    [C]今天,大型海洋動(dòng)物可能會(huì)面臨著同樣的威脅
    [D]長得慢的魚比長得快的魚活得長
    32.我們從Myers和Worm兩博士的論文可以推論出:。
    [A]在一些開發(fā)很長時(shí)間的舊漁場,大型食肉魚的群體總量已經(jīng)減少了90%
    [B]今天的漁場數(shù)量只有15年前的一半
    [C]新漁場的捕魚量只有原來數(shù)量的20%
    [D]新漁場的大型食肉魚類數(shù)量比老漁場下降得快
    33.(第三段)說:"這些數(shù)字還是有些保守",Worm博士的意思是:。
    [A]捕魚技術(shù)發(fā)展得很快
    [B]當(dāng)時(shí)的捕魚量比實(shí)際記錄得小
    [C]海洋生物群體的實(shí)際損失要(比這些數(shù)字)大得多
    [D]到目前為止,搜集的資料已經(jīng)過時(shí)了
    34.Myers博士等研究人員認(rèn)為:
    [A]人們應(yīng)該找到一條能更長時(shí)間起作用的底線
    [B]漁場應(yīng)把其產(chǎn)量控制在魚群總量的50%以下
    [C]海洋生物體總量應(yīng)該恢復(fù)到它原來的水平
    [D]人們應(yīng)該根據(jù)變化的形勢來調(diào)整捕魚的底線
    35.作者似乎主要關(guān)心大多數(shù)漁場的。
    [A]經(jīng)營效益
    [B]海洋生物群體的總的數(shù)量
    [C]捕魚量的限度
    [D]技術(shù)的應(yīng)用