1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （難度系數(shù)5，下同）
譯文：那種性別比例能在程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
難句類型：倒裝、省略 本句的正常語序應(yīng)當是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因為主語That sex ratio之后的以which引導(dǎo)的修飾它的定語從句，如果按照以上語序，則有頭重腳輕之感。所以原文將此長長的從句倒裝成謂語will be favored之后。
在which引導(dǎo)的從句中，有兩處省略：第一處在maximize的第一個賓語the number of descendants that an individuall will have中， an individuall will have是修飾descendants的定語從句，但是，因為在從句中作have的賓語，所以引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。第二處省略是在第二個the number of 之前，省略了與前面一樣的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作為前面“化一個個體的后代的數(shù)目的”結(jié)果。
意群訓(xùn)練：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .（5++）（這是一種）
譯文：照亮現(xiàn)實的欲望，此欲望從來就不會唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個兼任小說加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
復(fù)雜+倒裝+省略；解釋：本句子的難度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考試中所出現(xiàn)的難句中堪稱登峰造極，可以確定地講，類似此句子的難度的語言，在計算機考試的現(xiàn)場絕無可能出現(xiàn)。如果對此句話不感興趣，可以把其廢掉不讀。
A、 這句話讀起來別扭的第一個原因，是因為它根本就不是一個句子。句首省略了this is .這種用一個詞代替一個句子的方式如果在書面語中出現(xiàn)，只能出現(xiàn)在高級英語中，因此我們以前的英語學(xué)習(xí)中從未遇到過。其形式類似于我們中文的“精彩”是“這句話真是精彩”的省略形式。
B、 desire后跟著兩個大的修飾成分，一個是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒裝到了overreality之后，正常應(yīng)是throw a light over reality.不過這個便裝部分與throw距離不遠，讀者看得還算懂。關(guān)鍵是第二個修飾成分。注意：從that開始直到句尾結(jié)束的長長的定語從句不是修飾其前的light的，而是修飾一開始的desire的。
C、 第二個修飾成分中又來了一個倒裝，由于作者為了強調(diào)never，所以將其提前，引發(fā)了定語從句中的倒裝：正常語序應(yīng)該是that might never be given away，倒裝后系動詞was被提前，given因為在情態(tài)動詞might之后所以變成了原型give.A give way to B，是A讓位于B，而A be given way to B， 則是A取代B.on the part of 之后的部分修飾后面的desire，what引導(dǎo)的從句現(xiàn)場閱讀時可以看成一個名詞。What從句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一個避免頭重腳輕的倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely. D、 就算能夠看懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代（注：人名老的沖動是一種簡單的、說明現(xiàn)實的欲望，新沖動是一種即是小說家又像科學(xué)家的仔細研究一個東西的特點那樣的欲望（新沖動），前一種欲望是永遠也不能取代后者的。
意群訓(xùn)練：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .
3. Hardy‘s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. （3）
譯文：哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能，無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機活力和風險性強的創(chuàng)作沖動。
解釋：介詞from的賓語有兩個并列的部分，由and所連接，在and之后的第二個from前，省略了前面一樣的謂語動詞derive.本句之所以難，有兩個原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太長，初學(xué)者難以一下子看下來；二是作為一篇文科文章，用詞抽象，難以迅速理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.
4. Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）譯文：弗吉尼亞。伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）
譯文：在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評論家們所忽略，因為它突出反映了她諸多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對“詩性”小說家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩性”小說家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個體意識的通幽曲徑。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞解釋：本句逗號以前只有復(fù)雜修飾的長主語有些難，但總的來講比較好懂，since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句較難。
A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的賓語an aspect之后有兩個修飾成分，一個是of her literary interests， 另一個是以that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修飾an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 連接的兩個介詞結(jié)構(gòu)concerned with doing 修飾novelist. B、 句中有兩處省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from當中，修飾interests的定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞＋be that is 一起省略了。第二處在and之后，由于concerned with與前面的concerned with重復(fù)，所以concerned被省略。
C、 本句另外一個難懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象詞。這是文學(xué)市評論題材的文章的一個特點。
意群訓(xùn)練：Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
5. As she put it in The Common Reader ， “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ； and yet ， as we read him ， we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）
譯文：就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達的那樣，“盡管可以毫無疑問的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因為喬叟說了什么或者寫了什么；然而，當我們讀它的書的時候，我們身上每一個毛孔都充滿了道德”
抽象詞、抽象詞組、比喻這句話不但用了詞抽象，還用了比喻的修辭手法。是指沒有因為喬叟的言論而產(chǎn)生任何實際的行為規(guī)則或政治機構(gòu)，但我們受其影響之深，以及其影響力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader ， “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ； and yet ， as we read him ， we are absorbing morality at every pore .”
6. With the conclusion of a burst activity ， the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids ， leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted ， via oxidative metabolism ， by the liver into glucose ， which is then sent （in part ）back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
譯文：隨著爆發(fā)出來的運動的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高，使得大型動物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 .難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、專有名詞解釋：本句中修飾成分極多，以分詞修飾和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主，作各種類型的狀語。前面的狀語和主句還好理解，從leaving開始句子變難；leaving引導(dǎo)的直到句末的結(jié)構(gòu)來做整個句子的狀語；分詞中又包含了三個狀語，其中的兩個via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語的作用，把be converted into拆成兩段。本句的另外一個特征是其中充斥著專有名詞。其中的body fluids， oxidative和resynthesis通過字面的意思或者根據(jù)詞頭、詞根我們還是應(yīng)該猜出其意思的，lactic acid， metabolism和muscle這三個詞在生物類文章中極其常用，大家應(yīng)該背下來；而glycogen這種東西則沒辦法，只能作一個首字母提煉。但是請記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現(xiàn)了這種專有名詞，出題者是一定會在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞，應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂。
意群訓(xùn)練：With the conclusion of a burst activity ， the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids， leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted ， via oxidative metabolism ， by the liver into glucose ， which is then sent （in part ）back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .
7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+）
譯文：雖然古特曼承認，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
難句類型：插入語解釋：本句中插入語的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent， 后半個分句中的主語that slaves' preference與系動詞was離得太遠，造成閱讀的困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves‘ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）
譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，encouraged的賓語the transmission of the Black heritage被同時表示并列和轉(zhuǎn)折的and so 分開，給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難。最后一個逗號后面的部分是修飾前面的black 的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
譯文：古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句有兩個插入語，第一個插入語Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語和謂語。West African rules后跟著兩個修飾成分，第一個是分詞修飾（governing marriage）， 第二個是以which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，從句中出現(xiàn)了第二個插入語though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了從句引導(dǎo)詞與謂語之間的聯(lián)系意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. （4+）譯文：該社會學(xué)家的命題當被應(yīng)用于針對美國黑人的歧視時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族偏見所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對某個群體的消級的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋：本句長度驚人，插入部分比較長，再加上不乏抽象詞，所以較為難懂，在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的后半個分鐘中，長長的插入語as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作為主語his definition of racial prejudice的同位語，使分句中的主謂相隔千山萬水。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語義難以理解，對讀者的詞匯功底要求較高?？荚嚞F(xiàn)場如無法讀懂，宜用合理化原則中的取非讀法，but之前的分句說的是其論點對美國黑人的種族歧視是較為管用，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該說其理論對華人和*人相對無用。
意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當他們被用來與大腦的體驗以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時候，他們在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾解釋：即使是初練難免的人其實也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語言方式，可是當中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個長達十二個單詞的大東西的時候，實在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長主語距離系動詞remain太遠，更增加了本句的難度。請讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺：順序閱讀原文時，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size， shape， chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold， and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ； however ， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences ， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .（5） 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來就不能作形容詞，它只有動詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking，意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個分句，是兩個倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個是小倒裝，正常語序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods： however后面是個大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語人名是修飾主語proof的，但是因為它太長，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ……was lacking意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types； however， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4） 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點從來都沒有在嚴格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點，即：神經(jīng)沖動從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當作“一種普通流”在整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定解釋：前半個分句中有一個雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved，這種表示法用中文說出來還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因為在以前的學(xué)習(xí)中見得少，所以感覺上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來熟悉這樣的英語。其實在英文表達中，很多雙重否定與中文表達是一樣的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited.但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous（即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited），則雙重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove， 不能理解為agree， 不反對者中，的確有人會同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒有完全被反對，不能理解為從來都被嚴格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對雙重否定的句子，簡單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。而的辦法，就是通過多讀、多練來熟悉其語言表達及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達理解成沒有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個仍未消失的狀態(tài)；這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場既快速又精確的理解。運用前面所說的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個分句中想說前面的那種觀點被反對了。但是，初學(xué)者會對這個分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語言表達感到突然，如果理解成因為喜后者而拋棄了前者，雖然也能說得通，但是其實原文從來沒有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強調(diào)的是這兩種動作的同時性；拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved， the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view， namely， that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system 14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 盡管其他實驗顯示在神經(jīng)細胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：在前后兩個分句之間有一個插入語as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned.在后面的分句中，主語the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語的成分較長、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠的more remarkable than時一下子反應(yīng)不過來是什么比后者更明顯。其簡化形式應(yīng)為：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences.意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size， number， arrangement， and interconnection of the nerve cells， but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned， the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略解釋：在Although引導(dǎo)的分句中，謂語shows后面跟著一個長長的賓語從句，從句中先出現(xiàn)一個插入語as an object becomes familiar，之后的內(nèi)容是由and 連接的兩套并列的主謂賓。其實and前后就是兩個句子，只不過作者省略了后面的句子中與前面相同的引導(dǎo)詞that和謂語become.句子中有一個生詞holistic，其實即使不認識，也能用合理化原則猜出它是后面serial的反義詞、parallel的同義詞，大約是統(tǒng)一、完整或同時的意思；其實只要能理解到其是與serial相反的意思即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.雖然某些實驗表明，隨著一個物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serialhypothesis），至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說。
16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. （3+）
難句類型：倒裝解釋：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介詞on的賓語determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一個小倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately.意群訓(xùn)練：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement， historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運動（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準確地確定婦女在各個歷史時期的地位。
譯文：那種性別比例能在程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
難句類型：倒裝、省略 本句的正常語序應(yīng)當是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因為主語That sex ratio之后的以which引導(dǎo)的修飾它的定語從句，如果按照以上語序，則有頭重腳輕之感。所以原文將此長長的從句倒裝成謂語will be favored之后。
在which引導(dǎo)的從句中，有兩處省略：第一處在maximize的第一個賓語the number of descendants that an individuall will have中， an individuall will have是修飾descendants的定語從句，但是，因為在從句中作have的賓語，所以引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。第二處省略是在第二個the number of 之前，省略了與前面一樣的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作為前面“化一個個體的后代的數(shù)目的”結(jié)果。
意群訓(xùn)練：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .（5++）（這是一種）
譯文：照亮現(xiàn)實的欲望，此欲望從來就不會唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個兼任小說加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
復(fù)雜+倒裝+省略；解釋：本句子的難度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考試中所出現(xiàn)的難句中堪稱登峰造極，可以確定地講，類似此句子的難度的語言，在計算機考試的現(xiàn)場絕無可能出現(xiàn)。如果對此句話不感興趣，可以把其廢掉不讀。
A、 這句話讀起來別扭的第一個原因，是因為它根本就不是一個句子。句首省略了this is .這種用一個詞代替一個句子的方式如果在書面語中出現(xiàn)，只能出現(xiàn)在高級英語中，因此我們以前的英語學(xué)習(xí)中從未遇到過。其形式類似于我們中文的“精彩”是“這句話真是精彩”的省略形式。
B、 desire后跟著兩個大的修飾成分，一個是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒裝到了overreality之后，正常應(yīng)是throw a light over reality.不過這個便裝部分與throw距離不遠，讀者看得還算懂。關(guān)鍵是第二個修飾成分。注意：從that開始直到句尾結(jié)束的長長的定語從句不是修飾其前的light的，而是修飾一開始的desire的。
C、 第二個修飾成分中又來了一個倒裝，由于作者為了強調(diào)never，所以將其提前，引發(fā)了定語從句中的倒裝：正常語序應(yīng)該是that might never be given away，倒裝后系動詞was被提前，given因為在情態(tài)動詞might之后所以變成了原型give.A give way to B，是A讓位于B，而A be given way to B， 則是A取代B.on the part of 之后的部分修飾后面的desire，what引導(dǎo)的從句現(xiàn)場閱讀時可以看成一個名詞。What從句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一個避免頭重腳輕的倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely. D、 就算能夠看懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代（注：人名老的沖動是一種簡單的、說明現(xiàn)實的欲望，新沖動是一種即是小說家又像科學(xué)家的仔細研究一個東西的特點那樣的欲望（新沖動），前一種欲望是永遠也不能取代后者的。
意群訓(xùn)練：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .
3. Hardy‘s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. （3）
譯文：哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能，無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機活力和風險性強的創(chuàng)作沖動。
解釋：介詞from的賓語有兩個并列的部分，由and所連接，在and之后的第二個from前，省略了前面一樣的謂語動詞derive.本句之所以難，有兩個原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太長，初學(xué)者難以一下子看下來；二是作為一篇文科文章，用詞抽象，難以迅速理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.
4. Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）譯文：弗吉尼亞。伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）
譯文：在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評論家們所忽略，因為它突出反映了她諸多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對“詩性”小說家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩性”小說家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個體意識的通幽曲徑。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞解釋：本句逗號以前只有復(fù)雜修飾的長主語有些難，但總的來講比較好懂，since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句較難。
A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的賓語an aspect之后有兩個修飾成分，一個是of her literary interests， 另一個是以that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修飾an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 連接的兩個介詞結(jié)構(gòu)concerned with doing 修飾novelist. B、 句中有兩處省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from當中，修飾interests的定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞＋be that is 一起省略了。第二處在and之后，由于concerned with與前面的concerned with重復(fù)，所以concerned被省略。
C、 本句另外一個難懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象詞。這是文學(xué)市評論題材的文章的一個特點。
意群訓(xùn)練：Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
5. As she put it in The Common Reader ， “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ； and yet ， as we read him ， we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）
譯文：就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達的那樣，“盡管可以毫無疑問的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因為喬叟說了什么或者寫了什么；然而，當我們讀它的書的時候，我們身上每一個毛孔都充滿了道德”
抽象詞、抽象詞組、比喻這句話不但用了詞抽象，還用了比喻的修辭手法。是指沒有因為喬叟的言論而產(chǎn)生任何實際的行為規(guī)則或政治機構(gòu)，但我們受其影響之深，以及其影響力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader ， “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ； and yet ， as we read him ， we are absorbing morality at every pore .”
6. With the conclusion of a burst activity ， the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids ， leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted ， via oxidative metabolism ， by the liver into glucose ， which is then sent （in part ）back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
譯文：隨著爆發(fā)出來的運動的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高，使得大型動物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 .難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、專有名詞解釋：本句中修飾成分極多，以分詞修飾和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主，作各種類型的狀語。前面的狀語和主句還好理解，從leaving開始句子變難；leaving引導(dǎo)的直到句末的結(jié)構(gòu)來做整個句子的狀語；分詞中又包含了三個狀語，其中的兩個via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語的作用，把be converted into拆成兩段。本句的另外一個特征是其中充斥著專有名詞。其中的body fluids， oxidative和resynthesis通過字面的意思或者根據(jù)詞頭、詞根我們還是應(yīng)該猜出其意思的，lactic acid， metabolism和muscle這三個詞在生物類文章中極其常用，大家應(yīng)該背下來；而glycogen這種東西則沒辦法，只能作一個首字母提煉。但是請記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現(xiàn)了這種專有名詞，出題者是一定會在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞，應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂。
意群訓(xùn)練：With the conclusion of a burst activity ， the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids， leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted ， via oxidative metabolism ， by the liver into glucose ， which is then sent （in part ）back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .
7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+）
譯文：雖然古特曼承認，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
難句類型：插入語解釋：本句中插入語的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent， 后半個分句中的主語that slaves' preference與系動詞was離得太遠，造成閱讀的困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves‘ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）
譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，encouraged的賓語the transmission of the Black heritage被同時表示并列和轉(zhuǎn)折的and so 分開，給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難。最后一個逗號后面的部分是修飾前面的black 的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
譯文：古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句有兩個插入語，第一個插入語Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語和謂語。West African rules后跟著兩個修飾成分，第一個是分詞修飾（governing marriage）， 第二個是以which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，從句中出現(xiàn)了第二個插入語though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了從句引導(dǎo)詞與謂語之間的聯(lián)系意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. （4+）譯文：該社會學(xué)家的命題當被應(yīng)用于針對美國黑人的歧視時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族偏見所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對某個群體的消級的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋：本句長度驚人，插入部分比較長，再加上不乏抽象詞，所以較為難懂，在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的后半個分鐘中，長長的插入語as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作為主語his definition of racial prejudice的同位語，使分句中的主謂相隔千山萬水。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語義難以理解，對讀者的詞匯功底要求較高?？荚嚞F(xiàn)場如無法讀懂，宜用合理化原則中的取非讀法，but之前的分句說的是其論點對美國黑人的種族歧視是較為管用，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該說其理論對華人和*人相對無用。
意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當他們被用來與大腦的體驗以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時候，他們在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾解釋：即使是初練難免的人其實也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語言方式，可是當中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個長達十二個單詞的大東西的時候，實在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長主語距離系動詞remain太遠，更增加了本句的難度。請讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺：順序閱讀原文時，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size， shape， chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold， and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ； however ， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences ， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .（5） 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來就不能作形容詞，它只有動詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking，意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個分句，是兩個倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個是小倒裝，正常語序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods： however后面是個大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語人名是修飾主語proof的，但是因為它太長，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ……was lacking意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types； however， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4） 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點從來都沒有在嚴格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點，即：神經(jīng)沖動從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當作“一種普通流”在整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定解釋：前半個分句中有一個雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved，這種表示法用中文說出來還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因為在以前的學(xué)習(xí)中見得少，所以感覺上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來熟悉這樣的英語。其實在英文表達中，很多雙重否定與中文表達是一樣的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited.但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous（即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited），則雙重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove， 不能理解為agree， 不反對者中，的確有人會同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒有完全被反對，不能理解為從來都被嚴格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對雙重否定的句子，簡單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。而的辦法，就是通過多讀、多練來熟悉其語言表達及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達理解成沒有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個仍未消失的狀態(tài)；這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場既快速又精確的理解。運用前面所說的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個分句中想說前面的那種觀點被反對了。但是，初學(xué)者會對這個分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語言表達感到突然，如果理解成因為喜后者而拋棄了前者，雖然也能說得通，但是其實原文從來沒有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強調(diào)的是這兩種動作的同時性；拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved， the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view， namely， that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system 14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 盡管其他實驗顯示在神經(jīng)細胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：在前后兩個分句之間有一個插入語as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned.在后面的分句中，主語the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語的成分較長、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠的more remarkable than時一下子反應(yīng)不過來是什么比后者更明顯。其簡化形式應(yīng)為：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences.意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size， number， arrangement， and interconnection of the nerve cells， but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned， the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略解釋：在Although引導(dǎo)的分句中，謂語shows后面跟著一個長長的賓語從句，從句中先出現(xiàn)一個插入語as an object becomes familiar，之后的內(nèi)容是由and 連接的兩套并列的主謂賓。其實and前后就是兩個句子，只不過作者省略了后面的句子中與前面相同的引導(dǎo)詞that和謂語become.句子中有一個生詞holistic，其實即使不認識，也能用合理化原則猜出它是后面serial的反義詞、parallel的同義詞，大約是統(tǒng)一、完整或同時的意思；其實只要能理解到其是與serial相反的意思即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.雖然某些實驗表明，隨著一個物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serialhypothesis），至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說。
16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. （3+）
難句類型：倒裝解釋：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介詞on的賓語determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一個小倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately.意群訓(xùn)練：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement， historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運動（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準確地確定婦女在各個歷史時期的地位。