07英漢翻譯八大操作策略之從句換位

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“從句前后換位”特指一個英語句子在翻譯時將從句(clauses)和其他語法成分的位置互換,目的是使譯文可讀性更強,更通順、地道、簡潔。
    (1)從句換位的操作可用于翻譯表語從句。
    例如:One sign of how badly the seas have been overfished is that population of sharks have declined 94% since 1970.
    *有一個跡象說明,對海洋漁場的狂撈濫捕已到了什么程度,這就是自從1970年以來,鯊魚的總存活量遞減了94%.
    自從1970年以來,鯊魚的總存活量遞減了94%,從中可以看出,對海洋漁場的狂撈濫捕已到了什么程度。
    ①下一句的可讀性優(yōu)于上一句譯文。
    ②被動句譯成“對……(動詞)”。表語從句換位,先譯出來。
    (2)前后換位的操作還可用于翻譯同位語從句。一般將從句的主要成分或者整個從句前移,特別是在從句明顯長于主句的情況下更需如此。
    例如:Concern is mounting that the estimated 1.5 million people left homeless will fall victim to epidemics of cholera and other illnesses.
    *人們的擔心日甚一日,因為估計有150萬人無家可歸,霍亂及其他流行病的爆發(fā)會危及到他們。
    估計有150萬人無家可歸,霍亂及其他流行病的爆發(fā)會危及到他們。人們對此的擔心日甚一日。[此句對原文忠實程度及行文的可接受性優(yōu)于上句。]
    For far too long Asia has suffered from a delusion of specialists devoted to the idea that development is only a billion dollars or a billion birth-control devices away.
    只要能得到十億美元的援助,或者只要讓十億人實行計劃生育,亞洲的經(jīng)濟就可以發(fā)展,這是眾多的專家潛心研究出的一個思路。這個思路對亞洲一直起誤導作用,時間已經(jīng)太長了。
    這里,譯文對原句中主句和同位語從句在位置上進行了置換,否則漢譯不會通順。
    (3)從句換位的操作還可用于翻譯一些定語從句或作定語的分詞短語。只要將這樣的定語成分提前,就可譯出通順的漢譯文。
    The United Nations is attempting to settle conflicts around the world that have taken a terrible toll and misused the earth's resources.
    *聯(lián)合國正試圖要消除世界各地發(fā)生的各種沖突。這些沖突有的造成可怕的后果,有的濫用地球的資源。
    世界上各種沖突時有發(fā)生,有的造成可怕的后果,有的濫用地球的資源。聯(lián)合國正試圖要消除這些沖突。
    This province intends to cash in on the ambitious economic renaissance being planned for the neighboring city. [=that is being planned…]
    鄰近的城市正在醞釀振興經(jīng)濟的宏圖大計,這個省份打算乘此機會也有一番作為。
    動詞詞組cash in on意為“利用時機獲利;乘機利用”。
    *The very reason why the representation of nature can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to art historians.
    結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The very reason why the representationshould be of the greatest interest to art historians.本句是個簡單句,主語reason后跟why引導的定語從句。The representation of nature譯為“再現(xiàn)自然”,of表動賓關(guān)系;something commonplace在此譯為成語“老生常談”較好。
    參考譯文:為什么現(xiàn)在再現(xiàn)自然被視為是老生常談的事情呢?其真正的原因,對美術(shù)史學家來說,應該是饒有興趣的事情。
    (4)從句換位的操作可用于翻譯一些狀語從句。
    Quayle has been the object of jokes and criticism ever since Bush chose him, seemingly from out of nowhere, as his running mate at the 1988 Publican Convention.
    一九八八年,在共和黨全國代表大會上,似乎名不見經(jīng)傳的奎爾被布什挑中,成了其競選伙伴。從那以后,奎爾便一直是被人們?nèi)⌒团u的對象。
    注意:連詞(since, when等)需要個詞微調(diào),譯成“從那以后;此后”。
    Many American firms have taken fright // at the prospect of being locked out of China // while companies from Japan and Europe crowd in.
    日本和歐洲的公司大批涌入中國,而美國的公司卻將被拒之門外。許多美國公司對這種前景深感驚恐。
    *We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment.
    結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We might be inclined to.if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without…if引導條件狀語從句。介詞短語without the verbal guidance of his environment作狀語。be inclined to意為“易于,傾向于”。attribute…to在此句中意為“把…歸因于”,“把…認為是…的結(jié)果”。to the act of thinking是動詞的狀語,complete independence from language是動詞的賓語。
    參考譯文:如果有人不用語言作為周圍世界的向?qū)В阋呀?jīng)形成或能夠形成他的概念,我們就可能把完全獨立于語言之外的概念歸因于思維活動。