Unit 92
A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans: heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman's laboratory at the Children's Hospital in Boston.
The versatile compound is endostatin, a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman, a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis, the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How? By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors.
When news of Folkman's achievement became widely known last year, it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results, questions arose about the validity of Folkman's research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute, with guidance from Folkman, finally matched his results. Reassured, the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.
How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke? The answer lies in the composition of plaque, the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol, white blood cells and smooth muscle cells, and as it accumulates, a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?
A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week "Western diet" that was high in fat and cholesterol, then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile, they injected one group of mice with endostatin, another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling: the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group.
All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman's tumor report, the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. "If this finding is supported in future studies," says Moulton, "[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes." But any such treatments, she stresses, are probably five to 10 years away.
注（１）：本文選自Time; 04/19/99, p48；
注（２）：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 1；
1. What did the report indicate?
[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage.
[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans.
[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future.
[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke.
2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients?
[A]They were convinced of the Folkman's research.
[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman.
[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug.
[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans.
3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”（Line 8, Paragraph 2） most probably means _______.
[A]help the growth of capillaries
[B]limit the growth of capillaries
[C]improve the growth of capillaries
[D]prevent the growth of capillaries
4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart?
[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells.
[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque.
[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same.
[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Folkman's tumor report had been exaggerated.
[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected.
[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging.
[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment.
答案：CADBC
篇章剖析
本文采用的是提出問題——解析問題的模式，指出一種抗癌制劑也可以用于治療動脈硬化癥的作用機理及其意義。在第一段指出《循環(huán)》雜志報道了一種抗癌制劑也可以用于治療動脈硬化癥；第二段和第三段指出這一藥物對于癌癥患者的作用和意義；第四段和第五段指出實驗證明這種藥物同樣對心臟疾病患者起作用，并分析其原因；第六段指出這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義。
詞匯注釋
atherosclerosis[AWErEJsklIE5rEJsIs]n.[醫(yī)]動脈硬化癥
herald[5herEld]vt.預(yù)報, 宣布, 傳達(dá), 歡呼
endostatin血管內(nèi)皮抑制素
angiogenesis 血管新生
stunt[stQnt]v.阻礙……發(fā)育, 妨礙……生長, 作驚人表演, 使絕招
capillary[kE5pIlErI]n.毛細(xì)管
burgeon[5b\:dV（E）n]v.萌芽
imminent[5ImInEnt]adj.即將來臨的, 逼近的
validity[vE5lIdItI]n.有效性, 合法性, 正確性
go-ahead adj.前進(jìn)著的n.<俗>前進(jìn), 進(jìn)步, 放行信號
plaque[plB:k; （?@） 5plAk]n斑動脈血管壁內(nèi)脂肪物質(zhì)的沉積，以動脈粥樣硬化為特征；腫瘤
build up v.樹立, 增進(jìn), 增大, 堵塞
cholesterol[kE5lestErRl]n.膽固醇
sprout[spraJt]v.萌芽
aorta[eI5C:tE]n.大動脈
control group n.對照組
inert[I5n\:t]adj.無活動的, 惰性的, 遲鈍的
saline[5seIlaIn; （?@） 5seIli:n]adj.鹽的, 苦澀的, 由堿金屬（或含鎂之鹽類）組成的
難句突破
The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week "Western diet" that was high in fat and cholesterol, then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
主體句式：the scientists put baby lab mice on…, then …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“then”起到銜接的作用，把兩個完整的句子連接起來。在第一個句子中，“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾“western diet”;在第二個句子中，“buildup”是名詞，“the large artery”是“aorta”的同位語，“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句來修飾“the large artery”。
句子譯文：科學(xué)家們把實驗室的幼鼠喂養(yǎng)了十六周的高脂肪、高膽固醇的“西式食物”之后，然后測量每個大動脈壁上的栓塞增長情況。大動脈的功能是把血液從心臟輸往身體其它部位。
題目分析
１．答案為C,屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans: heart disease and stroke.”選項A、B、D都是片段信息，不完整。
２．答案為A,屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息“Reassured, the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.”從本段我們得知，剛開始的時候，當(dāng)其他科學(xué)家無法重復(fù)那些試驗結(jié)果時，他們對?？寺@項研究的正確性也就產(chǎn)生了疑問。后來，美國國家癌癥研究所的科學(xué)家在福克曼的指導(dǎo)下，最終驗證了他的結(jié)果。實驗結(jié)果使他們信服，他們才同意把它用于臨床實驗。
3．答案為D，屬猜詞題。文中提到治療癌癥的藥物也能治療心臟疾病，是因為其中的一些作用機理是一樣的。如果不明白“stunting the growth of capillaries”是什么意思的話，在文中第四段又提到了類似的一句話“Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?”這兩句話的意思是非常近似的。從這句話所在的上下文語境我們可以得出“halt”的意思，由此可推出“stun”的含義。
４．答案為B，屬推理判斷題。文中提到治療癌癥的藥物也能治療心臟疾病，是因為其中的一些作用機理是一樣的。治療癌癥藥物之所以起作用是通過“By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors. ”這種藥物能否治療心臟疾病，關(guān)鍵也在于此“Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?”通過實驗證明，答案是肯定的。因此不難作出判斷。
5．答案為C，屬推理判斷題。從文中最后一段我們可看出這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意義重大。
參考譯文
一種廣為宣傳但仍處于實驗階段的抗癌化合物有朝一日可能會用來抑制危害美國人生命的兩大元兇：心臟病和中風(fēng)。這是上周發(fā)表在《循環(huán)》雜志上的一篇文章所暗含的意思。這篇不同凡響的報道是由波士頓兒童醫(yī)院尤達(dá)·?？寺┦繉嶒炇业难芯咳藛T撰寫的。
這種多用途化合物叫做血管內(nèi)皮抑制素。這是一種抑制血管新生，也就是抑制人體內(nèi)新的血管生長的人體蛋白質(zhì)。這種藥品在?？寺?997年記載的試驗中可以減少、甚至根除實驗鼠體內(nèi)的腫瘤。?？寺且晃坏陌┌Y研究者，他開辟了對血管新生的研究。那么這是怎么起作用的呢？通過阻礙老鼠體內(nèi)迅速增長的腫瘤獲取營養(yǎng)所必須的毛細(xì)血管的生長。
去年，當(dāng)?？寺〉玫某晒诒姷臅r候，人們對這種即將到來的癌癥治療方法做出了最
為大膽的預(yù)測。最初，當(dāng)其他科學(xué)家無法重復(fù)那些試驗結(jié)果時，他們對?？寺@項研究的正確性也就產(chǎn)生了疑問。二月份，美國國家癌癥研究所的科學(xué)家在?？寺闹笇?dǎo)下，最終驗證
了他的結(jié)果。打消了疑慮，國家癌癥研究所今年下半年準(zhǔn)許在癌癥晚期的病人身上進(jìn)行血管內(nèi)皮抑制素臨床實驗。
一種對于治療腫瘤明顯有效的藥物怎么還能減少心臟病和中風(fēng)發(fā)作的危險呢？答案在于栓塞的成分——這種脂肪沉積在動脈上逐漸增加，并最終阻塞動脈。栓塞是由膽固醇、白血細(xì)胞和平滑的肌肉細(xì)胞組成的混合體構(gòu)成。隨著沉積物質(zhì)的積聚，就會從動脈壁上產(chǎn)生毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)，為細(xì)胞提供養(yǎng)分。血管內(nèi)皮抑制素能中斷毛細(xì)血管的生長，從而餓死栓塞嗎？
由卡倫·莫爾頓博士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的?？寺鼘嶒炇倚〗M成員決定找出答案?？茖W(xué)家們把實驗室的幼鼠喂養(yǎng)了十六周的高脂肪、高膽固醇的“西式食物”之后，然后測量每個大動脈壁上的栓塞增長情況。大動脈的功能是把血液從心臟輸往身體其它部位。同時，他們給一組實驗鼠注射血管內(nèi)皮抑制素，另一組注射一種叫做TNP-470的血管抑制劑，對照組注射一種惰性鹽溶液。二十周之后，研究人員重新測量老鼠動脈上的栓塞。實驗結(jié)果令人吃驚：使用血管內(nèi)皮抑制素的小組，老鼠體內(nèi)的腫瘤增長平均降低85%，使用TNP-470的小組與對照組相比降低了70%.
研究人員深刻認(rèn)識到，去年公布了?？寺嘘P(guān)腫瘤的報道之后，過早地給人以希望。他們這次就比較謹(jǐn)慎，不過分宣揚他們的新成果。“如果以后的研究能夠證實這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的話，”莫爾頓說，“（這將為今后的治療開辟道路。）這些治療能夠延遲心臟病病情的發(fā)展，甚至可能會減少心臟病和中風(fēng)的發(fā)病率。”但是她強調(diào)說，任何這樣的治療，可能都要再等五到十年。
A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans: heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman's laboratory at the Children's Hospital in Boston.
The versatile compound is endostatin, a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman, a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis, the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How? By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors.
When news of Folkman's achievement became widely known last year, it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results, questions arose about the validity of Folkman's research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute, with guidance from Folkman, finally matched his results. Reassured, the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.
How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke? The answer lies in the composition of plaque, the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol, white blood cells and smooth muscle cells, and as it accumulates, a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?
A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week "Western diet" that was high in fat and cholesterol, then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile, they injected one group of mice with endostatin, another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling: the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group.
All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman's tumor report, the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. "If this finding is supported in future studies," says Moulton, "[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes." But any such treatments, she stresses, are probably five to 10 years away.
注（１）：本文選自Time; 04/19/99, p48；
注（２）：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 1；
1. What did the report indicate?
[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage.
[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans.
[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future.
[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke.
2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients?
[A]They were convinced of the Folkman's research.
[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman.
[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug.
[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans.
3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”（Line 8, Paragraph 2） most probably means _______.
[A]help the growth of capillaries
[B]limit the growth of capillaries
[C]improve the growth of capillaries
[D]prevent the growth of capillaries
4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart?
[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells.
[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque.
[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same.
[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Folkman's tumor report had been exaggerated.
[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected.
[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging.
[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment.
答案：CADBC
篇章剖析
本文采用的是提出問題——解析問題的模式，指出一種抗癌制劑也可以用于治療動脈硬化癥的作用機理及其意義。在第一段指出《循環(huán)》雜志報道了一種抗癌制劑也可以用于治療動脈硬化癥；第二段和第三段指出這一藥物對于癌癥患者的作用和意義；第四段和第五段指出實驗證明這種藥物同樣對心臟疾病患者起作用，并分析其原因；第六段指出這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義。
詞匯注釋
atherosclerosis[AWErEJsklIE5rEJsIs]n.[醫(yī)]動脈硬化癥
herald[5herEld]vt.預(yù)報, 宣布, 傳達(dá), 歡呼
endostatin血管內(nèi)皮抑制素
angiogenesis 血管新生
stunt[stQnt]v.阻礙……發(fā)育, 妨礙……生長, 作驚人表演, 使絕招
capillary[kE5pIlErI]n.毛細(xì)管
burgeon[5b\:dV（E）n]v.萌芽
imminent[5ImInEnt]adj.即將來臨的, 逼近的
validity[vE5lIdItI]n.有效性, 合法性, 正確性
go-ahead adj.前進(jìn)著的n.<俗>前進(jìn), 進(jìn)步, 放行信號
plaque[plB:k; （?@） 5plAk]n斑動脈血管壁內(nèi)脂肪物質(zhì)的沉積，以動脈粥樣硬化為特征；腫瘤
build up v.樹立, 增進(jìn), 增大, 堵塞
cholesterol[kE5lestErRl]n.膽固醇
sprout[spraJt]v.萌芽
aorta[eI5C:tE]n.大動脈
control group n.對照組
inert[I5n\:t]adj.無活動的, 惰性的, 遲鈍的
saline[5seIlaIn; （?@） 5seIli:n]adj.鹽的, 苦澀的, 由堿金屬（或含鎂之鹽類）組成的
難句突破
The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week "Western diet" that was high in fat and cholesterol, then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
主體句式：the scientists put baby lab mice on…, then …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“then”起到銜接的作用，把兩個完整的句子連接起來。在第一個句子中，“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾“western diet”;在第二個句子中，“buildup”是名詞，“the large artery”是“aorta”的同位語，“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句來修飾“the large artery”。
句子譯文：科學(xué)家們把實驗室的幼鼠喂養(yǎng)了十六周的高脂肪、高膽固醇的“西式食物”之后，然后測量每個大動脈壁上的栓塞增長情況。大動脈的功能是把血液從心臟輸往身體其它部位。
題目分析
１．答案為C,屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans: heart disease and stroke.”選項A、B、D都是片段信息，不完整。
２．答案為A,屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息“Reassured, the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.”從本段我們得知，剛開始的時候，當(dāng)其他科學(xué)家無法重復(fù)那些試驗結(jié)果時，他們對?？寺@項研究的正確性也就產(chǎn)生了疑問。后來，美國國家癌癥研究所的科學(xué)家在福克曼的指導(dǎo)下，最終驗證了他的結(jié)果。實驗結(jié)果使他們信服，他們才同意把它用于臨床實驗。
3．答案為D，屬猜詞題。文中提到治療癌癥的藥物也能治療心臟疾病，是因為其中的一些作用機理是一樣的。如果不明白“stunting the growth of capillaries”是什么意思的話，在文中第四段又提到了類似的一句話“Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?”這兩句話的意思是非常近似的。從這句話所在的上下文語境我們可以得出“halt”的意思，由此可推出“stun”的含義。
４．答案為B，屬推理判斷題。文中提到治療癌癥的藥物也能治療心臟疾病，是因為其中的一些作用機理是一樣的。治療癌癥藥物之所以起作用是通過“By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors. ”這種藥物能否治療心臟疾病，關(guān)鍵也在于此“Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?”通過實驗證明，答案是肯定的。因此不難作出判斷。
5．答案為C，屬推理判斷題。從文中最后一段我們可看出這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意義重大。
參考譯文
一種廣為宣傳但仍處于實驗階段的抗癌化合物有朝一日可能會用來抑制危害美國人生命的兩大元兇：心臟病和中風(fēng)。這是上周發(fā)表在《循環(huán)》雜志上的一篇文章所暗含的意思。這篇不同凡響的報道是由波士頓兒童醫(yī)院尤達(dá)·?？寺┦繉嶒炇业难芯咳藛T撰寫的。
這種多用途化合物叫做血管內(nèi)皮抑制素。這是一種抑制血管新生，也就是抑制人體內(nèi)新的血管生長的人體蛋白質(zhì)。這種藥品在?？寺?997年記載的試驗中可以減少、甚至根除實驗鼠體內(nèi)的腫瘤。?？寺且晃坏陌┌Y研究者，他開辟了對血管新生的研究。那么這是怎么起作用的呢？通過阻礙老鼠體內(nèi)迅速增長的腫瘤獲取營養(yǎng)所必須的毛細(xì)血管的生長。
去年，當(dāng)?？寺〉玫某晒诒姷臅r候，人們對這種即將到來的癌癥治療方法做出了最
為大膽的預(yù)測。最初，當(dāng)其他科學(xué)家無法重復(fù)那些試驗結(jié)果時，他們對?？寺@項研究的正確性也就產(chǎn)生了疑問。二月份，美國國家癌癥研究所的科學(xué)家在?？寺闹笇?dǎo)下，最終驗證
了他的結(jié)果。打消了疑慮，國家癌癥研究所今年下半年準(zhǔn)許在癌癥晚期的病人身上進(jìn)行血管內(nèi)皮抑制素臨床實驗。
一種對于治療腫瘤明顯有效的藥物怎么還能減少心臟病和中風(fēng)發(fā)作的危險呢？答案在于栓塞的成分——這種脂肪沉積在動脈上逐漸增加，并最終阻塞動脈。栓塞是由膽固醇、白血細(xì)胞和平滑的肌肉細(xì)胞組成的混合體構(gòu)成。隨著沉積物質(zhì)的積聚，就會從動脈壁上產(chǎn)生毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)，為細(xì)胞提供養(yǎng)分。血管內(nèi)皮抑制素能中斷毛細(xì)血管的生長，從而餓死栓塞嗎？
由卡倫·莫爾頓博士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的?？寺鼘嶒炇倚〗M成員決定找出答案?？茖W(xué)家們把實驗室的幼鼠喂養(yǎng)了十六周的高脂肪、高膽固醇的“西式食物”之后，然后測量每個大動脈壁上的栓塞增長情況。大動脈的功能是把血液從心臟輸往身體其它部位。同時，他們給一組實驗鼠注射血管內(nèi)皮抑制素，另一組注射一種叫做TNP-470的血管抑制劑，對照組注射一種惰性鹽溶液。二十周之后，研究人員重新測量老鼠動脈上的栓塞。實驗結(jié)果令人吃驚：使用血管內(nèi)皮抑制素的小組，老鼠體內(nèi)的腫瘤增長平均降低85%，使用TNP-470的小組與對照組相比降低了70%.
研究人員深刻認(rèn)識到，去年公布了?？寺嘘P(guān)腫瘤的報道之后，過早地給人以希望。他們這次就比較謹(jǐn)慎，不過分宣揚他們的新成果。“如果以后的研究能夠證實這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的話，”莫爾頓說，“（這將為今后的治療開辟道路。）這些治療能夠延遲心臟病病情的發(fā)展，甚至可能會減少心臟病和中風(fēng)的發(fā)病率。”但是她強調(diào)說，任何這樣的治療，可能都要再等五到十年。