2003 Part A Text 3
12. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.
「譯文」 支持組建超大型鐵路集團(tuán)的人認(rèn)為，兼并將大幅降低成本，也對(duì)調(diào)度協(xié)調(diào)服務(wù)有利。
「析句」 句子的主干是Supporters of the new super systems argue.argue的賓語是一個(gè)從句，即these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.
「講詞」 allow是一個(gè)常用詞，但是allow for可能不大為人熟悉。allow for表示“考慮；顧及”，例如：We must allow for his inexperience.（我們必須考慮到他缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)。） It takes about two hours to get to their office building,allowing for possible traffic delays.（考慮到路上可能遇到的交通耽擱,到他們的辦公大樓大約要花費(fèi)兩小時(shí)。）
13. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
「譯文」 但許多客戶卻抱怨說，對(duì)于長途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪碚f，如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和谷物，公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大，這樣鐵路公司就“掐住了他們的脖子”。
「析句」 全句比較支離破碎，因而必須弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。many shippers是全句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞是complain，后面是一個(gè)賓語從句。賓語從句實(shí)際上是一個(gè)表示因果關(guān)系的復(fù)合句，主句是一個(gè)主從結(jié)構(gòu)，由and連接。
「講詞」 have sb/sth by the throat在句中表示“卡住……的脖子，主宰……”，類似的說法還有g(shù)rab sb by the throat，take sb by the throat，hold sb by the throat.例如：Spam has email by the throat,a study says.（一項(xiàng)研究表明，垃圾郵件制約了電子郵件的發(fā)展。）
14. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.
「譯文」 感覺被多收費(fèi)的客戶有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的陸路運(yùn)輸局以爭取價(jià)格下調(diào)，但是這個(gè)過程既耗錢又耗時(shí)，而且只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，第一個(gè)分句是主句（shippers…h(huán)ave the right to appeal），第二個(gè)分句由三個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)組成，前兩個(gè)是系動(dòng)詞＋形容詞（expensive和time consuming），后一個(gè)是動(dòng)詞＋介詞短語。
「講詞」 appeal在句中的意思是“求助”，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)還可表示“請求,呼吁，上訴，要求”。I appeal to your sense of justice.（我呼吁你們拿出正義感來。）The government appealed to the international community for aid after the devastating earthquake.（在發(fā)生了災(zāi)難性的地震以后，政府呼吁國際社會(huì)給予援助。）He appealed against the judge s decision.（他不服法官判決而上訴。）appeal作名詞時(shí)表示“請求，呼吁，上訴，求助，吸引”。The teacher listened to his appeal.（老師傾聽了他的要求。）The small town,with its ancient architecture,has a strong appeal to tourists.（小鎮(zhèn)以其古老的建筑深深吸引了游客。）另外，appeal court意為“上訴法庭”。
15. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
「譯文」 他們認(rèn)為，如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格，那么選擇使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移，這樣剩下的客戶就要承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開銷。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，主句的主干they argue后面跟賓語從句 shippers… would do so.shippers的后邊接了一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語。
「講詞」 option意為“選項(xiàng),選擇權(quán)”。宋楚瑜在大陸時(shí)說*從來不是親民黨的選項(xiàng)，翻成英語就是：The independence of Taiwan has never been the option for the People First Party.又例：The government has two options,to reduce spending or to increase taxes.（政府只有兩種選擇，不是削減開支便是增加稅收。）
shoulder在句中意為“承擔(dān)”。to shoulder the responsibility（承擔(dān)責(zé)任）。He shouldered the blame for his friends.（他代朋友承擔(dān)了別人的指責(zé)。）
16. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
「譯文」 這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同，但在實(shí)際操作中，它常常把決定誰興誰敗的權(quán)力丟給了鐵路公司。
「析句」 本句由but連接兩個(gè)分句。第一個(gè)分句的主干部分是It's a theory，后邊緊跟了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。but后邊的分句的主語是it，謂語是leaves.determining是介詞of的賓語，后邊接了兩個(gè)并列的賓語從句：which companies will flourish and which will fail.
「講詞」 subscribe作“訂閱”或“訂購”意思講時(shí)，是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面應(yīng)該接to，比如：subscribe to China Daily；此處應(yīng)該引申譯為“采取”（adopt）。它作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示“捐獻(xiàn)”，比如：subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity.
in practice在“在實(shí)踐上”，“在理論上”用in theory表示。I think the regulation only works in theory but not in practice.（我認(rèn)為這條規(guī)定只在理論上行得通，但在實(shí)踐上行不通。）
17. The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.
「譯文」 從整體來說，雖然鐵路行業(yè)前途光明，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。然而鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來進(jìn)行相互兼并，而華爾街也鼓勵(lì)它們這樣做。
「析句」 第一個(gè)句子的層次比較復(fù)雜，其主干是The railroad industry… does not earn enough.despite its brightening fortunes作狀語，it must invest to… traffic是一個(gè)定語從句，修飾the capital.其中，to cover the cost of the capital作invest的補(bǔ)語。
「講詞」 brighten是“（使）變亮，（使）愉快”之意。These flowers brightened the classroom.（這些花使教室生輝。）fortune有“財(cái)富，好運(yùn)”之意，看來財(cái)富與運(yùn)氣還是有聯(lián)系的。brightening fortunes意為“轉(zhuǎn)好的運(yùn)道”。
cover本義表示“蓋，掩蓋”，還能表示“掩護(hù)，包括，支付，報(bào)道”等。The newspaper sent two of its reporters to cover the event.（這家報(bào)紙派了兩名記者來報(bào)道這一事件。）His travel expenses will be covered by the company.（公司會(huì)替他支付差旅費(fèi)。）
12. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.
「譯文」 支持組建超大型鐵路集團(tuán)的人認(rèn)為，兼并將大幅降低成本，也對(duì)調(diào)度協(xié)調(diào)服務(wù)有利。
「析句」 句子的主干是Supporters of the new super systems argue.argue的賓語是一個(gè)從句，即these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.
「講詞」 allow是一個(gè)常用詞，但是allow for可能不大為人熟悉。allow for表示“考慮；顧及”，例如：We must allow for his inexperience.（我們必須考慮到他缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)。） It takes about two hours to get to their office building,allowing for possible traffic delays.（考慮到路上可能遇到的交通耽擱,到他們的辦公大樓大約要花費(fèi)兩小時(shí)。）
13. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
「譯文」 但許多客戶卻抱怨說，對(duì)于長途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪碚f，如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和谷物，公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大，這樣鐵路公司就“掐住了他們的脖子”。
「析句」 全句比較支離破碎，因而必須弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。many shippers是全句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞是complain，后面是一個(gè)賓語從句。賓語從句實(shí)際上是一個(gè)表示因果關(guān)系的復(fù)合句，主句是一個(gè)主從結(jié)構(gòu)，由and連接。
「講詞」 have sb/sth by the throat在句中表示“卡住……的脖子，主宰……”，類似的說法還有g(shù)rab sb by the throat，take sb by the throat，hold sb by the throat.例如：Spam has email by the throat,a study says.（一項(xiàng)研究表明，垃圾郵件制約了電子郵件的發(fā)展。）
14. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.
「譯文」 感覺被多收費(fèi)的客戶有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的陸路運(yùn)輸局以爭取價(jià)格下調(diào)，但是這個(gè)過程既耗錢又耗時(shí)，而且只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，第一個(gè)分句是主句（shippers…h(huán)ave the right to appeal），第二個(gè)分句由三個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)組成，前兩個(gè)是系動(dòng)詞＋形容詞（expensive和time consuming），后一個(gè)是動(dòng)詞＋介詞短語。
「講詞」 appeal在句中的意思是“求助”，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)還可表示“請求,呼吁，上訴，要求”。I appeal to your sense of justice.（我呼吁你們拿出正義感來。）The government appealed to the international community for aid after the devastating earthquake.（在發(fā)生了災(zāi)難性的地震以后，政府呼吁國際社會(huì)給予援助。）He appealed against the judge s decision.（他不服法官判決而上訴。）appeal作名詞時(shí)表示“請求，呼吁，上訴，求助，吸引”。The teacher listened to his appeal.（老師傾聽了他的要求。）The small town,with its ancient architecture,has a strong appeal to tourists.（小鎮(zhèn)以其古老的建筑深深吸引了游客。）另外，appeal court意為“上訴法庭”。
15. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
「譯文」 他們認(rèn)為，如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格，那么選擇使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移，這樣剩下的客戶就要承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開銷。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，主句的主干they argue后面跟賓語從句 shippers… would do so.shippers的后邊接了一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語。
「講詞」 option意為“選項(xiàng),選擇權(quán)”。宋楚瑜在大陸時(shí)說*從來不是親民黨的選項(xiàng)，翻成英語就是：The independence of Taiwan has never been the option for the People First Party.又例：The government has two options,to reduce spending or to increase taxes.（政府只有兩種選擇，不是削減開支便是增加稅收。）
shoulder在句中意為“承擔(dān)”。to shoulder the responsibility（承擔(dān)責(zé)任）。He shouldered the blame for his friends.（他代朋友承擔(dān)了別人的指責(zé)。）
16. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
「譯文」 這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同，但在實(shí)際操作中，它常常把決定誰興誰敗的權(quán)力丟給了鐵路公司。
「析句」 本句由but連接兩個(gè)分句。第一個(gè)分句的主干部分是It's a theory，后邊緊跟了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。but后邊的分句的主語是it，謂語是leaves.determining是介詞of的賓語，后邊接了兩個(gè)并列的賓語從句：which companies will flourish and which will fail.
「講詞」 subscribe作“訂閱”或“訂購”意思講時(shí)，是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面應(yīng)該接to，比如：subscribe to China Daily；此處應(yīng)該引申譯為“采取”（adopt）。它作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示“捐獻(xiàn)”，比如：subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity.
in practice在“在實(shí)踐上”，“在理論上”用in theory表示。I think the regulation only works in theory but not in practice.（我認(rèn)為這條規(guī)定只在理論上行得通，但在實(shí)踐上行不通。）
17. The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.
「譯文」 從整體來說，雖然鐵路行業(yè)前途光明，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。然而鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來進(jìn)行相互兼并，而華爾街也鼓勵(lì)它們這樣做。
「析句」 第一個(gè)句子的層次比較復(fù)雜，其主干是The railroad industry… does not earn enough.despite its brightening fortunes作狀語，it must invest to… traffic是一個(gè)定語從句，修飾the capital.其中，to cover the cost of the capital作invest的補(bǔ)語。
「講詞」 brighten是“（使）變亮，（使）愉快”之意。These flowers brightened the classroom.（這些花使教室生輝。）fortune有“財(cái)富，好運(yùn)”之意，看來財(cái)富與運(yùn)氣還是有聯(lián)系的。brightening fortunes意為“轉(zhuǎn)好的運(yùn)道”。
cover本義表示“蓋，掩蓋”，還能表示“掩護(hù)，包括，支付，報(bào)道”等。The newspaper sent two of its reporters to cover the event.（這家報(bào)紙派了兩名記者來報(bào)道這一事件。）His travel expenses will be covered by the company.（公司會(huì)替他支付差旅費(fèi)。）