限定詞(DETERMINER〕是在名詞詞組中對名詞中心詞起特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、類指(GENERIC REFERENCE〕以及表示確定數(shù)量(DEFINITE QUANTITY〕和非確定數(shù)量(INDEFINITE QUANTITY〕等限定作用的詞類。名詞詞組除有詞匯意義外,還有其所指意義(REFERENTIAL MEANING〕,是特指(即指特寫的對象〕,還是類指(即泛指一類人或物〕;是有確定的數(shù)量,還是沒有確定的數(shù)量。能在名詞詞組中表示這種所指意義的詞類就是限定詞。英語的限定詞包括:
定冠詞(DEFINTITE ARTICLE〕,不定冠詞(INDEFINITE ARTICLE〕,零冠詞(ZERO ARTICLE〕
物主限定詞(POSSESSIVE DETERMINER〕,my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its.
名詞屬格(GENITIVE NOUN〕,John's, my friend's.
指示限定詞(DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER〕,this, that, these, those, such.
關(guān)系限定詞(RELATIVE DETERRMINER〕,whose, which.
疑問限定詞(INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER〕,what, which, whose.
不定限定詞(INDEFINITE DETERMINER〕,no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another.
基數(shù)詞(CARDINAL NUMERAL〕和序數(shù)詞(ORDINAL NUMERAL〕
倍數(shù)詞(MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL〕和分數(shù)詞(FRACTIONAL NUMERAL〕
量詞(QUANTIFIER〕a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of等。
限定詞與名詞詞組中心詞之間有著某種固定的搭配關(guān)系;如果名詞之前帶有兩個或兩個以上的限定詞,則限定詞與限定詞之間也有某種固定的搭配關(guān)系。本講主要解決這兩種搭配關(guān)系問題。
1 限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關(guān)系
限定詞的選擇決定于隨后的名詞的類別,是單數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞,還是不可數(shù)名詞。
1〕能與三類名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如the, some, any, no, other, whose以及my, your等物主限定詞和名詞屬格(John's, my friend's〕等能與三類名詞搭配。例如:
the book, my book, my friend's book, John's book, any book, some book, no book, the other book, whose book, the books,
my books, my friend's book, John's books, any books, some books, no books, the other books, whose books, the money, my money, my friend's money, John's money, any money,
some money, no money, the other money, whose money.
2〕只能與單數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a 等只能與單數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
each worker, either book, an apple, another book, such a book, every student, neither sentence, one copy, many a book.
3) 只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如both, two, three, another two / three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of等只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
both workers, several students, a number of essays, many students, (a) few words, these / those books, two / three visitors, another two / three students.
4) 只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much等只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
a bit of water, a great amount of labour, a great deal of work, (a) little space, much noise.
5〕能與單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如the first, the second, the last, the next等既可與單數(shù)名詞搭配,也可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
the first rose, the last man, the next meeting, the first roses, the last men, the next meetings.
6〕能與單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如this, that, (the) least等能與單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
(the) least sign (of prejudice), this / that job, (the) least knowledge, this / that work.
7〕能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
還有些限定詞如a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other等可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
a lot of books, a lot of money, lots of chickens, lots of food, plenty of chairs, plenty of water, enough copies, enough coal, more articles, more time, most people, most work, such men, such bread, other men, other bread.
不定量限定詞less原先只與不可數(shù)名詞搭配,但在現(xiàn)代英語中,less既可與不可數(shù)名詞也可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
less money, less mistakes.
2 限定詞與限定詞的搭配關(guān)系
以上講的是限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關(guān)系。除上述搭配關(guān)系外,限定詞與限定詞之間還存在著一定的搭配關(guān)系。在名詞詞組中心詞之前如果有兩個或兩個以上限定詞出現(xiàn)時,就會產(chǎn)生限定詞的先后順序問題。按其不同的搭配位置,限定詞可分為:
1〕中位、前位、后位限定詞
按照限定詞與限定詞之間不同搭配位置,限定詞可分為中位限定詞(CENTRAL DETERMINER〕、前位限定詞(PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定詞(POSTDETERMINER〕。
a) 中位限定詞包括a(n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's, my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose等
b) 前位限定詞包括all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等
c) 后位限定詞包括one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等
2) 三類限定詞的搭配關(guān)系
如果一個名詞詞組帶有上述三類限定詞,其搭配關(guān)系總是按照"前位--中位--后位"的順序排列。例如:
all前the中four后teachers.
all前your中three后books.
all前these中l(wèi)ast后few后days.
如果只有上述兩類限定詞,其搭配關(guān)系仍按上述順序。例如:
half前his中l(wèi)ecture.
those中l(wèi)ast后few后months.
several后hundred后guests.
all前other后students.
such前a中misfortune.
some中such后alloy.
由上述諸例可以看出,中位限定詞之間和前位限定詞之間是互相排拆的,即一個名詞中心詞之前不可并用兩個中位限定詞或兩個前位限定詞。所以,"我的那本書"不是* my that book而是that book of mine,因為my和that同是中位限定詞,不可同時并列。但后位限定詞的使用卻不受此限。除上述those last few months, several hundred guests之外, this last two books, the first two chapters, three other girls, two more sheets, the next few weeks, many more copies, a few more samples, another twenty tons等都是后鎂限定詞重疊使用的實例。
個別限定詞有跨類現(xiàn)象,如such既屬于前位限定詞,又可歸入后位限定詞。由于它只是在such a...和such an...這樣的搭配中屬于前位限定詞,而在與其他限定詞(some, any, no, all, few, another, other, many, one, two, etc)搭配時,such則是后位限定詞,一律放在上述這些限定詞的后面,如some such, any such, nosuch, few such, one such等,因此本書把它歸入后位限定詞。
3 若干限定詞用法比較
前兩節(jié)介紹了限定詞與三類名詞以及限定詞與限定詞之間的搭配關(guān)系。下面介紹一些限定詞(包括相應(yīng)的不定代詞〕的某些習(xí)慣用法問題。( 本節(jié)所講的"不定代詞"多屬于"名詞性替代詞"(NOMINAL SUBSTITUTE〕,參見37.1)
1〕many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
表示"多"的意思,可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑問句,而a lot of等則常用于肯定句。例如:
I haven't seen many English films. 多數(shù)英文電影我沒看過。 many修飾可數(shù)名詞
Have you seen many English films? 多數(shù)的英文電影你都看過嗎? many修飾可數(shù)名詞
I haven't done much work today. 我還沒有做多少活呢。 much修飾不可數(shù)名詞
Have you done much work today? 今天你已經(jīng)做了很多活嗎? much修飾不可數(shù)名詞
I have seen a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great number of English films. 我已經(jīng)看了多部英文電影。 number修飾可數(shù)名詞
I have done a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great amount of work today. 今天我已經(jīng)做了很多活。amount修飾不可數(shù)名詞
many / much 既可作限定詞,也可作不定代詞(INDEFINITE PRONOUN〕,a lot 也可單獨用作名詞詞組:
Have you done all these exercises?
----No, I haven't done very many.
Have you done much work today?
----Yes, I've done a lot.
當(dāng)然,以上所講many / much常用于否定句和疑問句并不是絕對的,尤其是在下列場合many / much也常用于肯定句:
a) 用于whether / if引導(dǎo)的賓語分句中。例如:
I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我懷疑在這個雨天里會有很多人看表演。
I wonder whether / if he has much information on this subject. 我想知道在這個題目上他是否知道很多消息。
b) 用于由"how / too / so / as+ many / much (+中心詞)" 構(gòu)成的名詞詞組中。例如:
He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身邊帶著太多的箱子,不得不叫計程車。
It's really surprising that the child has so much strength at his age. 真是很驚奇,在這個年齡的孩子居然這么有力氣。
You can take as many copies as you need. 你可以根據(jù)你的需要想拿多少張就拿多少張。
You can use as much oil as you need. 根據(jù)你的需要想用多少油就用多少。
I have (far) too many books on the shelf.
We've had too much rain this spring. 這個春天我們已經(jīng)有太多的雨。
I'd like to know how many copies are needed for the class. 我想要知道在這班需要多少張考貝。
I want to know how much money will be spent on the project. 我想知道將在這個計劃花費多少錢。MUCH修飾不可數(shù)名詞MONEY。
c) 用于在句首作主語以及在"存在句"中作實義主語的名詞詞組中。例如:
Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 許多人喜歡去國外渡假。
Much coal has been saved through the use of the new device. 通過用新的裝置,很多煤被節(jié)省下來。
There are many girl students in my class. 在我的班級里有許多女學(xué)生。
There is much coal left in the mine. 在煤礦有很多的煤剩下。
同樣地,a good / great many也可用于肯定句。例如:
I have read a great many English novels. 我已讀過大量的英語小說。
2) (a) few, (a)little
表示"少"的意思,可用(a) few, (a) little, 既可用作限定詞,也可用作不定代詞。a few, a little表示"少量",帶有肯定意義。例如:
Let's invite a few friends to come with us. 讓我們來邀請幾個朋友來和我們在一起。
Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的課題上有少量的書。
There are only a very few left. 只有一點點剩下。
I'm keeping the few that remain for tomorrow. 我保住剩下的一點點為明天。
I had a little difficulty in solving the problem. 在解決這個問題上我有一點困難。
Give me a little of that wine. 給我一點那種酒。
I'm trying to use the little French I have just learnt. 我正在試用我剛學(xué)的一點法語。
few / little 若不與a 連用則表示-否-定-意義,相當(dāng)于not many / much, not enough。例如:
I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。
Few (children) were tired. 很少的學(xué)生累了。
I have very little (money) left. 我有為數(shù)不多的錢剩下。
I understood little of his speech. 他的演講我懂一點點。
要注意,quite a few, a good few. not a few不表示"少",而表示"相當(dāng)多"的含義,相當(dāng)于, a fair number (of)。例如:
Quite a few of us are getting worried. 我們相當(dāng)多的人正在擔(dān)心。
You'll have to wait a good few weeks. 你將不得不等上相當(dāng)多個星期。
little 的比較級和高級是less 和least, 通常只能用與不可數(shù)名詞搭配,但在當(dāng)代英語中也有用less與復(fù)數(shù)搭配的。例如:
If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房頂僅是少量洞。
但這只見于非正式主體;在正式主體中仍用fewer較少,為好。
3) some, any
要表示"一些"的意思,可用some, any。 some 是肯定詞(ASSERTIVE WORD〕,常用于肯定句;any是非肯定詞(NONASSERTIVE WORD〕,常用于否定句或疑問句。例如:
There are some letters for me.
There aren't any letters for me.
Are there any letters for me?
I seldom get any sleep these days.
any也常用于條件分句以及帶有否定含義的句子中:
If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻煩,請讓我知道。
I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零錢。
當(dāng)說話人期待肯定回答時,some也可用于疑問句, 比如當(dāng)說話人期待來信時,他可以問道:
Are there some letters for me?
當(dāng)購物時向售貨員提問或者主人向客人表示款待時,也可在疑問句中用some:
Could I have some of these apples?
Would you like some chocolate cake?
當(dāng)some與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配時, some相當(dāng)于a certain("某一"〕的含義;而any與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配,則相當(dāng)于 every("任何一個"〕的含義。例如:
Some boy has broken a window. 有個男孩打破了窗戶。
Any child could answer that question. 任何一個孩子都可以回答這個問題。
4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any
這一類詞,除every只能作限定詞外,都是既可作限定詞,也可作不定代詞。例如:
all (of) the boys.
both (of) the boys,
every boy / every one of the boys,
each boy / each (one) of the boys,
either boy / either (one) of the (two) boys,
neither boy / neither (one) of the (two) boys,
any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys,
由上述諸例可以看出,這一類的限定詞和不定代詞在用法上有以下值得注意之處:
a) 表示"全體",可用all 和both, 但all表示三個或三個以上人或物的"全體",而both則表示兩個人或物的"全體"。例如:
All the four applicants are below the average. 所有這四位申請者都在平均數(shù)以下。
All these last few days the farmers have been busy fighting drought. 在后這幾天里,農(nóng)民曾經(jīng)忙于抗旱。
Both his parents are against his going there alone. 他的父母兩個人都反對他單獨去那兒。
The man was blind in both eyes. 這人的兩眼都瞎了。
如果要表示"全體都不"的意思,當(dāng)"全體"為三個或更多的人或物時,通常用none。例如:
None of the students failed the examination. 沒有一個學(xué)生考試失敗。
I'll have none of your stupid ideas. 我不能接受你的那些糊涂觀念。
在上述第一例中,既可用none, 也可用no one:
No one failed the examination.
但no one只能指人,不能指物。
如果要表示兩個人或物"都不",通常要用neither:
Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 兩輛車沒有一輛產(chǎn)自日本。
b) 表示全體中的"每個",如果這個"全體"包含三個或更多的人或物,通常用every。例如:
Every student in the class took part in the performance. 這個班的每個學(xué)生都是這個表演的一部分。
His every action shows that he is a very determined young man. 他的每個行動都顯示了他是一個堅決的年輕人。
如果這個"全體"包含兩個或兩個以上的人或物,便可以用each。例如:
Each side of the street was crowded with people. 街道的兩邊都擠滿了人。
在這里,不可以用every。如果說"廣場的每一邊都擠滿了人",那就既可用each, 也可用every:
Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 廣場的邊上擠滿了人。
every 與each 的區(qū)別還在于every 指許多人或物中的"每個",側(cè)重在全體,近乎all的含義。例如:
Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的學(xué)生都考試失敗。
We want every child to succeed. = We want all the children to succeed. 我們相讓每個孩子都成功。
而each則指許多人或物中"各人",側(cè)重在個別。例如:
Each child will find his own personal road to success. 每個孩子都發(fā)現(xiàn)自已的方法成功。
The Queen shook hands with each player in turn after the game. 女王在比賽后與參賽手們輪流握手。
c) 表示全體中的"任何一個",也要看這個"全體"是包含三個或更多,還是只包含兩個。當(dāng)"全體"包含三個或三個以上,要表示其中任何一個須用any。例如:
Any (= Every) child would know that. 每個孩子都知道這個。
Ask any man you meet. 你可以問任何一個人。
His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself. 除了他自已沒有一個人知道他的禮物是什么。
These are all free,take any (of them) you like. 所有都是免費的,拿其中你喜歡的。
當(dāng)"全體"只包含兩個時,要表示其中任何一個須用either。例如:
There are two flights for Beijing in the morning. You can take either (one). 只有兩班早晨的飛機去北京,你可選其中一個。
We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我們有兩份考貝剩下,為文件保持其中的一份。
但在on either side, on either end等固定詞組中有時可以兼指兩個。例如:
There are warehouses on either side of the river (= on both sides of the river). 在河的兩邊都有大貨倉。
He got off the train with a bundle on either arm. 他帶著兩大包下火車。
There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的兩頭都有樓梯。
限定詞二
冠詞(ARTICLE)是典型的限定詞。關(guān)于冠詞的用法已在前一講提到一些,本講作進一步介紹。
1 類指和特指
冠詞的表意功能可以歸納為二種,即類指(GENERIC REFERENCE)和特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE)。 冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article)(定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。); 另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article)(不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。); 零冠詞zero Article)。
1〕類指
類指是表示類別,也就是泛指一類人或物。不論是定冠詞還是不定冠詞和零冠詞都具有這種功能。比如定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配,往往可起類指的作用,常用于正式語體。例如:
Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. GALILEO聲稱他發(fā)明了望遠鏡。
The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship by the steamship. 鐵路代替了馬的作用,汽船代替了帆船。
定冠詞與某些形容詞或分詞連用,表示類別或抽象概念,也是一種類指用法。例如:
the rich 富人; the living 生者。表示一類人。
The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived. 病被治逾,失去的被找回來了,死亡被挽救回來了。
The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 有錢的更有錢,窮人得了孩子。
The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. 沒有欺騙、邪惡、丑陋就沒有真實、善良和美麗。
用不定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配也可表示類別。例如:
An ox is a useful animal. 公牛是一個有用的動物。
My brother William is planning to be a lawyer. 我的兄弟WILLIAM打算成為一名律師。
用零冠詞與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞搭配,同樣可以表示一類的人或物。例如:
Doctors are badly needed at the front. 在前線醫(yī)生是非常地需要。
Carrots are my favorite vegetable. 胡羅卜是我喜愛的蔬菜。
They are teachers, not students.
Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals. 貓和老虎是在一個家族的動物。
Electricity is a form of energy. 電是能量的一種形態(tài)。
Unity is strength. 團結(jié)就是力量。
2〕特指
特指不同于類指,它不是泛指一類人或物,而是特指一類人或物中的具體對象。這里有兩種情況:一種是非常明確地指出何人或何物,這叫做"確定特指"(DEFINETE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕。定冠詞常作這種用法。例如:
He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。 指上文提到過的人或事。
We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown, and the cat is white. 我們有一只貓和狗。狗是棕色的,貓是白色的。 特指上文提到過的狗和貓。
The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 這狗和貓是我們?nèi)ツ昃宛B(yǎng)了的。 特指去年就飼養(yǎng)了的狗和貓。
另一種情況是"非確定特指"(INDEFINITE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕,這也是特指具體對象,但不很明確。不定冠詞常作這種用法。例如:
I met an old man in the street. 我在路上遇到一個老人。 雖未道出姓名但所指仍為某一特定的老人。
I have lost a button. 我丟了一只鈕扣。 指失落一顆特定的鈕扣,但未說出何種鈕扣。
There's a letter for you. 有一封信給你。 指一封特定的信件,但不明確是誰寫來的。
A book I want has been acquired by the library. 我想要的書已經(jīng)從圖書館里得到。 指我所要的那本特定的書,但未道出什么書。
零冠詞也能有非確定特指的用法。例如:
The streets are clean and shaded with trees. 馬路干凈且有樹的陰涼。
She put carrots in the stew. 她把胡羅卜放入燉湯里。
3〕后照應(yīng)特指、前照應(yīng)特指、語境特指
確定特指又可分為后照應(yīng)特指(ANAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、前照應(yīng)特指(CATAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕和語境特指(SITUATIONAL REFERENCE〕。
后照應(yīng)特指即用定冠詞表示上下文已經(jīng)提到的人或物。第提及用不定冠詞。第二次提及用定冠詞。例如:
He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived. 他以前某個時候定購的書,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)到達。
前照應(yīng)特指也是一種確定特指,只是照應(yīng)對象不在上文,而在下文,或者更確切地說,定冠詞的指定作用決定于名詞中心詞的后置修飾語。例如:
Plese tell us the story of Franklin. 請告訴我FRANKLIN的故事。
Is this the train for Shanghai? 去上海是這次火車嗎?
Here is the student I told you about. 這就是我告訴你的那個學(xué)生。
語境特指不是建立在上下文基礎(chǔ)上的照應(yīng)關(guān)系,而是建立在談話雙方共有的知識上。比如主婦對丈夫說,I'm just back from the market, 在這種語境中,聽話人一定會理解the market指某個平時常去的市場。又例如:
Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。 特指雙方都明白的人或物。
What's in the paper(s) today?
Shut the door, please.
How's the cough today?
He turned on the radio.
What's on the radio?
能用于語境特指的冠詞通常是定冠詞,但是零冠詞在一定上下文中也可表示確定特指含義,這也是一種語境特指。例如:
Mary asked, "Why is father out of work?"
John was elected chairman of the students'union. JOHN被選作學(xué)生會主席。
2 冠詞的習(xí)慣用法
我國學(xué)生對冠詞用法之所以感到困難,不僅是由于漢語沒有冠詞,而且冠詞用法盡管有規(guī)律可循,例外卻太多。有時,冠詞的使用僅僅是個習(xí)慣用法問題,很難用幾項語法條文加以概括。例如radio和television兩詞用于類指時通常不帶定冠詞:
It's easier to write plays for television than for radio. 寫電視劇本要比寫無線電廣播劇本容易的多。
但要說listen to the radio, on the radio;而在television之前卻又可以不用定冠詞watch (the) television, on (the) television。又例如,疾病通常是不可數(shù)名詞,前面不用冠詞:
She's had appendicitis.
Ithink I've got measles.
但有例外,比如說"感冒"要用冠詞,I've got a cold, 可是在catch (a) cold中,人們有時又不用冠詞;在"頭痛"前要用冠詞,I've got a headache,但在牙痛、耳痛前卻又不用冠詞,I've got had toothache。下面列舉一些冠詞的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系。
1〕習(xí)慣用定冠詞
at the hands of; on the shoulder; by the way; on the spot當(dāng)場; for the time being; on the whole; in the case of至于...; (the) day before yesterday; in the distance; the other day; in the east of; under / in the circumstances; in the end of; to be in the habit of; in the front of在前部; to bring down the house博得滿場喝彩; in the possession of為...所有; to follow the plough務(wù)農(nóng); in the shade遜色; to get / gain the upper hand of; on the way; to go by the board被丟棄; on the job忙碌著; to take the fancy of引起...的注意; to tell the truth; on the part of; to turn / tip the scale(s)起決定性作用; on the right / left;
2)習(xí)慣用不定冠詞
all of a sudden; to be in a position to; a matter of course; as a rule; as a matter of fact; at a loss不知所措; at a discount; at a time when; to make the best of a had job盡量減少損失; to have a chance; to have a good time; to have a hand in參與; to have a mind to; (to throw...) for a loss使...震驚; in (after) a fashion略略地; in a walk輕而易舉地; on a large scale; with a firm hand; with a view to; to be in a hurry; to get / fly into a temper發(fā)怒; to have a say; to have a try; to keep an eye on; to lend a hand幫助; to put a premium on重視; to take a fancy to喜愛; to take a walk; to take an interest in;
3) 習(xí)慣用零冠詞
at anchor; at bottom; at dinner在吃飯; at hand近在手邊; at home; at last; at play; at present; at rest; at short notice一接到通知; at stake; at table在進餐; at war; beyond hope of; big talk吹牛; by rule墨守成規(guī)地; by way of經(jīng)由; day and night; in honour of; in order; in pleace; in place適當(dāng)?shù)? in question正被談?wù)摰? in sight在望; in trouble; in view; on board; on deck; on hand手頭現(xiàn)有; on shore; on top of在...之上; under cover; within (easy) reach (of); without result; to be hard of heart; to be large of limb; from beginning to end; in advance; in danger; in debt; in case (of)如果; in distrss; in (the) face of面對; in fashion時興/流行; in fact; in fear; in front of在...之前; to be number of foot; to be pale of face; in haste; in possession of; to burn daylight徒勞無益; to keep / bear in mind; to set foot on踏上; to take care of; to take / have command; to take part in ; to take place;
附加:
1 不定冠詞的用法
冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。
不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。
1) 表示"一個",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一枝鋼筆。
2) 但是,除表示"一"這一數(shù)量外,很多情況下 a 與可數(shù)名詞一起表示一類事物或者泛指概念。代表一類人或物。
I need a pencil now. 我現(xiàn)在需要(一)枝鉛筆。(不確指哪枝鉛筆)
We can't say a boy is cleverer than a girl. 我們不能說男孩比女孩聰明。(表示類別)代表一類人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
不定冠詞在表示"一"的概念時,是非強調(diào)性的。如果強調(diào)"一"這一數(shù)量,常常用one
National Day is a two-day holiday. 國慶節(jié)是(一)個兩天的假日。
We have only one day left to finish the task. 我們只剩下一天時間來完成這個任務(wù)。
3) 詞組或成語。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
4) 不定冠詞用在表示數(shù)量、時間等名詞前,表示"每一(單位)…的價格、速度、順序等"
The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 這些蘋果每公斤兩元錢。
Tom drives a car at 60 miles an hour. 湯姆以每小時60英里的速度開車。
I go back home once a month. 我每月回家。
5) 不定冠詞用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示不確定性,泛指人的職業(yè)、國籍、宗教等:
He is a Christian. 他是基督徒。
My friend, Asaku, is a Japanese. 我的朋友Asaku是日本人。
He was a teacher in the past. But he is a businessman now. 過去他是教師,但現(xiàn)在他是生意人。
He was made a dean. 他被任命為主任。
6) 不定冠詞用在人名或表示人的名詞前,表示不確定性,即說話人不清楚或沒有指明所提到的人到底是誰
A Tom Smith is waiting for you downstairs. 一個叫湯姆·史密斯的人正在樓下等你。
A Smith called you just now. 剛才一個叫史密斯的人給你找電話。
A comrade is waiting for you outside. 一個同志在外面等你。
7) 不定冠詞用于be of a (an)+noun結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示"相同…的"
Tom and his sister are of a height. 湯姆和他的妹妹身高相同。
These sweaters are of a size. 這些毛衣大小相同。
不定冠詞用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)quite/half/rather/many/what/such a (an)+noun或so/too/how+adjective+a(an)+noun中,表示程度、數(shù)量或感嘆等
It takes half an hour to get there. 到那里需要半小時。
He's quite a famous artist. 他是個很有名的藝術(shù)家。
Many a man would welcome such an opportunity. 許多人會很高興有這樣一個機會。
What a fool he is! 他多傻??!
It's too difficult a problem for him. 對他來說,這是一個太難的問題。
9) 不定冠詞用于某些習(xí)慣用語或諺語中
in a word 總而言之 take a walk 散步 at a time
注:當(dāng)一篇文章中第提到某一事物時,在名詞前面要加不定冠詞,以后再次提到同一事物時用定冠詞。
…He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he was looking for.…
…他看到一個人站在那里。那個人就是他正找的人。
2 定冠詞的用法
定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。
1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。
2)上文提到過的人或事:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。
3)指世上獨一物二的事物:
the moon, the earth, the sun 太陽, the earth 地球, the world 世界, the nature 自然界, the sky 天空, the universe 宇宙
4)單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元; the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
The lion is a wild animal. 獅子是野生動物。
The compass was invented in China. 指南針是中國發(fā)明的。
The wolf hunts by night. 狼夜間出來覓食。
5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞和副詞的高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面:
He runs the fastest. 他跑得快。
Is this the best choice he can make? 這是他能做出的好的選擇嗎?
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二層。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。
6) 用在形容詞前,表示一類人或事物
the poor 窮人 the blind 盲人 the aged 老人 the impossible 不可能的事情
7)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用,指整個群體:
They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)
8)表示所有,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
9)用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機關(guān)團體、階級、等專有名詞前:
the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國
the United States 美國
10)用在表示樂器的名詞之前:
She plays the piano. 她會彈鋼琴。
11) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)
12) 定冠詞用在名詞前,表示特指,即某個特定的人、事物等。特別是當(dāng)某名詞后面有定語限定這一名詞時,名詞前面一般都要用定冠詞the
We have found the book that we lost yesterday. 我們已經(jīng)找到了昨天丟的那本書。
Do you know the man standing by the window? 你認識那個站在窗戶旁邊的人嗎?
How do you like the rooms here? 你覺得這里的房間怎么樣?
13) 用在慣用語中:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
3 零冠詞的用法
1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;
2)泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞;
They are teachers. 他們是教師。
3)抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;
Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。
4)物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;
Man cannot live without water. 人離開水就無法生存。
5)在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我們從星期一到星期五都上課。
6)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那里。
7)在三餐、球類運動和娛樂運動的名稱前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast,play chess
8)當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上名詞并用時,常省去冠詞;
I can't write without pen or pencil. 沒有鋼筆和鉛筆,我就寫不了字。
9)當(dāng)by 與火車等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時,中間無冠詞;by bus,by train;
10)有些個體名詞不用冠詞;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等個體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義;
go to hospital 去醫(yī)院看病
go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠詞的序數(shù)詞;
a. 序數(shù)詞前有物主代詞
b. 序數(shù)詞作副詞 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定詞組中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last
4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。
The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。
2) 如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。
5 冠詞位置
1) 不定冠詞位置
不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意:
a. 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half,
I have never seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.
b. 當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后:
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
So short a time.
Too long a distance.
c. quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。
但當(dāng)rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot
d. 在as,though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)標(biāo)語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞后:
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見到蛇還是發(fā)抖。
當(dāng)名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。
e) 定冠詞位置
定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后,名詞之前。
All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。
6 專有名詞前冠詞的用法
1) 用不定冠詞的情況
A.表示某國人,某個說話人但不清楚是誰的人。(只知其名)
She is an American. 她是美國人。
B.表示某一家庭成員或某一名人的作品。
A Forsyte was kidnapped yesterday. 昨天福氏家族的一個成員被綁架了。
There's a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅倫勃朗的畫。
I have read a new Wells recently. 近我讀了威爾斯的一部新作。
2) 用定冠詞的情況
A.某些地理名詞,如江河海洋、海峽海灣、山脈群島、沙漠等之前要用定冠詞。
the Yangtze 長江 the Thames 泰晤士河 the South Sea 南海 the Pacific 太平洋 the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Persian Gulf 波斯灣 the Himalayas 喜瑪拉雅山脈 the Philippines 菲律賓群島 the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠
B.由普通名詞和其它一些詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞,如國名、組織機構(gòu)、建筑物、報紙、會議、條約等的名稱前,要用定冠詞。
the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國
the United Nations 聯(lián)合國
the National People's Congress 全國人民代表大會
the Great Hall of the People 人民大會堂
the People's Daily 人民日報
the New York Times 紐約時報
the International Women Conference 國際婦女大會
the Geneva Agreement 日內(nèi)瓦協(xié)議
C.定冠詞用在復(fù)數(shù)專有名詞前,表示一家人,或某對夫婦、整個民族等。
The Smiths moved to California. 史密斯夫婦(或一家)搬到了加利福尼亞洲。
The Americans are a nation on wheels. 美國人是一個車輪上的民族。
3) 專有名詞前不用冠詞的情況
一般來說,街名、廣場名、公園名、大學(xué)名、節(jié)日名、雜志名前不加定冠詞。
Tian An Men Square 天安門廣場
Hyde Park 海德公園
National Day 國慶節(jié)
Time 時代(周刊)
7 抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前冠詞的用法
1) 當(dāng)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,不用冠詞(即使前面有修飾性詞)
This desk is made of wood. 這張桌子由木頭制成。
Knowledge begins with practice. 認識從實踐開始。
We can't live without air. 沒有空氣我們就不能生存。
It is common knowledge that fish can't live without water. 魚沒有水就無法生存,這一點是常識。
Fresh air is very necessary for a patient. 新鮮空氣對于病人是非常必要的。
2) 當(dāng)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示某一特定概念時,特別是當(dāng)它們有一限制性定語時,前面要加定冠詞
What do you think of the music? 你覺得這音樂怎么樣?
Thank you for the criticism you gave. 謝謝你所給予的批評。
The air in the room is so bad that no one can stand it for 5 minutes. 房間里的空氣很糟,以致于沒有人能忍受五分鐘。
Let's wipe off the dust. 讓我們把塵土擦掉嗎。(特指雙方都明白的某個部分的塵土)
3) 當(dāng)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示"一種"、"一場"、""、"一陣"或"一份"等意義時,要在前面加上不定冠詞a或an
Would you please give us an explanation? 你能不能給我們解釋一下呢?
What a heavy rain! 多大的(一場)雨啊!
I want an ice-cream. 我要一份冰淇淋。
It's a wonderful coffee. 這是一種很好的咖啡。
4) 表示某一品質(zhì)或情緒的具體事件、人物或東西的抽象名詞,前面要用不定冠詞
He did me a great kindness. 他給我?guī)土艘粋€大忙。
The English evening was really a great success. 這次英語晚會很成功。
It's a pleasure to talk with you. 和你談話是件令人愉快的事。
She is a disappointment to us. 她令我們很失望。
8 不用冠詞的場合
1) 名詞在句中作表語、同位語時,當(dāng)它所表示的職位、頭銜等是獨一無二的,則不用冠詞
Prof.Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department. 史密斯教授被任命為外語系主任。
Billy Standford, chairman of the committee, left for Hong Kong yesterday. 比利·斯坦福特,委員會的主席,昨天啟程去了香港。
以上的"主任"、"主席"都只有一個;如果這一職位不是獨一的,則要用不定冠詞。
2) 當(dāng)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為抽象含義時,不具體指某一事物,前面不加冠詞,這種情況常見于一些固定短語中
go to bed 去(上床)睡覺
go by bus 乘汽車去
My sister is still in school. 我妹妹還在上學(xué)。
I'll take him to hospital. 我將帶他去醫(yī)院(看?。?。(不指某一具體特定的醫(yī)院,而著重強調(diào)醫(yī)院看病的普遍性功用)
3) 表示季節(jié)、月份、星期的名詞,如果沒有限制性定語,或者不表示某一特定時間,前面不用冠詞
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了,春天還會遠嗎?
Our summer vacation is from July to August. 我們的暑假是從七月到八月。
We have no class on Friday. 我們星期五沒有課。
4) 泛指的某頓飯前不用冠詞
What do you want to have for breakfast? 你早飯想吃什么?
Dinner is ready. 飯準(zhǔn)備好了。
注:表示新聞標(biāo)題、提綱、廣告、公告、電報、信函、書名等前不用冠詞。
定冠詞(DEFINTITE ARTICLE〕,不定冠詞(INDEFINITE ARTICLE〕,零冠詞(ZERO ARTICLE〕
物主限定詞(POSSESSIVE DETERMINER〕,my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its.
名詞屬格(GENITIVE NOUN〕,John's, my friend's.
指示限定詞(DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER〕,this, that, these, those, such.
關(guān)系限定詞(RELATIVE DETERRMINER〕,whose, which.
疑問限定詞(INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER〕,what, which, whose.
不定限定詞(INDEFINITE DETERMINER〕,no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another.
基數(shù)詞(CARDINAL NUMERAL〕和序數(shù)詞(ORDINAL NUMERAL〕
倍數(shù)詞(MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL〕和分數(shù)詞(FRACTIONAL NUMERAL〕
量詞(QUANTIFIER〕a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of等。
限定詞與名詞詞組中心詞之間有著某種固定的搭配關(guān)系;如果名詞之前帶有兩個或兩個以上的限定詞,則限定詞與限定詞之間也有某種固定的搭配關(guān)系。本講主要解決這兩種搭配關(guān)系問題。
1 限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關(guān)系
限定詞的選擇決定于隨后的名詞的類別,是單數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞,還是不可數(shù)名詞。
1〕能與三類名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如the, some, any, no, other, whose以及my, your等物主限定詞和名詞屬格(John's, my friend's〕等能與三類名詞搭配。例如:
the book, my book, my friend's book, John's book, any book, some book, no book, the other book, whose book, the books,
my books, my friend's book, John's books, any books, some books, no books, the other books, whose books, the money, my money, my friend's money, John's money, any money,
some money, no money, the other money, whose money.
2〕只能與單數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a 等只能與單數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
each worker, either book, an apple, another book, such a book, every student, neither sentence, one copy, many a book.
3) 只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如both, two, three, another two / three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of等只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
both workers, several students, a number of essays, many students, (a) few words, these / those books, two / three visitors, another two / three students.
4) 只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much等只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
a bit of water, a great amount of labour, a great deal of work, (a) little space, much noise.
5〕能與單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如the first, the second, the last, the next等既可與單數(shù)名詞搭配,也可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
the first rose, the last man, the next meeting, the first roses, the last men, the next meetings.
6〕能與單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如this, that, (the) least等能與單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
(the) least sign (of prejudice), this / that job, (the) least knowledge, this / that work.
7〕能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞
還有些限定詞如a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other等可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
a lot of books, a lot of money, lots of chickens, lots of food, plenty of chairs, plenty of water, enough copies, enough coal, more articles, more time, most people, most work, such men, such bread, other men, other bread.
不定量限定詞less原先只與不可數(shù)名詞搭配,但在現(xiàn)代英語中,less既可與不可數(shù)名詞也可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:
less money, less mistakes.
2 限定詞與限定詞的搭配關(guān)系
以上講的是限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關(guān)系。除上述搭配關(guān)系外,限定詞與限定詞之間還存在著一定的搭配關(guān)系。在名詞詞組中心詞之前如果有兩個或兩個以上限定詞出現(xiàn)時,就會產(chǎn)生限定詞的先后順序問題。按其不同的搭配位置,限定詞可分為:
1〕中位、前位、后位限定詞
按照限定詞與限定詞之間不同搭配位置,限定詞可分為中位限定詞(CENTRAL DETERMINER〕、前位限定詞(PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定詞(POSTDETERMINER〕。
a) 中位限定詞包括a(n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's, my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose等
b) 前位限定詞包括all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等
c) 后位限定詞包括one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等
2) 三類限定詞的搭配關(guān)系
如果一個名詞詞組帶有上述三類限定詞,其搭配關(guān)系總是按照"前位--中位--后位"的順序排列。例如:
all前the中four后teachers.
all前your中three后books.
all前these中l(wèi)ast后few后days.
如果只有上述兩類限定詞,其搭配關(guān)系仍按上述順序。例如:
half前his中l(wèi)ecture.
those中l(wèi)ast后few后months.
several后hundred后guests.
all前other后students.
such前a中misfortune.
some中such后alloy.
由上述諸例可以看出,中位限定詞之間和前位限定詞之間是互相排拆的,即一個名詞中心詞之前不可并用兩個中位限定詞或兩個前位限定詞。所以,"我的那本書"不是* my that book而是that book of mine,因為my和that同是中位限定詞,不可同時并列。但后位限定詞的使用卻不受此限。除上述those last few months, several hundred guests之外, this last two books, the first two chapters, three other girls, two more sheets, the next few weeks, many more copies, a few more samples, another twenty tons等都是后鎂限定詞重疊使用的實例。
個別限定詞有跨類現(xiàn)象,如such既屬于前位限定詞,又可歸入后位限定詞。由于它只是在such a...和such an...這樣的搭配中屬于前位限定詞,而在與其他限定詞(some, any, no, all, few, another, other, many, one, two, etc)搭配時,such則是后位限定詞,一律放在上述這些限定詞的后面,如some such, any such, nosuch, few such, one such等,因此本書把它歸入后位限定詞。
3 若干限定詞用法比較
前兩節(jié)介紹了限定詞與三類名詞以及限定詞與限定詞之間的搭配關(guān)系。下面介紹一些限定詞(包括相應(yīng)的不定代詞〕的某些習(xí)慣用法問題。( 本節(jié)所講的"不定代詞"多屬于"名詞性替代詞"(NOMINAL SUBSTITUTE〕,參見37.1)
1〕many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
表示"多"的意思,可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑問句,而a lot of等則常用于肯定句。例如:
I haven't seen many English films. 多數(shù)英文電影我沒看過。 many修飾可數(shù)名詞
Have you seen many English films? 多數(shù)的英文電影你都看過嗎? many修飾可數(shù)名詞
I haven't done much work today. 我還沒有做多少活呢。 much修飾不可數(shù)名詞
Have you done much work today? 今天你已經(jīng)做了很多活嗎? much修飾不可數(shù)名詞
I have seen a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great number of English films. 我已經(jīng)看了多部英文電影。 number修飾可數(shù)名詞
I have done a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great amount of work today. 今天我已經(jīng)做了很多活。amount修飾不可數(shù)名詞
many / much 既可作限定詞,也可作不定代詞(INDEFINITE PRONOUN〕,a lot 也可單獨用作名詞詞組:
Have you done all these exercises?
----No, I haven't done very many.
Have you done much work today?
----Yes, I've done a lot.
當(dāng)然,以上所講many / much常用于否定句和疑問句并不是絕對的,尤其是在下列場合many / much也常用于肯定句:
a) 用于whether / if引導(dǎo)的賓語分句中。例如:
I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我懷疑在這個雨天里會有很多人看表演。
I wonder whether / if he has much information on this subject. 我想知道在這個題目上他是否知道很多消息。
b) 用于由"how / too / so / as+ many / much (+中心詞)" 構(gòu)成的名詞詞組中。例如:
He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身邊帶著太多的箱子,不得不叫計程車。
It's really surprising that the child has so much strength at his age. 真是很驚奇,在這個年齡的孩子居然這么有力氣。
You can take as many copies as you need. 你可以根據(jù)你的需要想拿多少張就拿多少張。
You can use as much oil as you need. 根據(jù)你的需要想用多少油就用多少。
I have (far) too many books on the shelf.
We've had too much rain this spring. 這個春天我們已經(jīng)有太多的雨。
I'd like to know how many copies are needed for the class. 我想要知道在這班需要多少張考貝。
I want to know how much money will be spent on the project. 我想知道將在這個計劃花費多少錢。MUCH修飾不可數(shù)名詞MONEY。
c) 用于在句首作主語以及在"存在句"中作實義主語的名詞詞組中。例如:
Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 許多人喜歡去國外渡假。
Much coal has been saved through the use of the new device. 通過用新的裝置,很多煤被節(jié)省下來。
There are many girl students in my class. 在我的班級里有許多女學(xué)生。
There is much coal left in the mine. 在煤礦有很多的煤剩下。
同樣地,a good / great many也可用于肯定句。例如:
I have read a great many English novels. 我已讀過大量的英語小說。
2) (a) few, (a)little
表示"少"的意思,可用(a) few, (a) little, 既可用作限定詞,也可用作不定代詞。a few, a little表示"少量",帶有肯定意義。例如:
Let's invite a few friends to come with us. 讓我們來邀請幾個朋友來和我們在一起。
Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的課題上有少量的書。
There are only a very few left. 只有一點點剩下。
I'm keeping the few that remain for tomorrow. 我保住剩下的一點點為明天。
I had a little difficulty in solving the problem. 在解決這個問題上我有一點困難。
Give me a little of that wine. 給我一點那種酒。
I'm trying to use the little French I have just learnt. 我正在試用我剛學(xué)的一點法語。
few / little 若不與a 連用則表示-否-定-意義,相當(dāng)于not many / much, not enough。例如:
I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。
Few (children) were tired. 很少的學(xué)生累了。
I have very little (money) left. 我有為數(shù)不多的錢剩下。
I understood little of his speech. 他的演講我懂一點點。
要注意,quite a few, a good few. not a few不表示"少",而表示"相當(dāng)多"的含義,相當(dāng)于, a fair number (of)。例如:
Quite a few of us are getting worried. 我們相當(dāng)多的人正在擔(dān)心。
You'll have to wait a good few weeks. 你將不得不等上相當(dāng)多個星期。
little 的比較級和高級是less 和least, 通常只能用與不可數(shù)名詞搭配,但在當(dāng)代英語中也有用less與復(fù)數(shù)搭配的。例如:
If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房頂僅是少量洞。
但這只見于非正式主體;在正式主體中仍用fewer較少,為好。
3) some, any
要表示"一些"的意思,可用some, any。 some 是肯定詞(ASSERTIVE WORD〕,常用于肯定句;any是非肯定詞(NONASSERTIVE WORD〕,常用于否定句或疑問句。例如:
There are some letters for me.
There aren't any letters for me.
Are there any letters for me?
I seldom get any sleep these days.
any也常用于條件分句以及帶有否定含義的句子中:
If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻煩,請讓我知道。
I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零錢。
當(dāng)說話人期待肯定回答時,some也可用于疑問句, 比如當(dāng)說話人期待來信時,他可以問道:
Are there some letters for me?
當(dāng)購物時向售貨員提問或者主人向客人表示款待時,也可在疑問句中用some:
Could I have some of these apples?
Would you like some chocolate cake?
當(dāng)some與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配時, some相當(dāng)于a certain("某一"〕的含義;而any與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配,則相當(dāng)于 every("任何一個"〕的含義。例如:
Some boy has broken a window. 有個男孩打破了窗戶。
Any child could answer that question. 任何一個孩子都可以回答這個問題。
4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any
這一類詞,除every只能作限定詞外,都是既可作限定詞,也可作不定代詞。例如:
all (of) the boys.
both (of) the boys,
every boy / every one of the boys,
each boy / each (one) of the boys,
either boy / either (one) of the (two) boys,
neither boy / neither (one) of the (two) boys,
any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys,
由上述諸例可以看出,這一類的限定詞和不定代詞在用法上有以下值得注意之處:
a) 表示"全體",可用all 和both, 但all表示三個或三個以上人或物的"全體",而both則表示兩個人或物的"全體"。例如:
All the four applicants are below the average. 所有這四位申請者都在平均數(shù)以下。
All these last few days the farmers have been busy fighting drought. 在后這幾天里,農(nóng)民曾經(jīng)忙于抗旱。
Both his parents are against his going there alone. 他的父母兩個人都反對他單獨去那兒。
The man was blind in both eyes. 這人的兩眼都瞎了。
如果要表示"全體都不"的意思,當(dāng)"全體"為三個或更多的人或物時,通常用none。例如:
None of the students failed the examination. 沒有一個學(xué)生考試失敗。
I'll have none of your stupid ideas. 我不能接受你的那些糊涂觀念。
在上述第一例中,既可用none, 也可用no one:
No one failed the examination.
但no one只能指人,不能指物。
如果要表示兩個人或物"都不",通常要用neither:
Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 兩輛車沒有一輛產(chǎn)自日本。
b) 表示全體中的"每個",如果這個"全體"包含三個或更多的人或物,通常用every。例如:
Every student in the class took part in the performance. 這個班的每個學(xué)生都是這個表演的一部分。
His every action shows that he is a very determined young man. 他的每個行動都顯示了他是一個堅決的年輕人。
如果這個"全體"包含兩個或兩個以上的人或物,便可以用each。例如:
Each side of the street was crowded with people. 街道的兩邊都擠滿了人。
在這里,不可以用every。如果說"廣場的每一邊都擠滿了人",那就既可用each, 也可用every:
Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 廣場的邊上擠滿了人。
every 與each 的區(qū)別還在于every 指許多人或物中的"每個",側(cè)重在全體,近乎all的含義。例如:
Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的學(xué)生都考試失敗。
We want every child to succeed. = We want all the children to succeed. 我們相讓每個孩子都成功。
而each則指許多人或物中"各人",側(cè)重在個別。例如:
Each child will find his own personal road to success. 每個孩子都發(fā)現(xiàn)自已的方法成功。
The Queen shook hands with each player in turn after the game. 女王在比賽后與參賽手們輪流握手。
c) 表示全體中的"任何一個",也要看這個"全體"是包含三個或更多,還是只包含兩個。當(dāng)"全體"包含三個或三個以上,要表示其中任何一個須用any。例如:
Any (= Every) child would know that. 每個孩子都知道這個。
Ask any man you meet. 你可以問任何一個人。
His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself. 除了他自已沒有一個人知道他的禮物是什么。
These are all free,take any (of them) you like. 所有都是免費的,拿其中你喜歡的。
當(dāng)"全體"只包含兩個時,要表示其中任何一個須用either。例如:
There are two flights for Beijing in the morning. You can take either (one). 只有兩班早晨的飛機去北京,你可選其中一個。
We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我們有兩份考貝剩下,為文件保持其中的一份。
但在on either side, on either end等固定詞組中有時可以兼指兩個。例如:
There are warehouses on either side of the river (= on both sides of the river). 在河的兩邊都有大貨倉。
He got off the train with a bundle on either arm. 他帶著兩大包下火車。
There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的兩頭都有樓梯。
限定詞二
冠詞(ARTICLE)是典型的限定詞。關(guān)于冠詞的用法已在前一講提到一些,本講作進一步介紹。
1 類指和特指
冠詞的表意功能可以歸納為二種,即類指(GENERIC REFERENCE)和特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE)。 冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article)(定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。); 另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article)(不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。); 零冠詞zero Article)。
1〕類指
類指是表示類別,也就是泛指一類人或物。不論是定冠詞還是不定冠詞和零冠詞都具有這種功能。比如定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配,往往可起類指的作用,常用于正式語體。例如:
Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. GALILEO聲稱他發(fā)明了望遠鏡。
The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship by the steamship. 鐵路代替了馬的作用,汽船代替了帆船。
定冠詞與某些形容詞或分詞連用,表示類別或抽象概念,也是一種類指用法。例如:
the rich 富人; the living 生者。表示一類人。
The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived. 病被治逾,失去的被找回來了,死亡被挽救回來了。
The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 有錢的更有錢,窮人得了孩子。
The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. 沒有欺騙、邪惡、丑陋就沒有真實、善良和美麗。
用不定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配也可表示類別。例如:
An ox is a useful animal. 公牛是一個有用的動物。
My brother William is planning to be a lawyer. 我的兄弟WILLIAM打算成為一名律師。
用零冠詞與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞搭配,同樣可以表示一類的人或物。例如:
Doctors are badly needed at the front. 在前線醫(yī)生是非常地需要。
Carrots are my favorite vegetable. 胡羅卜是我喜愛的蔬菜。
They are teachers, not students.
Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals. 貓和老虎是在一個家族的動物。
Electricity is a form of energy. 電是能量的一種形態(tài)。
Unity is strength. 團結(jié)就是力量。
2〕特指
特指不同于類指,它不是泛指一類人或物,而是特指一類人或物中的具體對象。這里有兩種情況:一種是非常明確地指出何人或何物,這叫做"確定特指"(DEFINETE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕。定冠詞常作這種用法。例如:
He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。 指上文提到過的人或事。
We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown, and the cat is white. 我們有一只貓和狗。狗是棕色的,貓是白色的。 特指上文提到過的狗和貓。
The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 這狗和貓是我們?nèi)ツ昃宛B(yǎng)了的。 特指去年就飼養(yǎng)了的狗和貓。
另一種情況是"非確定特指"(INDEFINITE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕,這也是特指具體對象,但不很明確。不定冠詞常作這種用法。例如:
I met an old man in the street. 我在路上遇到一個老人。 雖未道出姓名但所指仍為某一特定的老人。
I have lost a button. 我丟了一只鈕扣。 指失落一顆特定的鈕扣,但未說出何種鈕扣。
There's a letter for you. 有一封信給你。 指一封特定的信件,但不明確是誰寫來的。
A book I want has been acquired by the library. 我想要的書已經(jīng)從圖書館里得到。 指我所要的那本特定的書,但未道出什么書。
零冠詞也能有非確定特指的用法。例如:
The streets are clean and shaded with trees. 馬路干凈且有樹的陰涼。
She put carrots in the stew. 她把胡羅卜放入燉湯里。
3〕后照應(yīng)特指、前照應(yīng)特指、語境特指
確定特指又可分為后照應(yīng)特指(ANAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、前照應(yīng)特指(CATAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕和語境特指(SITUATIONAL REFERENCE〕。
后照應(yīng)特指即用定冠詞表示上下文已經(jīng)提到的人或物。第提及用不定冠詞。第二次提及用定冠詞。例如:
He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived. 他以前某個時候定購的書,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)到達。
前照應(yīng)特指也是一種確定特指,只是照應(yīng)對象不在上文,而在下文,或者更確切地說,定冠詞的指定作用決定于名詞中心詞的后置修飾語。例如:
Plese tell us the story of Franklin. 請告訴我FRANKLIN的故事。
Is this the train for Shanghai? 去上海是這次火車嗎?
Here is the student I told you about. 這就是我告訴你的那個學(xué)生。
語境特指不是建立在上下文基礎(chǔ)上的照應(yīng)關(guān)系,而是建立在談話雙方共有的知識上。比如主婦對丈夫說,I'm just back from the market, 在這種語境中,聽話人一定會理解the market指某個平時常去的市場。又例如:
Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。 特指雙方都明白的人或物。
What's in the paper(s) today?
Shut the door, please.
How's the cough today?
He turned on the radio.
What's on the radio?
能用于語境特指的冠詞通常是定冠詞,但是零冠詞在一定上下文中也可表示確定特指含義,這也是一種語境特指。例如:
Mary asked, "Why is father out of work?"
John was elected chairman of the students'union. JOHN被選作學(xué)生會主席。
2 冠詞的習(xí)慣用法
我國學(xué)生對冠詞用法之所以感到困難,不僅是由于漢語沒有冠詞,而且冠詞用法盡管有規(guī)律可循,例外卻太多。有時,冠詞的使用僅僅是個習(xí)慣用法問題,很難用幾項語法條文加以概括。例如radio和television兩詞用于類指時通常不帶定冠詞:
It's easier to write plays for television than for radio. 寫電視劇本要比寫無線電廣播劇本容易的多。
但要說listen to the radio, on the radio;而在television之前卻又可以不用定冠詞watch (the) television, on (the) television。又例如,疾病通常是不可數(shù)名詞,前面不用冠詞:
She's had appendicitis.
Ithink I've got measles.
但有例外,比如說"感冒"要用冠詞,I've got a cold, 可是在catch (a) cold中,人們有時又不用冠詞;在"頭痛"前要用冠詞,I've got a headache,但在牙痛、耳痛前卻又不用冠詞,I've got had toothache。下面列舉一些冠詞的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系。
1〕習(xí)慣用定冠詞
at the hands of; on the shoulder; by the way; on the spot當(dāng)場; for the time being; on the whole; in the case of至于...; (the) day before yesterday; in the distance; the other day; in the east of; under / in the circumstances; in the end of; to be in the habit of; in the front of在前部; to bring down the house博得滿場喝彩; in the possession of為...所有; to follow the plough務(wù)農(nóng); in the shade遜色; to get / gain the upper hand of; on the way; to go by the board被丟棄; on the job忙碌著; to take the fancy of引起...的注意; to tell the truth; on the part of; to turn / tip the scale(s)起決定性作用; on the right / left;
2)習(xí)慣用不定冠詞
all of a sudden; to be in a position to; a matter of course; as a rule; as a matter of fact; at a loss不知所措; at a discount; at a time when; to make the best of a had job盡量減少損失; to have a chance; to have a good time; to have a hand in參與; to have a mind to; (to throw...) for a loss使...震驚; in (after) a fashion略略地; in a walk輕而易舉地; on a large scale; with a firm hand; with a view to; to be in a hurry; to get / fly into a temper發(fā)怒; to have a say; to have a try; to keep an eye on; to lend a hand幫助; to put a premium on重視; to take a fancy to喜愛; to take a walk; to take an interest in;
3) 習(xí)慣用零冠詞
at anchor; at bottom; at dinner在吃飯; at hand近在手邊; at home; at last; at play; at present; at rest; at short notice一接到通知; at stake; at table在進餐; at war; beyond hope of; big talk吹牛; by rule墨守成規(guī)地; by way of經(jīng)由; day and night; in honour of; in order; in pleace; in place適當(dāng)?shù)? in question正被談?wù)摰? in sight在望; in trouble; in view; on board; on deck; on hand手頭現(xiàn)有; on shore; on top of在...之上; under cover; within (easy) reach (of); without result; to be hard of heart; to be large of limb; from beginning to end; in advance; in danger; in debt; in case (of)如果; in distrss; in (the) face of面對; in fashion時興/流行; in fact; in fear; in front of在...之前; to be number of foot; to be pale of face; in haste; in possession of; to burn daylight徒勞無益; to keep / bear in mind; to set foot on踏上; to take care of; to take / have command; to take part in ; to take place;
附加:
1 不定冠詞的用法
冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。
不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。
1) 表示"一個",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一枝鋼筆。
2) 但是,除表示"一"這一數(shù)量外,很多情況下 a 與可數(shù)名詞一起表示一類事物或者泛指概念。代表一類人或物。
I need a pencil now. 我現(xiàn)在需要(一)枝鉛筆。(不確指哪枝鉛筆)
We can't say a boy is cleverer than a girl. 我們不能說男孩比女孩聰明。(表示類別)代表一類人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
不定冠詞在表示"一"的概念時,是非強調(diào)性的。如果強調(diào)"一"這一數(shù)量,常常用one
National Day is a two-day holiday. 國慶節(jié)是(一)個兩天的假日。
We have only one day left to finish the task. 我們只剩下一天時間來完成這個任務(wù)。
3) 詞組或成語。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
4) 不定冠詞用在表示數(shù)量、時間等名詞前,表示"每一(單位)…的價格、速度、順序等"
The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 這些蘋果每公斤兩元錢。
Tom drives a car at 60 miles an hour. 湯姆以每小時60英里的速度開車。
I go back home once a month. 我每月回家。
5) 不定冠詞用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示不確定性,泛指人的職業(yè)、國籍、宗教等:
He is a Christian. 他是基督徒。
My friend, Asaku, is a Japanese. 我的朋友Asaku是日本人。
He was a teacher in the past. But he is a businessman now. 過去他是教師,但現(xiàn)在他是生意人。
He was made a dean. 他被任命為主任。
6) 不定冠詞用在人名或表示人的名詞前,表示不確定性,即說話人不清楚或沒有指明所提到的人到底是誰
A Tom Smith is waiting for you downstairs. 一個叫湯姆·史密斯的人正在樓下等你。
A Smith called you just now. 剛才一個叫史密斯的人給你找電話。
A comrade is waiting for you outside. 一個同志在外面等你。
7) 不定冠詞用于be of a (an)+noun結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示"相同…的"
Tom and his sister are of a height. 湯姆和他的妹妹身高相同。
These sweaters are of a size. 這些毛衣大小相同。
不定冠詞用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)quite/half/rather/many/what/such a (an)+noun或so/too/how+adjective+a(an)+noun中,表示程度、數(shù)量或感嘆等
It takes half an hour to get there. 到那里需要半小時。
He's quite a famous artist. 他是個很有名的藝術(shù)家。
Many a man would welcome such an opportunity. 許多人會很高興有這樣一個機會。
What a fool he is! 他多傻??!
It's too difficult a problem for him. 對他來說,這是一個太難的問題。
9) 不定冠詞用于某些習(xí)慣用語或諺語中
in a word 總而言之 take a walk 散步 at a time
注:當(dāng)一篇文章中第提到某一事物時,在名詞前面要加不定冠詞,以后再次提到同一事物時用定冠詞。
…He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he was looking for.…
…他看到一個人站在那里。那個人就是他正找的人。
2 定冠詞的用法
定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。
1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。
2)上文提到過的人或事:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。
3)指世上獨一物二的事物:
the moon, the earth, the sun 太陽, the earth 地球, the world 世界, the nature 自然界, the sky 天空, the universe 宇宙
4)單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元; the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
The lion is a wild animal. 獅子是野生動物。
The compass was invented in China. 指南針是中國發(fā)明的。
The wolf hunts by night. 狼夜間出來覓食。
5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞和副詞的高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面:
He runs the fastest. 他跑得快。
Is this the best choice he can make? 這是他能做出的好的選擇嗎?
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二層。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。
6) 用在形容詞前,表示一類人或事物
the poor 窮人 the blind 盲人 the aged 老人 the impossible 不可能的事情
7)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用,指整個群體:
They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)
8)表示所有,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
9)用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機關(guān)團體、階級、等專有名詞前:
the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國
the United States 美國
10)用在表示樂器的名詞之前:
She plays the piano. 她會彈鋼琴。
11) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)
12) 定冠詞用在名詞前,表示特指,即某個特定的人、事物等。特別是當(dāng)某名詞后面有定語限定這一名詞時,名詞前面一般都要用定冠詞the
We have found the book that we lost yesterday. 我們已經(jīng)找到了昨天丟的那本書。
Do you know the man standing by the window? 你認識那個站在窗戶旁邊的人嗎?
How do you like the rooms here? 你覺得這里的房間怎么樣?
13) 用在慣用語中:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
3 零冠詞的用法
1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;
2)泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞;
They are teachers. 他們是教師。
3)抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;
Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。
4)物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;
Man cannot live without water. 人離開水就無法生存。
5)在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我們從星期一到星期五都上課。
6)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那里。
7)在三餐、球類運動和娛樂運動的名稱前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast,play chess
8)當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上名詞并用時,常省去冠詞;
I can't write without pen or pencil. 沒有鋼筆和鉛筆,我就寫不了字。
9)當(dāng)by 與火車等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時,中間無冠詞;by bus,by train;
10)有些個體名詞不用冠詞;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等個體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義;
go to hospital 去醫(yī)院看病
go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠詞的序數(shù)詞;
a. 序數(shù)詞前有物主代詞
b. 序數(shù)詞作副詞 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定詞組中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last
4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。
The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。
2) 如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。
5 冠詞位置
1) 不定冠詞位置
不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意:
a. 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half,
I have never seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.
b. 當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后:
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
So short a time.
Too long a distance.
c. quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。
但當(dāng)rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot
d. 在as,though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)標(biāo)語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞后:
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見到蛇還是發(fā)抖。
當(dāng)名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。
e) 定冠詞位置
定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后,名詞之前。
All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。
6 專有名詞前冠詞的用法
1) 用不定冠詞的情況
A.表示某國人,某個說話人但不清楚是誰的人。(只知其名)
She is an American. 她是美國人。
B.表示某一家庭成員或某一名人的作品。
A Forsyte was kidnapped yesterday. 昨天福氏家族的一個成員被綁架了。
There's a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅倫勃朗的畫。
I have read a new Wells recently. 近我讀了威爾斯的一部新作。
2) 用定冠詞的情況
A.某些地理名詞,如江河海洋、海峽海灣、山脈群島、沙漠等之前要用定冠詞。
the Yangtze 長江 the Thames 泰晤士河 the South Sea 南海 the Pacific 太平洋 the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Persian Gulf 波斯灣 the Himalayas 喜瑪拉雅山脈 the Philippines 菲律賓群島 the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠
B.由普通名詞和其它一些詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞,如國名、組織機構(gòu)、建筑物、報紙、會議、條約等的名稱前,要用定冠詞。
the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國
the United Nations 聯(lián)合國
the National People's Congress 全國人民代表大會
the Great Hall of the People 人民大會堂
the People's Daily 人民日報
the New York Times 紐約時報
the International Women Conference 國際婦女大會
the Geneva Agreement 日內(nèi)瓦協(xié)議
C.定冠詞用在復(fù)數(shù)專有名詞前,表示一家人,或某對夫婦、整個民族等。
The Smiths moved to California. 史密斯夫婦(或一家)搬到了加利福尼亞洲。
The Americans are a nation on wheels. 美國人是一個車輪上的民族。
3) 專有名詞前不用冠詞的情況
一般來說,街名、廣場名、公園名、大學(xué)名、節(jié)日名、雜志名前不加定冠詞。
Tian An Men Square 天安門廣場
Hyde Park 海德公園
National Day 國慶節(jié)
Time 時代(周刊)
7 抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前冠詞的用法
1) 當(dāng)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,不用冠詞(即使前面有修飾性詞)
This desk is made of wood. 這張桌子由木頭制成。
Knowledge begins with practice. 認識從實踐開始。
We can't live without air. 沒有空氣我們就不能生存。
It is common knowledge that fish can't live without water. 魚沒有水就無法生存,這一點是常識。
Fresh air is very necessary for a patient. 新鮮空氣對于病人是非常必要的。
2) 當(dāng)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示某一特定概念時,特別是當(dāng)它們有一限制性定語時,前面要加定冠詞
What do you think of the music? 你覺得這音樂怎么樣?
Thank you for the criticism you gave. 謝謝你所給予的批評。
The air in the room is so bad that no one can stand it for 5 minutes. 房間里的空氣很糟,以致于沒有人能忍受五分鐘。
Let's wipe off the dust. 讓我們把塵土擦掉嗎。(特指雙方都明白的某個部分的塵土)
3) 當(dāng)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示"一種"、"一場"、""、"一陣"或"一份"等意義時,要在前面加上不定冠詞a或an
Would you please give us an explanation? 你能不能給我們解釋一下呢?
What a heavy rain! 多大的(一場)雨啊!
I want an ice-cream. 我要一份冰淇淋。
It's a wonderful coffee. 這是一種很好的咖啡。
4) 表示某一品質(zhì)或情緒的具體事件、人物或東西的抽象名詞,前面要用不定冠詞
He did me a great kindness. 他給我?guī)土艘粋€大忙。
The English evening was really a great success. 這次英語晚會很成功。
It's a pleasure to talk with you. 和你談話是件令人愉快的事。
She is a disappointment to us. 她令我們很失望。
8 不用冠詞的場合
1) 名詞在句中作表語、同位語時,當(dāng)它所表示的職位、頭銜等是獨一無二的,則不用冠詞
Prof.Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department. 史密斯教授被任命為外語系主任。
Billy Standford, chairman of the committee, left for Hong Kong yesterday. 比利·斯坦福特,委員會的主席,昨天啟程去了香港。
以上的"主任"、"主席"都只有一個;如果這一職位不是獨一的,則要用不定冠詞。
2) 當(dāng)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為抽象含義時,不具體指某一事物,前面不加冠詞,這種情況常見于一些固定短語中
go to bed 去(上床)睡覺
go by bus 乘汽車去
My sister is still in school. 我妹妹還在上學(xué)。
I'll take him to hospital. 我將帶他去醫(yī)院(看?。?。(不指某一具體特定的醫(yī)院,而著重強調(diào)醫(yī)院看病的普遍性功用)
3) 表示季節(jié)、月份、星期的名詞,如果沒有限制性定語,或者不表示某一特定時間,前面不用冠詞
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了,春天還會遠嗎?
Our summer vacation is from July to August. 我們的暑假是從七月到八月。
We have no class on Friday. 我們星期五沒有課。
4) 泛指的某頓飯前不用冠詞
What do you want to have for breakfast? 你早飯想吃什么?
Dinner is ready. 飯準(zhǔn)備好了。
注:表示新聞標(biāo)題、提綱、廣告、公告、電報、信函、書名等前不用冠詞。