連接詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，只起到連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句子與句子的作用。連詞分并列連詞和從屬連詞，并列連詞是連接兩個或多個并列關(guān)系的成分；從屬連詞主要引導(dǎo)各種狀語從句。做這一部分題時，我們必須弄清連詞前后的關(guān)系，即連詞前后部分在意義上是并列關(guān)系還是從屬關(guān)系，是順從還是轉(zhuǎn)折，是目的還是讓步等。
一、連詞的用法
1. after 在……之后(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. 試做完這些之后你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多其他東西。
Chichester did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales(大風(fēng)).甚至在主要的掌舵裝置都被大風(fēng)弄壞之后，全由基切斯特駕駛著這只船。
Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ had used almost 400 years earlier to knight Sir Francis Drake after he had sailed round the world for the first time. 伊麗莎白二世就是用這把劍封他為爵士的。弗朗西斯德雷克第環(huán)球航行之后，伊麗莎白一世在四百年前就曾經(jīng)用它封弗朗西斯德雷克為爵士的。
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. 我觀察一周后，侯伯斯先生要我口敘一下我發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題。
2. although (=though) 雖然……但是(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)，在漢語中"雖然"和"但是"是兩個詞，而在英語中表示此概念的是一個詞。我們要么用although，要么用but，但although和but不能同時用在一個句子中表示"雖然……但是"
And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 雖然你未必喜歡，但如果她選中你的門廊作為她夜間棲息之地，從道義上來講，你就很難將她趕走，就像你很難趕走一條喪家之犬一樣。
One quasi bag lady spends about eight hours every day at the foot of the main escalator in a railroad station, although she rents a room in a cheap hotel in the neighborhood. 有位準(zhǔn)流浪女士盡管在附近一家便宜旅館里租有一間房，她還是每天在火車站中央自動樓梯下呆八小時。
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today.雖然杰斐遜生活在兩百年以前，但今天我們?nèi)阅軓乃抢飳W(xué)到很多東西。
Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 雖然學(xué)校、商場和政府中的作弊和欺詐行為近年來比過去多得多，但是不是由于我們越來越善于揭露這類不誠實行為的緣故呢?
Although the Republic may have been born in the East, it had spent most of its time and energies since then moving west.雖然(美利堅)共和國誕生于東部，但建國以后花費(fèi)了大量的時間和精力向西部開拓。
但although與though之間還是有一定的區(qū)別的，although前邊不能用much修飾，而though的前邊則可以用much修飾。
3. and 和，并且(連接兩個并列或?qū)Φ鹊某煞郑褐髡Z，謂語，賓語，表語或分句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 還要留出時間進(jìn)行休息，發(fā)展自己的愛好和娛樂活動。
Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. 之后，在閱讀時，你就會知道哪些內(nèi)容是不重要的，這樣就可跳過這些不重要的部分。
4. as
(1) 怎樣；像；因為；當(dāng)……時候(引導(dǎo)時間、方式和原因狀語從句)
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.不管怎么說，八十大壽畢竟非同一般--你又活了十年，或者說又熬過了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. 也可以用不同的方式閱讀，如過去一樣--朗讀。
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected. 薩姆著手提高襯衫廠的效率了，但正如我們將在本課后半部分發(fā)現(xiàn)的，他的計劃實施結(jié)果跟他原先預(yù)料的并不完全一樣。
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. 很多教育學(xué)家認(rèn)為，當(dāng)學(xué)生對自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他們就不大可能作弊了。
(2) 盡管，雖說(引起讓步狀語從句)
Intelligent as she was, she had not much insight. 盡管她很聰明，但她沒眼力。
Much as I admire him as a writer(=Although／though I admire him a great deal), I do not like him as a man. 他作為作家，我非常敬幕他，但他作為普通人，我并不喜歡他。
5. as…as 和……一樣，與……幾乎一樣(連接詞與詞、短語與短語或引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句)
She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house. 她停了一會兒，看了看那個男孩，只見他盡量靠近門口站，但仍讓自己立在房內(nèi)，樣子很尷尬。
He has to feel that he's as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. 他必須這樣認(rèn)為：他跟世上的所有外科大夫一樣出色，或許比他們都強(qiáng)。
If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn't as rich and rewarding as life can be. 如果研究人員所說的是真的，那么沒有想入非非、白日做夢的生活就不可能是豐富多彩和富有成就的。
6. as(so) far as 就……而論，據(jù)……(引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句)
What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned? 就我們的飛蝶計劃來說這意味著什么呢?
As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifiable. 就我看來，你的行為是不合情理的。
Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles -- and he always fixed my car.(然而，每當(dāng)我的汽車出了毛病，我總是急急忙忙去找他，焦急地注視著他檢查汽車的主要部位，恭聽著他的見解，仿佛聆聽神諭一般--而他總能把我的汽車修好。
1) As long ［A］ as I know, the result ［B］ fell short of ［C］ our expectations ［D］ .
7. as if (=as though) 好像(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)。它們引導(dǎo)的從句中，動詞一般用虛擬語氣，be通常用were這個形式，不管是什么人稱
After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London: "I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare."他勝利地航海到好望角之后，基切斯特向倫敦發(fā)出如下電文："我感覺好像從惡夢中醒來。"
He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.他向后一跳，仿佛被什么東西螫了一下似地，他那張布滿皺紋的臉頓時漲得通紅。
He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what happened.他感到很尷尬，好像他自己對發(fā)生的一切負(fù)責(zé)。
8. as(so) long as 只要(=only if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
But it is now thought that this is not so, and as long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. 但現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為，情況并非如此。只要大腦給予充分運(yùn)用，它就會保持其機(jī)能。
I don't care, as long as she lets me be with her too. 只要她能讓我也能和她在一起，我不在乎。
2) So far ［A］ as he does ［B］ his work, I don't mind ［C］ what time he arrives ［D］ at the office.
9. as soon as 一……就(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. 課后要及時復(fù)習(xí)筆記。
Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grub start gives us the added funds.是的，但埃格拉布貸款基金會把追加的資金一拿給我們，我們就會立即實施這一計劃。
10. as well (as) 也，以及，還；和；不僅(連接并列成分或從句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 還要留出時間休息，發(fā)展自己的愛好和娛樂活動。
Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. 略讀使你的閱讀速度快一倍同時也提高你的理解力。
Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. 復(fù)習(xí)課上講的重點，還要看看那些你不懂的地方。
For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科學(xué)家首次把一顆衛(wèi)星成功地送上了地球，此后衛(wèi)星便不斷地發(fā)回信號和照片。
11. because 因為 (引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，注意：漢語中有"……原因是因為……"，而英語中reason不和because連用)
3) The reason ［A］ I didn't go to the meeting was ［B］ because ［C］ I got an appointment ［D］ .
12. before 在……之前(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully.這就是說，在細(xì)讀之前先要略讀一下文章。
We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there. 我們不知道它是由什么構(gòu)成的，但這給我們帶來很多麻煩，而且在向那里(地球)送金星人之前，我們還要做大量的試驗。
He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. 在人們普遍利用農(nóng)作物輪作和土壤保持的作法前一個世紀(jì)，他就這樣做了。
13. besides 除了……之外
But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love.但教學(xué)還會帶來錢和權(quán)力之外的東西：那便是愛。
Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important.杰弗遜認(rèn)為：一個自由人除了書本之外還可從其他地方獲取知識，而且個人調(diào)查研究也很重要。
14 both … and … 和；不但……而且；兩者都……(連接兩個對等的詞或詞組)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能幫你安排你的一切活動，使你有充足的時間學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 這次經(jīng)歷令人可惱之處在于圍繞著我的被捕以及隨后法庭上審訊而出現(xiàn)的種種武斷專橫的情況。
Yet, as we shall see later, almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen -- when they were prevailed upon to change their self-images. 然而，當(dāng)他們被說服改變他們的自我形象后，正如我們后邊將看到的，學(xué)生的成績和推銷員的掙錢能力發(fā)生了幾乎奇跡般的變化。
4) Scales(魚鱗) both help to protect ［A］ fish ［B］ against ［C］ disease and infection or ［D］ serve as an external skeleton(骨胳) preserving body shape.
15. but 但(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
5) Until the ninth century, written records were not actually separated,____ in some literary writing, dots or points were used to indicate divisions.
［A］ in spite of ?。跙］ contrary ［C］ contrast to ［D］ but
6) The firemen were unable to determine ［A］ exactly what ［B］ caused the fire, when ［C］ they said that they would continue ［D］ the investigation.
16. either … or 或者……或者；非此……即彼(連接并列詞或引導(dǎo)并列從句)
If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counter evidence whatever, the idea is either modified or abandoned.如果科學(xué)家一直認(rèn)為一種觀點是正確的，而他又發(fā)現(xiàn)了任何其他相反的根據(jù)，那他原來的觀點或者被更正或者放棄。
7) Too much ［A］ electric current may flow ［B］ into a circuit as a result either of a fault ［C］ in the circuit and ［D］ of an outside event such as lighting.
17. even if (=even though) 盡管；即使(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)
Myra wouldn't forget her mother's birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. 邁拉盡管在別的時候絕少寫信，可母親的生日她是不會忘記的。
I knew that even if the case was one in which it was impossible to anticipate the problem in advance, I could handle whatever I found. 我知道即使無法提前預(yù)測到這一問題，不管遇到什么我都會處理好的。
The man who conceives himself to be a "failure type person" will find some way to fail, in spite of all his good intentions, or his will power, even if opportunity is literally dumped in his lap. 那些認(rèn)為自己是"失敗型的人"總會失敗的，不管他有多好的想法和多么堅強(qiáng)的意志，即使機(jī)會真的來到他身邊。
Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "What do I do with myself?" question, even though there may be no financial cares.即使沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的顧慮，退休也會經(jīng)常帶來諸如"我自己怎么辦?"的問題。
18. for 因為(引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句)
8) The philosophy of science is as old as science itself ____ there have always been scientists who reflected on the process of inquiry.
［A］ why ?。跙］ for ［C］ even ［D］ that
19. however 然而，但是，盡管(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
So teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning. I have left out, however, the most important reasons why I teach. 所以說，教學(xué)使我的工作進(jìn)程有了規(guī)律，使我的生活變得豐富多彩，教學(xué)向我提出挑戰(zhàn)，也給了我不斷學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。不過，我要教書的重要的幾個原因還沒有講到呢。
20. if (if only) 如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
9) What ____ it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
［A］ for ?。跙］ if ［C］ with ?。跠］ time
21. in case 萬一(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
I shall stay in the hotel all day in case Mary comes. 我要一直呆在旅館，以防瑪麗過來。
Take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 多帶點衣服以防天氣冷。
In case she arrives before I come back, ask her to wait for me. 萬一在我回來之前她來了，讓她等我。
In case I forget it, please remind me about it. 萬一我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐摇?BR> 10) In case the house ___ down, we'll get the insurance money.
［A］ will burn [B] would burn [C] burns ［D］ burn
11) I don't think she'll be upset, but I'll see her in case ___.
［A］ she'll ?。跙］ she is ［C］ she does [D］ she would
22. in case of 萬一，以防(連接名詞或名詞短語)
I keep am umbrella here in case of rain. 我?guī)Я税延陚阋苑老掠辍?BR> In case my not being there, ask my assistant to help you. 萬一我不在，叫我的助手幫幫你。
23. in order that 以便，為了(引導(dǎo)目的狀語)
I have come all the way from Vienna in order that you should thoroughly understand me. 我從維也納那兒遠(yuǎn)道而來就是為了你能徹底理解我。
They arrived early in order that they might get a good seat. 他們趕早而來以便能有個好座位。
24. in that 既然，因為(引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句)
Critism and self- critism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批評與自我批評是必要的，因為能幫助我們改正錯誤。
This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.這一節(jié)(文字)還可以起到修辭的效果。它表示，報告所提供的資料，是在對課題有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的過去情況作過透徹了解的基礎(chǔ)上提出來的，因而可見是經(jīng)過一定的調(diào)查研究的，這樣便提高了對研究人員的可信度。
25. lest 唯恐(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，從句中謂語多由should構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，有時省去should用動詞原形)
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident. 她開始不安起來，唯恐他發(fā)生什么事。
He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see now the anxiety upon it, the worried impatience. 我看見他正從窗口朝外張望。有一兩個鐘頭，他大概一直在留神我的動靜；他只把窗簾掀開一點兒，生怕我發(fā)現(xiàn)他，但我還是看到了他的臉。我覺得現(xiàn)在我還能看到他臉上的憂慮神情，那種擔(dān)心而且焦急的神情。
26. neither … nor 既不……也不(可連接兩個主語、賓語、表語、謂語和狀語)
But neither the nursery nor the motel my parents bought later had provided enough income to send my sister and me to college. 然而，無論是托兒所還是我父母后來購買的汽車旅館都不能提供足夠的收入供我和妹妹上大學(xué)。
I have neither property nor money. 我既沒有什么家當(dāng)也沒有錢。
There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. 直到黑人被賦予公民權(quán)美國才會有歇息和安寧。
She neither ate nor drank. 她不吃也不喝。
Tom just came at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 湯姆來得正是時候，不早也不晚。
27. nevertheless 然而；盡管如此，仍就(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much of their time in front of the TV. 然而，或許人們不應(yīng)花那么多的時間看電視。
There wasn't any news, nevertheless, she went on hoping. 盡管沒有任何消息，但她仍抱有希望。
28. no matter 不管怎樣(后接疑問詞)
For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.對我來說，教書是個令人熬紅眼睛、手掌出汗、精神沮喪的職業(yè)。說熬紅眼睛，這是因為我晚上無論備課備到多晚，總覺得備得還不充分。
You know how it is: you pick up something in a restaurant and your teeth turn rotten, no matter how careful you are.你知道這是怎么回事：只要你在飯館里揀東西吃，牙齒就會被搞壞，你再當(dāng)心都沒有用。
29. no sooner … than ……就(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，以No sooner開頭的句子要倒裝)
The sun had no sooner started to shine than it was clouded over again. 太陽還沒有開始出來就被云遮上了。
No sooner had he gone to bed than the telephone rang once more. 他還沒到床上電話又響起來了。
30. not only … but (also) 不但……而且(連接兩個對等的主語，謂語，表語，賓語，不定式，-ING結(jié)構(gòu)，-ED結(jié)構(gòu)或分句)
We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, add happiness into our own. 我們不僅要給別人的生活帶來歡樂，而且經(jīng)常給我們自己的生活增添幸福。
12) Nature ［A］ not only gave the Middle Atlantic region fine harbors ［B］, however ［C］ endowed it with ［D］ a first-class system of inland waterways.
31. now that 既然(引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句)
The Russians might come in a few hours and kill them all --though most of them were already thinking of how they could escape--but in the meantime, for a brief spell, now that the Fuehrer's strict control of their lives was over, they would seek pleasure where and how they could find it.俄國人說不定幾小時之內(nèi)就要打進(jìn)來，將他們統(tǒng)統(tǒng)殺掉--盡管他們中間大部分人已在考慮如何逃命--但此時此刻，既然元首對他們生活的嚴(yán)格控制已經(jīng)結(jié)束，雖是短暫的片刻，他們也要及時行樂。
32. or else 否則；要不(就)(引導(dǎo)并列從句)
You must go there at once or else you can not be able to come back in time. 你心須馬上就去，否則你就趕不回來了。
My brother couldn't concentrate upon his guide books for matriculation of postgraduate very long, he was too tired, --or else too sleepy. 我弟弟不能集中精力看他的考研書，他太累了--要不就是太瞌睡了。
33. provided (=providing) 以……為條件，如果……的話，只要(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，有時和that連用)
She could go with us provided that she arrives in time. 她如及時趕到，就會和我們一起去。
I'll go to the U.S.A, provided I have enough money. 只要我有足夠的錢我就去美國。
注：provided在正式文體中用得更多。
34. since 自從；因為(引導(dǎo)時間和原因狀語從句)
It has been only forty years since television came to control American free time. 電視開始主宰美國人的空閑時間，至今也不過才40年。
Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies. 格萊姆教授將它們命名為摩天大樓，因為它們似乎已經(jīng)擦到了天。
It was 3:30 PM on Monday, April 30, 1945, ten days after Adolf Hitler's fifty-sixth birthday, and twelve years and three months to the day since he had become Chancellor of Germany and had instituted the Third Reich. 當(dāng)時是1945年4月30日星期一下午3點30分，是他56歲生日的第10天，離他當(dāng)上德國總理和成立第三帝國正好12年零3個月。
35. scarcely … when ……就(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，scarcely在句首句子要倒裝)
Scarcely had he gone out when it began to rain heavily. 他還沒去天就下起了大雨。
36. so … that 如此……以致(引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
He speaks quickly； the tone of his voice is so commanding that it silences everyone.
他說得很快，他的聲調(diào)是如此的威嚴(yán)使大家啞口無言。
With this(what he says) he strikes out, smashing his fist into WEISS's face in a blow so unexpected and so wild that WEISS, totally unprepared, is knocked down against the wall.話音剛落，他便冷不防拔出拳頭朝韋斯臉上猛地?fù)]去，韋斯猝不及防，被*在墻腳。
37. so that 以便；以致(引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能幫你安排你的一切活動，使你有充足的時間學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂。
He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile. 他看得出，她一生都很有耐心，經(jīng)過多年的忍耐后，現(xiàn)在她的嘴邊總持著一絲溫柔、圣潔的微笑。
He believed in simplicity so much so that he used only a safety razor and water to shave.他信奉簡樸，甚至于只用一把安全剃須刀和水刮胡子。
I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go travelling.我在找一份暫時的工作，以便能攢點錢去旅行。
38. that (引導(dǎo)主語、賓語和表語從句)
Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away. 而且，他不禁想到，如果發(fā)生意外，要是附近沒船，通過無線電能聯(lián)系到近的人便是在885英哩處的一個小島上。
It is well known that many of our problems -- everything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness -- are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. 眾所周知，我們的很多問題--實際上是所有情況：從代溝到高離婚率到精神病--至少部分原因是由于缺少相互交流。
Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, even at the college level. 教育學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)從小到大看電視長大的這一代人，即使大學(xué)水平，也幾乎不會寫通順的英語句子。
39. thus 這樣(引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic(隨機(jī)性的，單個發(fā)生的), the more intense and less regular relationships in the community.這不是說工作中沒有爭論和嫉妒。但總的來講，行為科學(xué)研究揭示，工作中人與人之間的較好相處，這或許是因為工作上的人際關(guān)系較有規(guī)律，更易于預(yù)料，因此更容易協(xié)調(diào)，而在社會上，人與人之間的關(guān)系是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的，比較緊張，而且較少有規(guī)律可循。另外，工作班組也會對其成員稍稍施加壓力，促使他們學(xué)會相互協(xié)調(diào)，消?quot;摩擦"，因為人們知道他們每天都要共同努力，相互協(xié)作，才能完成一定的工作。
It(the suspicion of the patient) contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine，" and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession. 病人對醫(yī)生的不信任使醫(yī)療訴訟案增多，造成醫(yī)生避免風(fēng)險的"防御性診治"增多，而這些又進(jìn)而有損于整個醫(yī)療事業(yè)。
13) Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events ___ to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
［A］ and thus ?。跙］ so ?。跜］ however ［D］ because
40. unless 除非，如果不(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
Unless we are very careful, we can't do our work well. 如果不仔細(xì)的話，我們就不會把工作做好。
But he won't be much longer unless he has the medicines on that list. 但他不能活多久，除非有這單子上的藥。
14) ____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
［A］ Until ［B］ Unless ［C］ If ?。跠］ Provided
41. until 到……為止，后(not…util，止到……才)(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. 我勸說他好幾天用其他理論(來解釋它的工作原理)，后我建議把那玩具拆開看一看它的工作原理。
Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty.從那以后，他每天早晨用那剃須膏，直到用完。
It was not until the 18th century that man realised that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.到了18世紀(jì)，人們才認(rèn)識到人的整個大腦參與思維活動。
15) the 1500's ____ the first European explored the coast of California.
［A］ It was not until…then ?。跙］ It is not until…when
［C］ It is until…that ［D］ It was not until…that
42. when
① when可以狀語從句表示"當(dāng)……時候" When I speak he awayls whispers to others.
② when在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，表示對比(可譯為"本該……卻……") Why are you here when you should be at work.
③ when在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，表示條件(可譯為"在……情況下") I was very difficult when it comes to you.
43. whenever 無論何時(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me.他有個習(xí)慣，每次見到我都要跟我講些笑話。
I heard the story many times as a child, whenever my family visited Aunt Bettie in the old house in Berryville, Virginia.她的軼事，在我還小的時候就聽過多遍。每逢我們一家去看望她時，她都要講講她的故事，當(dāng)時姨婆住在弗吉尼亞貝利維爾一所舊房子里。
44. whereas 然而，另一方面(引導(dǎo)并列從句)
She had never done anything for them, whereas they had done everything for her. 她從來沒有為他們做過任何事，而他們?yōu)樗隽艘磺小?BR> Whereas some people like rice, others like steamed-bread. 有些人喜歡吃米飯，有些人喜歡吃饅頭。
45. wherever 不論何處(引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句)
He sat a little while somewhere, had something to eat at one of these places, then went wherever he had to go. 他在什么地方坐了一會，吃了點東西，然后去他該去的任何地方。
Wherever he goes, I will follow, and I don't care what will happen. 不管他到哪兒，我都要跟著，我不管會發(fā)生什么事。
16) Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, ___ the behavior of animal depends mainly on instinct.
［A］ whereas ?。跙］ so ［C］ unless ?。跠］ that
二、例題解析
1) A錯。 改為far。
2) A錯。 改為long。
3) C錯。 改為that。
4) D錯。改為and。
5) D為正確答案。
6) C錯。改為but。
7) D錯。 改為or。
8) B為正確答案。
9) B為正確答案。
10) C為正確答案。
11) B為正確答案。
12) C錯。 改為but also。
13) A 為正確答案。
14) B為正確答案。
15) D為正確答案。
16) A為正確答案。
連接詞(II)
連詞
連詞是一種虛詞， 它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both卆nd, not only卋ut also, either卭r, neither卬or, (and)then等等。
1 并列連詞與并列結(jié)構(gòu)
并列連詞引導(dǎo)兩個并列的句子。
1) and 與or
判斷改錯：
(錯) They sat down and talk about something.
(錯) They started to dance and sang.
(錯) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(對) They sat down and talked about something.
(對) They started to dance and sing.
(對)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 連接兩個并列的謂語，所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。
第二句：and 連接兩個并列的動詞不定式，第二個不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。
第三句：and 連接感觀動詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。
注意：and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。（or也有此用法）
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2) both 卆nd 兩者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) not only卋ut (also), as well as不但?#32780;且）
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only?but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個分句時，一個分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4) neithe卬or 意思為"既不厖也不厖"謂語動詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
2 比較and和or
并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有時and 也可用于否定句。請注意其不同特點：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個否定詞的句子實際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要用and。
典型例題
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表轉(zhuǎn)折。
判斷改錯：
(錯) We will die without air and water.
(錯) We can't live without air or water.
(對) We will die without air or water.
(對) We can't live without air and water.
3 表示選擇的并列結(jié)構(gòu)
1) or 意思為"否則"。
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2) either卭r 意思為"或者厖或者厖"。注意謂語動詞采用就近原則。
Either you or I am right.
4 表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ?BR> 1) but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，while表示對比。
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例題
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折，符合語意。而表并列的and， 結(jié)果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2) not卋ut?意思為"不是厖而是厖"
not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
5 表原因關(guān)系
1) for
判斷改錯：
(錯) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(對) He is absent today, for he is ill.
for是并列連詞，不能置于含兩個并列分句的句子的句首，只能將其放在兩個分句中間。
2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
注意：
a. 兩個并列連詞不能連用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although?yet?#65292;但although不與 but連用。
(錯) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(對) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
6 比較so和 such
其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副
詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many，few，much， little連用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可數(shù)] such +n. [不可數(shù)]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。
so卼hat與such卼hat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
時態(tài)
進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示其他意義
英語中，"be+現(xiàn)在分詞"構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)，表示動作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，這是一條人所共知的語法規(guī)則，但是由于語言表達(dá)的靈活性，使這種結(jié)構(gòu)也具有許多別的意義和用法。本文擬就這方面的問題作一初步探討。
（1）運(yùn)動動詞 go，come，drive，fly，travel，arrive，leave，start，set off及表示位置的動詞 stay，remain等的進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來時，通常指沒有確定安排的決定或計劃。如：
He is coming to New Jersey．
他打算到新澤西州來。
They are not going back to work until they get a rise．
他們要到加了薪水才復(fù)工。
現(xiàn)在這一使用范圍已擴(kuò)大到別的一些動詞。表示近將來的確定安排，但往往有一個表示未來時間的狀語。如：
I'm seeing my guest off at the station tomorrow.
明天我要到車站為客人送行。
The court is hearing evidence this afternoon．
法庭今天下午聽取證詞。
（2）頻度副詞always，constantly，continually和forever等和進(jìn)行時連用時，給現(xiàn)在或過去的動作披上一層感情色彩，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在進(jìn)行。
①表示討厭、不滿，帶有埋怨情緒，指責(zé)某人一貫的行徑。如:
He is forever boasting．他老愛說大話。
②表示贊許、高興。帶夸獎口吻，稱贊對方的一貫表現(xiàn)。如：
You are always doing well．你總是干得很不錯。
（3）某些瞬間動詞如：hit，jump，kick，knock和see（看見）等的進(jìn)行時可以表示動作的重復(fù)。如：
The child was jumping with joy．這孩子高興得直跳。
I'm seeing a lot of Joan at the library．
我常在圖書館看見瓊。
（4）用hope，find，want，wonder等的進(jìn)行時態(tài)是一種婉轉(zhuǎn)的說話語氣，如是過去進(jìn)行時形式則更顯得客氣、委婉。如：
We are hoping you will get well soon．
我們希望你很快康復(fù)。
What were you wanting？您想要點什么嗎？
在問到一段時間怎么度過，過去進(jìn)行時要比一般過去時有禮貌。
What were you doing before you came here？你來這兒之前做些什么工作？（這比What did you do…？聽起來更有禮貌。）
（5）某些心態(tài)動詞或情態(tài)動詞的進(jìn)行時表示"幾乎"、"差一點"等含義。相當(dāng)于nearly do/be on the point of doing…。如：
I'm forgetting（=nearly forget）that I promised to take you to Shanghai．我差一點忘了我曾答應(yīng)過要帶你去上海的。
He was believing what the cheat said．
他差一點聽信了那個騙子的話。
（6）進(jìn)行時還可以表示動作的暫時性，并不是說話時在進(jìn)行的動作。如：
My watch is working perfectly．
我的表走得很準(zhǔn)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)手表目前走得準(zhǔn)，如果是說：My watch works perfectly．在于說明手表走得準(zhǔn)這一優(yōu)點。）
狀態(tài)動詞be的進(jìn)行時態(tài)（be being）后面接行為形容詞，如 brave，careful, stupid，clever，foolish，polite，kind和shy等時為主語所表現(xiàn)的非一貫性特點或故意的行為。如：
You are being very clever today．
你今天表現(xiàn)得很聰明。（表明這是例外。）
He is being polite．
他裝模作樣地客氣起來了。（故意行為）。
（7）進(jìn)行時態(tài)可以表示動作發(fā)展的過程，可接時間狀語從句，但不接具體時間狀語。如：
The wind was rising．起風(fēng)了。
I think the cat's going mad．
我認(rèn)為那只貓發(fā)瘋了。
（8）在一定場合和語氣中，進(jìn)行時態(tài)有否定意義。
You are telling me．
這事不用你說。（我早就知道了。）
You are wasting time!
別浪費(fèi)時間了?。ú荒蜔┝?。）
（9）過去完成時還可表示到過去某段時間為止剛剛開始的動作。
By the time he was ten，Edison was already doing his experiments in Chemistry. 愛迪生十歲時，已經(jīng)開始做化學(xué)實驗了。
（10）用于描繪文字中，展現(xiàn)出生動的景象；或用來描述故事發(fā)生的背景，此時須用過去進(jìn)行時并和一般過去時（僅為敘述）連用。
One car after another is speeding by on the freeway．
在高速公路上車子穿梭般地一輛接一輛飛逝而過。
時態(tài)練習(xí)
1.The volleyball match will be put off if it____.(NMET91)
A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is raining
2.Mary ____ a dress when she cut her finger. (NMET 91)
A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes
3.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____ . (NMET 92)
A.slipped,was looking B.had slipped,looked C.slipped,had looked D.was slipping, looked
4.If city noises____from increasing, people____shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years
from now.(NMET 92)
A.are not kept,will have to B.are not kept,have to
C.do not keep,will have to D.do not keep, have to
5.--Do you know our town at all ? (NMET 92)
--No, this is the first time I _____ here. A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming
6.The last time I _____ Jane she ____ cotten in the fields. (NMET 92)
A.had seen,was picking B.saw,picked C.had seen,picked D.saw,was picking
7.--We could have walked to the station, it was so near.(NMET 93)
--Yes, a taxi ______ atall necessary. A.wasn't B.hadn't C.wouldn't be D.won't be
8.--How long ____ each other before they _____ married ? (NMET 93)
--For abouta year.
A.have they known,get B.did they know,were going to get
C.dothey know,are going to get D.had they known, got
9.My dictionary _____ , I have looked for it everywhere but still ___ it.(NMET 93)
A.has lost,don't find B.is missing,don't found
C.has lost,haven't found D.is missing,haven't found
10.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____ office soon.(NMET 93)
A.leaves B.would leave C.left D.had left
11.Tom ought not to ____ me your secrete, but he meant no harm. (NMET 93)
A.have told B.tell C.put D.passed
12.The pen I ___ I ___ is on my desk, right under my noise.(NMET 93)
A.thingk,lost B.thought,had lost C.think,had lost D.thought,have lost
13.--Can I join your club, Dad? (NMET 94)
--You can when you ___ a bit older.
A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got
14.--I'm sorry to keep you waiting. (NMET 94)
--Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be
15.How long has this bookshop been in busniess ?(NMET 94)
_______ 1982.
A. A fter B.In C.From D.Since
16.--Do you like the material? (NMET 94)
--Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt
17.I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives. (NMET 94)
A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.will help out
18.--Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.(NMET 94)
--___________ .
A.I don't B.I won't C.I can't D.I haven't
19.I need one more stamp before my collection ______.(NMET 94)
A.has completed B.completed C.has been completed D.is completed
20.As she ____ the newspaper,GRanny _____ asleep. (NMET 95)
A.read,was falling B.was reading,fell C.was reading,falling D.read,fell
21.You don't need to describe her.I _____ her several times. (NMET 95)
A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet
22.I don't think Jim saw me；he ______ into space.(NMET 95)
A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared
23.Where there ____ a will, there _____ a way.
A.is,will l B.is,is C.was,has been D.was,is
24.My fatherusually ___ up at seven every morning,then ___ to his office at eight.
A.got, goes B.gets, went C.gets, goes D.gets, will go
25.____ to have tea in the afternoon?
A.Would you like B.Do you like C.Won't you like D.Will you like
26.--Bob must be very wealthy.
--Yes,he ____ more in one day than I do in a week.
A.has been earned B.had earned C.earns D.has earned
27.We visit the health club all the _____.
A. evening B.day C.morning D.time
28.As a general rule,snakes ____ unless offended.
A.have not bitten B.do not bite C.will not be biting D.are not biting
29.--When ____ again?
--When he ____, I'll let you know.
A.he comes,comes B.will he come,will come C.he comes,will come D.will he come,comes
30.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ____.
A.will arrive B.arrives C.is going to arrive D.is arriving
31.Do you think Sam'll call his old teacher as soon as he ____ in town?
A.will be arrived B.is arrived C.arrives D.will arrive
32.I'll go with you as soon as I ____ my work.
A.will finish B.shall finish C.finish D.have finished
33.When ____ back?
A.did you come B.do you come C.have you come D.had you came
34.He ran out crying as soon as I ____ him the bad news.
A.told B.tell C.have told D.had told
35.Two years has passed since I ____ you the first time.
A.meet B.have met C.met D.had met
36.--Hadn't you graduated from college?
--Yes, ____.
A.I study French for two years B.I studied French for two years
C.I am studying French for two years D.I am studying French for two years
37.--Do you mean John?
--Yes, he ____ a note to me yesterday.
A.had written B.wrote C.was written D.writes
38.--Come on in, Peter, I want to show you comething.
--Oh, how nice of you! I ____ you ____ to bring me a gift.
A.never think,are going B.never thought,were going
C.didn't think,were going D.hadn't thought,were going
39.Hello!I ____ you ____ in London.How long have you been here?
A.don't hnow,were B.hadn't known,are C.haven't known, are D.didn't knwo,were
40.--Who's that good-looking girl Frank's dancing with?
--I don't know, I ____ her before.
A.never had seen B.had never seen C.was never seeing D.never saw
41.It ____ every day so far this month.
A.is raining B.rained C.rains D.has rained
42.--The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio.
--I know. I heard about it. The river ____ the top of its bank.
A.has reached B.reaching C.had been reached D.has reached
43.--Did Mary come here and visit?
--She ____ twice since March 1969.
A.visited B.was visiting C.has visited D.visits
44.--Have you ever been anywhere even for a trip?
--I ____ to LongIsland.
A.went B.have gone C.have never been D.have been
（Answers:BCAAB DAADB ABAAD CCBDB BBBCB CDBDB CCAAC BBBDB DACD ）
一、連詞的用法
1. after 在……之后(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. 試做完這些之后你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多其他東西。
Chichester did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales(大風(fēng)).甚至在主要的掌舵裝置都被大風(fēng)弄壞之后，全由基切斯特駕駛著這只船。
Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ had used almost 400 years earlier to knight Sir Francis Drake after he had sailed round the world for the first time. 伊麗莎白二世就是用這把劍封他為爵士的。弗朗西斯德雷克第環(huán)球航行之后，伊麗莎白一世在四百年前就曾經(jīng)用它封弗朗西斯德雷克為爵士的。
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. 我觀察一周后，侯伯斯先生要我口敘一下我發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題。
2. although (=though) 雖然……但是(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)，在漢語中"雖然"和"但是"是兩個詞，而在英語中表示此概念的是一個詞。我們要么用although，要么用but，但although和but不能同時用在一個句子中表示"雖然……但是"
And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 雖然你未必喜歡，但如果她選中你的門廊作為她夜間棲息之地，從道義上來講，你就很難將她趕走，就像你很難趕走一條喪家之犬一樣。
One quasi bag lady spends about eight hours every day at the foot of the main escalator in a railroad station, although she rents a room in a cheap hotel in the neighborhood. 有位準(zhǔn)流浪女士盡管在附近一家便宜旅館里租有一間房，她還是每天在火車站中央自動樓梯下呆八小時。
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today.雖然杰斐遜生活在兩百年以前，但今天我們?nèi)阅軓乃抢飳W(xué)到很多東西。
Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 雖然學(xué)校、商場和政府中的作弊和欺詐行為近年來比過去多得多，但是不是由于我們越來越善于揭露這類不誠實行為的緣故呢?
Although the Republic may have been born in the East, it had spent most of its time and energies since then moving west.雖然(美利堅)共和國誕生于東部，但建國以后花費(fèi)了大量的時間和精力向西部開拓。
但although與though之間還是有一定的區(qū)別的，although前邊不能用much修飾，而though的前邊則可以用much修飾。
3. and 和，并且(連接兩個并列或?qū)Φ鹊某煞郑褐髡Z，謂語，賓語，表語或分句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 還要留出時間進(jìn)行休息，發(fā)展自己的愛好和娛樂活動。
Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. 之后，在閱讀時，你就會知道哪些內(nèi)容是不重要的，這樣就可跳過這些不重要的部分。
4. as
(1) 怎樣；像；因為；當(dāng)……時候(引導(dǎo)時間、方式和原因狀語從句)
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.不管怎么說，八十大壽畢竟非同一般--你又活了十年，或者說又熬過了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. 也可以用不同的方式閱讀，如過去一樣--朗讀。
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected. 薩姆著手提高襯衫廠的效率了，但正如我們將在本課后半部分發(fā)現(xiàn)的，他的計劃實施結(jié)果跟他原先預(yù)料的并不完全一樣。
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. 很多教育學(xué)家認(rèn)為，當(dāng)學(xué)生對自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他們就不大可能作弊了。
(2) 盡管，雖說(引起讓步狀語從句)
Intelligent as she was, she had not much insight. 盡管她很聰明，但她沒眼力。
Much as I admire him as a writer(=Although／though I admire him a great deal), I do not like him as a man. 他作為作家，我非常敬幕他，但他作為普通人，我并不喜歡他。
5. as…as 和……一樣，與……幾乎一樣(連接詞與詞、短語與短語或引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句)
She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house. 她停了一會兒，看了看那個男孩，只見他盡量靠近門口站，但仍讓自己立在房內(nèi)，樣子很尷尬。
He has to feel that he's as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. 他必須這樣認(rèn)為：他跟世上的所有外科大夫一樣出色，或許比他們都強(qiáng)。
If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn't as rich and rewarding as life can be. 如果研究人員所說的是真的，那么沒有想入非非、白日做夢的生活就不可能是豐富多彩和富有成就的。
6. as(so) far as 就……而論，據(jù)……(引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句)
What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned? 就我們的飛蝶計劃來說這意味著什么呢?
As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifiable. 就我看來，你的行為是不合情理的。
Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles -- and he always fixed my car.(然而，每當(dāng)我的汽車出了毛病，我總是急急忙忙去找他，焦急地注視著他檢查汽車的主要部位，恭聽著他的見解，仿佛聆聽神諭一般--而他總能把我的汽車修好。
1) As long ［A］ as I know, the result ［B］ fell short of ［C］ our expectations ［D］ .
7. as if (=as though) 好像(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)。它們引導(dǎo)的從句中，動詞一般用虛擬語氣，be通常用were這個形式，不管是什么人稱
After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London: "I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare."他勝利地航海到好望角之后，基切斯特向倫敦發(fā)出如下電文："我感覺好像從惡夢中醒來。"
He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.他向后一跳，仿佛被什么東西螫了一下似地，他那張布滿皺紋的臉頓時漲得通紅。
He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what happened.他感到很尷尬，好像他自己對發(fā)生的一切負(fù)責(zé)。
8. as(so) long as 只要(=only if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
But it is now thought that this is not so, and as long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. 但現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為，情況并非如此。只要大腦給予充分運(yùn)用，它就會保持其機(jī)能。
I don't care, as long as she lets me be with her too. 只要她能讓我也能和她在一起，我不在乎。
2) So far ［A］ as he does ［B］ his work, I don't mind ［C］ what time he arrives ［D］ at the office.
9. as soon as 一……就(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. 課后要及時復(fù)習(xí)筆記。
Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grub start gives us the added funds.是的，但埃格拉布貸款基金會把追加的資金一拿給我們，我們就會立即實施這一計劃。
10. as well (as) 也，以及，還；和；不僅(連接并列成分或從句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 還要留出時間休息，發(fā)展自己的愛好和娛樂活動。
Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. 略讀使你的閱讀速度快一倍同時也提高你的理解力。
Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. 復(fù)習(xí)課上講的重點，還要看看那些你不懂的地方。
For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科學(xué)家首次把一顆衛(wèi)星成功地送上了地球，此后衛(wèi)星便不斷地發(fā)回信號和照片。
11. because 因為 (引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，注意：漢語中有"……原因是因為……"，而英語中reason不和because連用)
3) The reason ［A］ I didn't go to the meeting was ［B］ because ［C］ I got an appointment ［D］ .
12. before 在……之前(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully.這就是說，在細(xì)讀之前先要略讀一下文章。
We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there. 我們不知道它是由什么構(gòu)成的，但這給我們帶來很多麻煩，而且在向那里(地球)送金星人之前，我們還要做大量的試驗。
He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. 在人們普遍利用農(nóng)作物輪作和土壤保持的作法前一個世紀(jì)，他就這樣做了。
13. besides 除了……之外
But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love.但教學(xué)還會帶來錢和權(quán)力之外的東西：那便是愛。
Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important.杰弗遜認(rèn)為：一個自由人除了書本之外還可從其他地方獲取知識，而且個人調(diào)查研究也很重要。
14 both … and … 和；不但……而且；兩者都……(連接兩個對等的詞或詞組)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能幫你安排你的一切活動，使你有充足的時間學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 這次經(jīng)歷令人可惱之處在于圍繞著我的被捕以及隨后法庭上審訊而出現(xiàn)的種種武斷專橫的情況。
Yet, as we shall see later, almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen -- when they were prevailed upon to change their self-images. 然而，當(dāng)他們被說服改變他們的自我形象后，正如我們后邊將看到的，學(xué)生的成績和推銷員的掙錢能力發(fā)生了幾乎奇跡般的變化。
4) Scales(魚鱗) both help to protect ［A］ fish ［B］ against ［C］ disease and infection or ［D］ serve as an external skeleton(骨胳) preserving body shape.
15. but 但(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
5) Until the ninth century, written records were not actually separated,____ in some literary writing, dots or points were used to indicate divisions.
［A］ in spite of ?。跙］ contrary ［C］ contrast to ［D］ but
6) The firemen were unable to determine ［A］ exactly what ［B］ caused the fire, when ［C］ they said that they would continue ［D］ the investigation.
16. either … or 或者……或者；非此……即彼(連接并列詞或引導(dǎo)并列從句)
If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counter evidence whatever, the idea is either modified or abandoned.如果科學(xué)家一直認(rèn)為一種觀點是正確的，而他又發(fā)現(xiàn)了任何其他相反的根據(jù)，那他原來的觀點或者被更正或者放棄。
7) Too much ［A］ electric current may flow ［B］ into a circuit as a result either of a fault ［C］ in the circuit and ［D］ of an outside event such as lighting.
17. even if (=even though) 盡管；即使(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)
Myra wouldn't forget her mother's birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. 邁拉盡管在別的時候絕少寫信，可母親的生日她是不會忘記的。
I knew that even if the case was one in which it was impossible to anticipate the problem in advance, I could handle whatever I found. 我知道即使無法提前預(yù)測到這一問題，不管遇到什么我都會處理好的。
The man who conceives himself to be a "failure type person" will find some way to fail, in spite of all his good intentions, or his will power, even if opportunity is literally dumped in his lap. 那些認(rèn)為自己是"失敗型的人"總會失敗的，不管他有多好的想法和多么堅強(qiáng)的意志，即使機(jī)會真的來到他身邊。
Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "What do I do with myself?" question, even though there may be no financial cares.即使沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的顧慮，退休也會經(jīng)常帶來諸如"我自己怎么辦?"的問題。
18. for 因為(引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句)
8) The philosophy of science is as old as science itself ____ there have always been scientists who reflected on the process of inquiry.
［A］ why ?。跙］ for ［C］ even ［D］ that
19. however 然而，但是，盡管(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
So teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning. I have left out, however, the most important reasons why I teach. 所以說，教學(xué)使我的工作進(jìn)程有了規(guī)律，使我的生活變得豐富多彩，教學(xué)向我提出挑戰(zhàn)，也給了我不斷學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。不過，我要教書的重要的幾個原因還沒有講到呢。
20. if (if only) 如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
9) What ____ it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
［A］ for ?。跙］ if ［C］ with ?。跠］ time
21. in case 萬一(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
I shall stay in the hotel all day in case Mary comes. 我要一直呆在旅館，以防瑪麗過來。
Take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 多帶點衣服以防天氣冷。
In case she arrives before I come back, ask her to wait for me. 萬一在我回來之前她來了，讓她等我。
In case I forget it, please remind me about it. 萬一我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐摇?BR> 10) In case the house ___ down, we'll get the insurance money.
［A］ will burn [B] would burn [C] burns ［D］ burn
11) I don't think she'll be upset, but I'll see her in case ___.
［A］ she'll ?。跙］ she is ［C］ she does [D］ she would
22. in case of 萬一，以防(連接名詞或名詞短語)
I keep am umbrella here in case of rain. 我?guī)Я税延陚阋苑老掠辍?BR> In case my not being there, ask my assistant to help you. 萬一我不在，叫我的助手幫幫你。
23. in order that 以便，為了(引導(dǎo)目的狀語)
I have come all the way from Vienna in order that you should thoroughly understand me. 我從維也納那兒遠(yuǎn)道而來就是為了你能徹底理解我。
They arrived early in order that they might get a good seat. 他們趕早而來以便能有個好座位。
24. in that 既然，因為(引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句)
Critism and self- critism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批評與自我批評是必要的，因為能幫助我們改正錯誤。
This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.這一節(jié)(文字)還可以起到修辭的效果。它表示，報告所提供的資料，是在對課題有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的過去情況作過透徹了解的基礎(chǔ)上提出來的，因而可見是經(jīng)過一定的調(diào)查研究的，這樣便提高了對研究人員的可信度。
25. lest 唯恐(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，從句中謂語多由should構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，有時省去should用動詞原形)
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident. 她開始不安起來，唯恐他發(fā)生什么事。
He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see now the anxiety upon it, the worried impatience. 我看見他正從窗口朝外張望。有一兩個鐘頭，他大概一直在留神我的動靜；他只把窗簾掀開一點兒，生怕我發(fā)現(xiàn)他，但我還是看到了他的臉。我覺得現(xiàn)在我還能看到他臉上的憂慮神情，那種擔(dān)心而且焦急的神情。
26. neither … nor 既不……也不(可連接兩個主語、賓語、表語、謂語和狀語)
But neither the nursery nor the motel my parents bought later had provided enough income to send my sister and me to college. 然而，無論是托兒所還是我父母后來購買的汽車旅館都不能提供足夠的收入供我和妹妹上大學(xué)。
I have neither property nor money. 我既沒有什么家當(dāng)也沒有錢。
There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. 直到黑人被賦予公民權(quán)美國才會有歇息和安寧。
She neither ate nor drank. 她不吃也不喝。
Tom just came at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 湯姆來得正是時候，不早也不晚。
27. nevertheless 然而；盡管如此，仍就(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much of their time in front of the TV. 然而，或許人們不應(yīng)花那么多的時間看電視。
There wasn't any news, nevertheless, she went on hoping. 盡管沒有任何消息，但她仍抱有希望。
28. no matter 不管怎樣(后接疑問詞)
For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.對我來說，教書是個令人熬紅眼睛、手掌出汗、精神沮喪的職業(yè)。說熬紅眼睛，這是因為我晚上無論備課備到多晚，總覺得備得還不充分。
You know how it is: you pick up something in a restaurant and your teeth turn rotten, no matter how careful you are.你知道這是怎么回事：只要你在飯館里揀東西吃，牙齒就會被搞壞，你再當(dāng)心都沒有用。
29. no sooner … than ……就(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，以No sooner開頭的句子要倒裝)
The sun had no sooner started to shine than it was clouded over again. 太陽還沒有開始出來就被云遮上了。
No sooner had he gone to bed than the telephone rang once more. 他還沒到床上電話又響起來了。
30. not only … but (also) 不但……而且(連接兩個對等的主語，謂語，表語，賓語，不定式，-ING結(jié)構(gòu)，-ED結(jié)構(gòu)或分句)
We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, add happiness into our own. 我們不僅要給別人的生活帶來歡樂，而且經(jīng)常給我們自己的生活增添幸福。
12) Nature ［A］ not only gave the Middle Atlantic region fine harbors ［B］, however ［C］ endowed it with ［D］ a first-class system of inland waterways.
31. now that 既然(引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句)
The Russians might come in a few hours and kill them all --though most of them were already thinking of how they could escape--but in the meantime, for a brief spell, now that the Fuehrer's strict control of their lives was over, they would seek pleasure where and how they could find it.俄國人說不定幾小時之內(nèi)就要打進(jìn)來，將他們統(tǒng)統(tǒng)殺掉--盡管他們中間大部分人已在考慮如何逃命--但此時此刻，既然元首對他們生活的嚴(yán)格控制已經(jīng)結(jié)束，雖是短暫的片刻，他們也要及時行樂。
32. or else 否則；要不(就)(引導(dǎo)并列從句)
You must go there at once or else you can not be able to come back in time. 你心須馬上就去，否則你就趕不回來了。
My brother couldn't concentrate upon his guide books for matriculation of postgraduate very long, he was too tired, --or else too sleepy. 我弟弟不能集中精力看他的考研書，他太累了--要不就是太瞌睡了。
33. provided (=providing) 以……為條件，如果……的話，只要(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，有時和that連用)
She could go with us provided that she arrives in time. 她如及時趕到，就會和我們一起去。
I'll go to the U.S.A, provided I have enough money. 只要我有足夠的錢我就去美國。
注：provided在正式文體中用得更多。
34. since 自從；因為(引導(dǎo)時間和原因狀語從句)
It has been only forty years since television came to control American free time. 電視開始主宰美國人的空閑時間，至今也不過才40年。
Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies. 格萊姆教授將它們命名為摩天大樓，因為它們似乎已經(jīng)擦到了天。
It was 3:30 PM on Monday, April 30, 1945, ten days after Adolf Hitler's fifty-sixth birthday, and twelve years and three months to the day since he had become Chancellor of Germany and had instituted the Third Reich. 當(dāng)時是1945年4月30日星期一下午3點30分，是他56歲生日的第10天，離他當(dāng)上德國總理和成立第三帝國正好12年零3個月。
35. scarcely … when ……就(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，scarcely在句首句子要倒裝)
Scarcely had he gone out when it began to rain heavily. 他還沒去天就下起了大雨。
36. so … that 如此……以致(引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
He speaks quickly； the tone of his voice is so commanding that it silences everyone.
他說得很快，他的聲調(diào)是如此的威嚴(yán)使大家啞口無言。
With this(what he says) he strikes out, smashing his fist into WEISS's face in a blow so unexpected and so wild that WEISS, totally unprepared, is knocked down against the wall.話音剛落，他便冷不防拔出拳頭朝韋斯臉上猛地?fù)]去，韋斯猝不及防，被*在墻腳。
37. so that 以便；以致(引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能幫你安排你的一切活動，使你有充足的時間學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂。
He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile. 他看得出，她一生都很有耐心，經(jīng)過多年的忍耐后，現(xiàn)在她的嘴邊總持著一絲溫柔、圣潔的微笑。
He believed in simplicity so much so that he used only a safety razor and water to shave.他信奉簡樸，甚至于只用一把安全剃須刀和水刮胡子。
I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go travelling.我在找一份暫時的工作，以便能攢點錢去旅行。
38. that (引導(dǎo)主語、賓語和表語從句)
Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away. 而且，他不禁想到，如果發(fā)生意外，要是附近沒船，通過無線電能聯(lián)系到近的人便是在885英哩處的一個小島上。
It is well known that many of our problems -- everything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness -- are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. 眾所周知，我們的很多問題--實際上是所有情況：從代溝到高離婚率到精神病--至少部分原因是由于缺少相互交流。
Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, even at the college level. 教育學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)從小到大看電視長大的這一代人，即使大學(xué)水平，也幾乎不會寫通順的英語句子。
39. thus 這樣(引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic(隨機(jī)性的，單個發(fā)生的), the more intense and less regular relationships in the community.這不是說工作中沒有爭論和嫉妒。但總的來講，行為科學(xué)研究揭示，工作中人與人之間的較好相處，這或許是因為工作上的人際關(guān)系較有規(guī)律，更易于預(yù)料，因此更容易協(xié)調(diào)，而在社會上，人與人之間的關(guān)系是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的，比較緊張，而且較少有規(guī)律可循。另外，工作班組也會對其成員稍稍施加壓力，促使他們學(xué)會相互協(xié)調(diào)，消?quot;摩擦"，因為人們知道他們每天都要共同努力，相互協(xié)作，才能完成一定的工作。
It(the suspicion of the patient) contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine，" and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession. 病人對醫(yī)生的不信任使醫(yī)療訴訟案增多，造成醫(yī)生避免風(fēng)險的"防御性診治"增多，而這些又進(jìn)而有損于整個醫(yī)療事業(yè)。
13) Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events ___ to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
［A］ and thus ?。跙］ so ?。跜］ however ［D］ because
40. unless 除非，如果不(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句)
Unless we are very careful, we can't do our work well. 如果不仔細(xì)的話，我們就不會把工作做好。
But he won't be much longer unless he has the medicines on that list. 但他不能活多久，除非有這單子上的藥。
14) ____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
［A］ Until ［B］ Unless ［C］ If ?。跠］ Provided
41. until 到……為止，后(not…util，止到……才)(引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)
He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. 我勸說他好幾天用其他理論(來解釋它的工作原理)，后我建議把那玩具拆開看一看它的工作原理。
Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty.從那以后，他每天早晨用那剃須膏，直到用完。
It was not until the 18th century that man realised that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.到了18世紀(jì)，人們才認(rèn)識到人的整個大腦參與思維活動。
15) the 1500's ____ the first European explored the coast of California.
［A］ It was not until…then ?。跙］ It is not until…when
［C］ It is until…that ［D］ It was not until…that
42. when
① when可以狀語從句表示"當(dāng)……時候" When I speak he awayls whispers to others.
② when在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，表示對比(可譯為"本該……卻……") Why are you here when you should be at work.
③ when在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，表示條件(可譯為"在……情況下") I was very difficult when it comes to you.
43. whenever 無論何時(引導(dǎo)并列從句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折)
He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me.他有個習(xí)慣，每次見到我都要跟我講些笑話。
I heard the story many times as a child, whenever my family visited Aunt Bettie in the old house in Berryville, Virginia.她的軼事，在我還小的時候就聽過多遍。每逢我們一家去看望她時，她都要講講她的故事，當(dāng)時姨婆住在弗吉尼亞貝利維爾一所舊房子里。
44. whereas 然而，另一方面(引導(dǎo)并列從句)
She had never done anything for them, whereas they had done everything for her. 她從來沒有為他們做過任何事，而他們?yōu)樗隽艘磺小?BR> Whereas some people like rice, others like steamed-bread. 有些人喜歡吃米飯，有些人喜歡吃饅頭。
45. wherever 不論何處(引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句)
He sat a little while somewhere, had something to eat at one of these places, then went wherever he had to go. 他在什么地方坐了一會，吃了點東西，然后去他該去的任何地方。
Wherever he goes, I will follow, and I don't care what will happen. 不管他到哪兒，我都要跟著，我不管會發(fā)生什么事。
16) Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, ___ the behavior of animal depends mainly on instinct.
［A］ whereas ?。跙］ so ［C］ unless ?。跠］ that
二、例題解析
1) A錯。 改為far。
2) A錯。 改為long。
3) C錯。 改為that。
4) D錯。改為and。
5) D為正確答案。
6) C錯。改為but。
7) D錯。 改為or。
8) B為正確答案。
9) B為正確答案。
10) C為正確答案。
11) B為正確答案。
12) C錯。 改為but also。
13) A 為正確答案。
14) B為正確答案。
15) D為正確答案。
16) A為正確答案。
連接詞(II)
連詞
連詞是一種虛詞， 它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both卆nd, not only卋ut also, either卭r, neither卬or, (and)then等等。
1 并列連詞與并列結(jié)構(gòu)
并列連詞引導(dǎo)兩個并列的句子。
1) and 與or
判斷改錯：
(錯) They sat down and talk about something.
(錯) They started to dance and sang.
(錯) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(對) They sat down and talked about something.
(對) They started to dance and sing.
(對)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 連接兩個并列的謂語，所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。
第二句：and 連接兩個并列的動詞不定式，第二個不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。
第三句：and 連接感觀動詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。
注意：and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。（or也有此用法）
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2) both 卆nd 兩者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) not only卋ut (also), as well as不但?#32780;且）
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only?but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個分句時，一個分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4) neithe卬or 意思為"既不厖也不厖"謂語動詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
2 比較and和or
并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有時and 也可用于否定句。請注意其不同特點：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個否定詞的句子實際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要用and。
典型例題
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表轉(zhuǎn)折。
判斷改錯：
(錯) We will die without air and water.
(錯) We can't live without air or water.
(對) We will die without air or water.
(對) We can't live without air and water.
3 表示選擇的并列結(jié)構(gòu)
1) or 意思為"否則"。
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2) either卭r 意思為"或者厖或者厖"。注意謂語動詞采用就近原則。
Either you or I am right.
4 表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ?BR> 1) but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，while表示對比。
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例題
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折，符合語意。而表并列的and， 結(jié)果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2) not卋ut?意思為"不是厖而是厖"
not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
5 表原因關(guān)系
1) for
判斷改錯：
(錯) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(對) He is absent today, for he is ill.
for是并列連詞，不能置于含兩個并列分句的句子的句首，只能將其放在兩個分句中間。
2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
注意：
a. 兩個并列連詞不能連用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although?yet?#65292;但although不與 but連用。
(錯) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(對) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
6 比較so和 such
其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副
詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many，few，much， little連用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可數(shù)] such +n. [不可數(shù)]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。
so卼hat與such卼hat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
時態(tài)
進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示其他意義
英語中，"be+現(xiàn)在分詞"構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)，表示動作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，這是一條人所共知的語法規(guī)則，但是由于語言表達(dá)的靈活性，使這種結(jié)構(gòu)也具有許多別的意義和用法。本文擬就這方面的問題作一初步探討。
（1）運(yùn)動動詞 go，come，drive，fly，travel，arrive，leave，start，set off及表示位置的動詞 stay，remain等的進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來時，通常指沒有確定安排的決定或計劃。如：
He is coming to New Jersey．
他打算到新澤西州來。
They are not going back to work until they get a rise．
他們要到加了薪水才復(fù)工。
現(xiàn)在這一使用范圍已擴(kuò)大到別的一些動詞。表示近將來的確定安排，但往往有一個表示未來時間的狀語。如：
I'm seeing my guest off at the station tomorrow.
明天我要到車站為客人送行。
The court is hearing evidence this afternoon．
法庭今天下午聽取證詞。
（2）頻度副詞always，constantly，continually和forever等和進(jìn)行時連用時，給現(xiàn)在或過去的動作披上一層感情色彩，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在進(jìn)行。
①表示討厭、不滿，帶有埋怨情緒，指責(zé)某人一貫的行徑。如:
He is forever boasting．他老愛說大話。
②表示贊許、高興。帶夸獎口吻，稱贊對方的一貫表現(xiàn)。如：
You are always doing well．你總是干得很不錯。
（3）某些瞬間動詞如：hit，jump，kick，knock和see（看見）等的進(jìn)行時可以表示動作的重復(fù)。如：
The child was jumping with joy．這孩子高興得直跳。
I'm seeing a lot of Joan at the library．
我常在圖書館看見瓊。
（4）用hope，find，want，wonder等的進(jìn)行時態(tài)是一種婉轉(zhuǎn)的說話語氣，如是過去進(jìn)行時形式則更顯得客氣、委婉。如：
We are hoping you will get well soon．
我們希望你很快康復(fù)。
What were you wanting？您想要點什么嗎？
在問到一段時間怎么度過，過去進(jìn)行時要比一般過去時有禮貌。
What were you doing before you came here？你來這兒之前做些什么工作？（這比What did you do…？聽起來更有禮貌。）
（5）某些心態(tài)動詞或情態(tài)動詞的進(jìn)行時表示"幾乎"、"差一點"等含義。相當(dāng)于nearly do/be on the point of doing…。如：
I'm forgetting（=nearly forget）that I promised to take you to Shanghai．我差一點忘了我曾答應(yīng)過要帶你去上海的。
He was believing what the cheat said．
他差一點聽信了那個騙子的話。
（6）進(jìn)行時還可以表示動作的暫時性，并不是說話時在進(jìn)行的動作。如：
My watch is working perfectly．
我的表走得很準(zhǔn)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)手表目前走得準(zhǔn)，如果是說：My watch works perfectly．在于說明手表走得準(zhǔn)這一優(yōu)點。）
狀態(tài)動詞be的進(jìn)行時態(tài)（be being）后面接行為形容詞，如 brave，careful, stupid，clever，foolish，polite，kind和shy等時為主語所表現(xiàn)的非一貫性特點或故意的行為。如：
You are being very clever today．
你今天表現(xiàn)得很聰明。（表明這是例外。）
He is being polite．
他裝模作樣地客氣起來了。（故意行為）。
（7）進(jìn)行時態(tài)可以表示動作發(fā)展的過程，可接時間狀語從句，但不接具體時間狀語。如：
The wind was rising．起風(fēng)了。
I think the cat's going mad．
我認(rèn)為那只貓發(fā)瘋了。
（8）在一定場合和語氣中，進(jìn)行時態(tài)有否定意義。
You are telling me．
這事不用你說。（我早就知道了。）
You are wasting time!
別浪費(fèi)時間了?。ú荒蜔┝?。）
（9）過去完成時還可表示到過去某段時間為止剛剛開始的動作。
By the time he was ten，Edison was already doing his experiments in Chemistry. 愛迪生十歲時，已經(jīng)開始做化學(xué)實驗了。
（10）用于描繪文字中，展現(xiàn)出生動的景象；或用來描述故事發(fā)生的背景，此時須用過去進(jìn)行時并和一般過去時（僅為敘述）連用。
One car after another is speeding by on the freeway．
在高速公路上車子穿梭般地一輛接一輛飛逝而過。
時態(tài)練習(xí)
1.The volleyball match will be put off if it____.(NMET91)
A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is raining
2.Mary ____ a dress when she cut her finger. (NMET 91)
A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes
3.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____ . (NMET 92)
A.slipped,was looking B.had slipped,looked C.slipped,had looked D.was slipping, looked
4.If city noises____from increasing, people____shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years
from now.(NMET 92)
A.are not kept,will have to B.are not kept,have to
C.do not keep,will have to D.do not keep, have to
5.--Do you know our town at all ? (NMET 92)
--No, this is the first time I _____ here. A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming
6.The last time I _____ Jane she ____ cotten in the fields. (NMET 92)
A.had seen,was picking B.saw,picked C.had seen,picked D.saw,was picking
7.--We could have walked to the station, it was so near.(NMET 93)
--Yes, a taxi ______ atall necessary. A.wasn't B.hadn't C.wouldn't be D.won't be
8.--How long ____ each other before they _____ married ? (NMET 93)
--For abouta year.
A.have they known,get B.did they know,were going to get
C.dothey know,are going to get D.had they known, got
9.My dictionary _____ , I have looked for it everywhere but still ___ it.(NMET 93)
A.has lost,don't find B.is missing,don't found
C.has lost,haven't found D.is missing,haven't found
10.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____ office soon.(NMET 93)
A.leaves B.would leave C.left D.had left
11.Tom ought not to ____ me your secrete, but he meant no harm. (NMET 93)
A.have told B.tell C.put D.passed
12.The pen I ___ I ___ is on my desk, right under my noise.(NMET 93)
A.thingk,lost B.thought,had lost C.think,had lost D.thought,have lost
13.--Can I join your club, Dad? (NMET 94)
--You can when you ___ a bit older.
A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got
14.--I'm sorry to keep you waiting. (NMET 94)
--Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be
15.How long has this bookshop been in busniess ?(NMET 94)
_______ 1982.
A. A fter B.In C.From D.Since
16.--Do you like the material? (NMET 94)
--Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt
17.I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives. (NMET 94)
A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.will help out
18.--Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.(NMET 94)
--___________ .
A.I don't B.I won't C.I can't D.I haven't
19.I need one more stamp before my collection ______.(NMET 94)
A.has completed B.completed C.has been completed D.is completed
20.As she ____ the newspaper,GRanny _____ asleep. (NMET 95)
A.read,was falling B.was reading,fell C.was reading,falling D.read,fell
21.You don't need to describe her.I _____ her several times. (NMET 95)
A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet
22.I don't think Jim saw me；he ______ into space.(NMET 95)
A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared
23.Where there ____ a will, there _____ a way.
A.is,will l B.is,is C.was,has been D.was,is
24.My fatherusually ___ up at seven every morning,then ___ to his office at eight.
A.got, goes B.gets, went C.gets, goes D.gets, will go
25.____ to have tea in the afternoon?
A.Would you like B.Do you like C.Won't you like D.Will you like
26.--Bob must be very wealthy.
--Yes,he ____ more in one day than I do in a week.
A.has been earned B.had earned C.earns D.has earned
27.We visit the health club all the _____.
A. evening B.day C.morning D.time
28.As a general rule,snakes ____ unless offended.
A.have not bitten B.do not bite C.will not be biting D.are not biting
29.--When ____ again?
--When he ____, I'll let you know.
A.he comes,comes B.will he come,will come C.he comes,will come D.will he come,comes
30.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ____.
A.will arrive B.arrives C.is going to arrive D.is arriving
31.Do you think Sam'll call his old teacher as soon as he ____ in town?
A.will be arrived B.is arrived C.arrives D.will arrive
32.I'll go with you as soon as I ____ my work.
A.will finish B.shall finish C.finish D.have finished
33.When ____ back?
A.did you come B.do you come C.have you come D.had you came
34.He ran out crying as soon as I ____ him the bad news.
A.told B.tell C.have told D.had told
35.Two years has passed since I ____ you the first time.
A.meet B.have met C.met D.had met
36.--Hadn't you graduated from college?
--Yes, ____.
A.I study French for two years B.I studied French for two years
C.I am studying French for two years D.I am studying French for two years
37.--Do you mean John?
--Yes, he ____ a note to me yesterday.
A.had written B.wrote C.was written D.writes
38.--Come on in, Peter, I want to show you comething.
--Oh, how nice of you! I ____ you ____ to bring me a gift.
A.never think,are going B.never thought,were going
C.didn't think,were going D.hadn't thought,were going
39.Hello!I ____ you ____ in London.How long have you been here?
A.don't hnow,were B.hadn't known,are C.haven't known, are D.didn't knwo,were
40.--Who's that good-looking girl Frank's dancing with?
--I don't know, I ____ her before.
A.never had seen B.had never seen C.was never seeing D.never saw
41.It ____ every day so far this month.
A.is raining B.rained C.rains D.has rained
42.--The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio.
--I know. I heard about it. The river ____ the top of its bank.
A.has reached B.reaching C.had been reached D.has reached
43.--Did Mary come here and visit?
--She ____ twice since March 1969.
A.visited B.was visiting C.has visited D.visits
44.--Have you ever been anywhere even for a trip?
--I ____ to LongIsland.
A.went B.have gone C.have never been D.have been
（Answers:BCAAB DAADB ABAAD CCBDB BBBCB CDBDB CCAAC BBBDB DACD ）