名詞可以分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞，專(zhuān)有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng)，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類(lèi)人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類(lèi)：
1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類(lèi)人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。
2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。
3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。
4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類(lèi)可以下圖表示：
名詞 專(zhuān)有名詞 不可數(shù)名詞
普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞
抽象名詞
集體名詞
可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞
1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞
一般情況 加 -s 清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾 加 -s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 變y 為i再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies
1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1） 以y結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2） 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes?！?BR> 3） 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱(chēng)時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。
d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。
5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡） trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚(yú)?！?BR> 1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1）物質(zhì)名詞
a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）
b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類(lèi)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
This factory produces steel.?。ú豢蓴?shù)）
We need various steels.?。蓴?shù)）
c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。
2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5. 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
1) 1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train （貨車(chē)） arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù) a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
1.6 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)
國(guó)籍 總稱(chēng)（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國(guó)人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國(guó)人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國(guó)人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國(guó)人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.7 名詞的格
英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加"'s"來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱(chēng)為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包，men's room 男廁所。
2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（兩間） John and Mary's room（一間）
6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s 加在后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.8 練習(xí)
1. 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a． a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2. 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3. 3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4. 4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5. 5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
a. a. much b. lots of b. a great deal of d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7. 7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a. a.much new furniture b. much new furnitures c.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8. 8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room's numbers d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many b. much…a great deal c. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10. 10.She didn't know _____ he had been given.
a. a. how many information b. how many informations c. the number of information d. how much information
11. 11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms b. comrades-in-arm c. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12. 12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors b. woman doctors c. women doctor d. woman doctor
13. 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups b. growns-up c. grown-up d. grown-ups
14. 14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by b. standers-by c. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15. 15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a. prisoner-of-wars b. prisoners-of-war c. prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16. 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17. 17.Mary's dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister's c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18. 18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers b. mathematics teacher c.mathematics teachers d. mathematic's teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. a. some property b. properties c. some properties d. property
20. 20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
21. 21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. a. have b. have been c. is d. are
22. 22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. a. father-in-law's c. father's-in-law b. b. father-in-law d. father's-in-law's
23. 23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. a. many Jack friends c. many Jack's friend
b. b. Jack's many friends d. many friends of Jack's
24. 24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a. a.barber b. barbers c. barber's d. barbers'
25. 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. a. Peter and Helen's c. Peter and Helen
b. b. Peter and Helens d. Peter's and Helen's
26. 26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.
a. a. The earth's surface c. The surface of earth
b. b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27. 27.Numerous materials are available to ______.
a. a. today of designers c. today's of designers
b. b. today's designers d. today designers
28. 28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don't you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother's d. my brother's friend
29. 29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. a. This John's old friend c. That's Jahn's old friend
b. b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John's
30. 30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a. a.A bike's weight c. The weight of a bike
b. b.The weights of a bike d. Bile's weight
31. 31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of
32. 32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats
33. 33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail
34. 34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35. 35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36. 36.Today's modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little
37. 37.No country can afford to neglect ______.
a. a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education
38. 38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight
39. 39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.
a. a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40. 40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. a. business student b. business's students c. business students d. business's student
41. 41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42. 42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. a. public's chief concern c. chief public concern
b. b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public's
43. 43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were
44. 44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45. 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. a. were b. have been c. was d. has been
46. 46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. a. is b. are c. be d. been
47. 47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow's food
b. b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow's food
48. 48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
a. a. very good education c. a very good education
b. b. very good educations d. many good educations
49. 49.After several day's hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. b. several improvements d. some improvement
50. 50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes's shop d. shoe's
51. 51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount
52. 52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches
53. 53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.
a. a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54. 54.The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles
55. 55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters's box
56. 56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. b. some white hair d. much white hair
57. 57.All his ______ far from satisfaction
a. a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be
58. 58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage
59. 59.He was ______ what to do.
a. a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit's end d. at his wits's end
60. 60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61. 61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas
62. 62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you's
b. b. of how-are-you's d. of how are you
63. 63.Albert said he met the girl ______
a. a. at his uncle's Smith room c. at his uncle Smith's room
b. b. at Smith's his uncle's room d. at the room of his uncle's Smith's
64. 64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. a. at Mrt Smith's ,the book seller c. at my aunt's, a book seller
b. b. at my aunt's, Mrs Palmer's d. at Mrs Palmer's, the book seller's
65. 65.This room is ______.
a. a. the editor's-in-chief's office c. the editor-in-chief's office
b. b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor's-in-chief office
66. 66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a. a teacher college c. a teacher's college
b. b. a teachers's college d. a college of a teacher's
67. 67.The policemen put the criminal ______.
a. a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron
68. 68.Our teacher gave me ______.
a. a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice
69. 69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of
70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone's throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone's throw d. the stone's throw
名詞練習(xí)答案
1 D 15 B 29 D 43 D 57 A
2 D 16 B 30 B 44 B 58 C
3 C 17 B 31 C 45 A 59 D
4 C 18 C 32 C 46 B 60 B
5 A 19 C 33 B 47 D 61 C
6 C 20 B 34 C 48 B 62 B
7 A 21 C 35 A 49 C 63 B
8 D 22 A 36 C 50 B 64 D
9 C 23 D 37 C 51 C 65 B
10 D 24 C 38 B 52 A 66 C
11 C 25 A 39 B 53 D 67 C
12 A 26 A 40 C 54 C 68 D
13 D 27 C 41 D 55 A 69 D
14 B 28 C 42 A 56 D 70 A
名詞(II)
一、 名詞的種類(lèi)
名詞是所有事物的名稱(chēng)，包括人、物及抽象概念。名詞分為普通名詞和專(zhuān)有名詞兩大類(lèi)。
1 普通名詞
普通名詞是某類(lèi)人、事件、物體和抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。根據(jù)其所指代物體的特征，普通名詞又可分為以下四類(lèi)：
A． 個(gè)體名詞 表示人或物體中可以數(shù)清的單個(gè)體。如：student（學(xué)生）、pen（鋼筆）、bird（鳥(niǎo)）等。
B． 集體名詞 （即集合名詞）表示由個(gè)體組成的集合體。如people（人民）、police（警察）、family（家庭）等。
C． 物質(zhì)名詞 表示構(gòu)成物體物質(zhì)的不可數(shù)名詞，或表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)的名詞。如water（水）、air（空氣）、wood（木頭）等。
D． 抽象名詞 表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等非具體化的抽象概念。如work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（愛(ài)）等。
2 專(zhuān)有名詞
專(zhuān)有名詞是某些人、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱(chēng)。主要包括：人名、地名、國(guó)名、黨派名稱(chēng)等。如：Churchill（丘吉爾）、Tokyo（東京）、China（中國(guó)）、the Communist Party of China（中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨）等。
二、名詞的性
名詞按其所表達(dá)的物體的自然性別可以分為四類(lèi)。
1 陰性名詞
表示女性或雌性動(dòng)物的名詞。如woman（女人）、hostess（女主人）、cow（母牛）等。
2 陽(yáng)性名詞
表示男性或雄性動(dòng)物的名詞。如man（男人）、host（男主人）、bull（公牛）等。
3 中性名詞
表示物體和抽象概念的名詞。如radio（收音機(jī)）、love（愛(ài)）、tree（樹(shù)）、friend（朋友）等。
4 通性名詞
多數(shù)英語(yǔ)名詞不分性，這類(lèi)名詞特指人類(lèi)、適用于男性和女性組成的小群體或男性、女性個(gè)體。如parents（父母）、couple（夫婦）、children（孩子們）、child（孩子）、person（一個(gè)人）等。
三、名詞的數(shù)
名詞分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
1 可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞都是可數(shù)名詞。每個(gè)可數(shù)名詞都有其單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式。
A. 單數(shù) 表示"一個(gè)"的概念。用名詞的單數(shù)時(shí)，名詞前需加 a 或 an。如 a book（一本書(shū)）、a river（一條河）、an apple（一個(gè)蘋(píng)果）、an orange（一個(gè)橘子）等。
B. 復(fù)數(shù) 表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的物體。如two pens（兩枝鋼筆）、three days（三天）、three cities（三個(gè)城市）等。
復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成有兩種：規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成和不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成。具體見(jiàn)下表。
規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
詞形特點(diǎn) 變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成方法 例 詞
大多數(shù)名詞 在詞尾加-s。（在清輔音后讀[s]，在濁輔音及元音后讀[z]。） cat--catsbag--bagsday--days
以 s、x、ch、sh 結(jié)尾的名詞 在詞尾加 -es, 讀作[iz]。 class--classesmatch--matches
以輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的名詞 把 y 變成 i , 加 -es, 讀作[iz] city--cities
但專(zhuān)有名詞例外，直接在 y后加-s, 讀作[z] Germany--Germanys
以輔音字母 + o 結(jié)尾的名詞 一般直接加 -es , 讀作[z]; 某些外來(lái)詞例外，加 -s （如 zero, kilo, tobacco 等） tomato--tomatoesphoto--photospiano--pianos
以元音字母 + o 結(jié)尾的名詞 直接加 -s, 但讀作[z] zoo--zoosradio--radios
以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞 有的直接加 -s, 讀作[z] roof--roofs
大多數(shù)要將 f 或 fe 變?yōu)?v, 再加-es,讀作[z] leaf--leaveswife--wives
有些詞兩種形式者可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves
不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn) 例 詞
通過(guò)改變?cè)~內(nèi)元音字母 man--men foot--feettooth--teeth mouse--mice（老鼠）
通過(guò)在詞尾加-en ox--oxen（牛） child--children
單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同 a sheep--two sheepa deer--two deer（鹿）a Chinese--two Chinese（中國(guó)人）
外來(lái)詞保持其原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式 crisis--crises（危機(jī)） basis--bases（基礎(chǔ)）phenomenon--phenomena（現(xiàn)象）
復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
詞的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn) 變復(fù)數(shù)的方法 例 詞
由若干部分組成并含有一種中心詞（指人的詞） 將中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式 son-in-law （女婿）--sons-in-lawgrandchild（孫子）--grandchildrenlooker-on （旁觀者）--lookers-on
組成部分均為表示人的主體詞 各組成部分都要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式 woman doctor（女醫(yī)生）--women doctorman servant（男仆）--men servants
組成部分沒(méi)有中心詞 后一個(gè)組成詞上加 -s grown-up （成年人）--grown-upsgo-between（中間人）--go-betweens
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞
詞形特點(diǎn) 例 詞
由相同兩部分組成的物體的名稱(chēng) scissors（剪刀） trousers（褲子） glasses（眼鏡）
以-ing 結(jié)尾的名詞化的動(dòng)名詞 savings（積蓄） earnings（工資）belongings（所有物） surroundings（周?chē)h(huán)境）
已約定俗成的名詞形式 arms（武器） stairs（樓梯） thanks（感謝）
只有單數(shù)形式的名詞 如：advice（意見(jiàn)），labour（勞動(dòng)），information（信息、消息），furniture（家具），traffic（交通）。
2 不可數(shù)名詞
表示無(wú)法分清個(gè)體的名詞。不過(guò)，有些詞在漢語(yǔ)中可數(shù)，在英語(yǔ)中卻不可數(shù)。例如：news（新聞）、furniture（家具）、bread（面包）等。此類(lèi)不可數(shù)名詞要表示"一"這個(gè)概念時(shí)，需用其它方式表達(dá)，如 a piece of news，a piece of furniture，a loaf of bread 等。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，通常沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但有時(shí)為了表示"不同類(lèi)"或"大量"時(shí)，可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：China is rich in waters. 中國(guó)有豐富的水資源。
四、名詞的格
名詞的格是表示名詞與句中其他詞之間關(guān)系的名詞形式。
名詞的格主要有三種：主格、賓格和所有格。
名詞的主格與賓格的形式相同，即名詞的原形，這種形式也被稱(chēng)為通格或普通格。
名詞的所有格又稱(chēng)屬格，表示所有關(guān)系。
1 名詞所有格形式的構(gòu)成
A. 大多數(shù)單數(shù)名詞后加 's 構(gòu)成其所有格形式。
Mary's telephone number 瑪麗的電話號(hào)碼
the boy's ball 男孩的球
B. 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在 s 后加 ' 。
the teachers' office 老師們的辦公室
he students' dorms 學(xué)生宿舍
C．不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格的構(gòu)成形式與單數(shù)名詞的相同。
the children's toys 孩子們的玩具
the women's hats 女人們的帽子
D．復(fù)合詞和由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞表示共有關(guān)系的詞組，在后一個(gè)名詞后加所有格符號(hào)'s。
his son-in-law's friend 他女婿的朋友
Mary and Linda's mother 瑪麗和琳達(dá)的母親
E．如果兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞表示分別的擁有關(guān)系，則在每個(gè)名詞后分別加 'S。
Mary's and Linda's books 瑪麗的書(shū)和琳達(dá)的書(shū)
Tom's and Peter's fathers 湯姆的父親和彼得的父親
2 以介詞 of 加名詞組成 of 屬格
the title of the text 課文的題目
the roof of a house 屋頂
3 "－'s"與"of"兩種所有格的區(qū)別。
A．"－'s"所有格形式多用于表示有生命的名詞，或表示與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、機(jī)構(gòu)等名詞
Tom's books 湯姆的書(shū)
today's newspaper 今天的報(bào)紙
B．"of"所有格主要表示無(wú)生命的東西。
the topic of the conversation 話題
the surface of the earth 地球表面
C．表示類(lèi)別或?qū)傩詴r(shí)，只能用"－'s"所有格形式。
a women's college 女子學(xué)院
children's books 兒童讀物
（試比較：a college of the women 那些女人的學(xué)院）
D．所有格中的名詞后面有定語(yǔ)（如現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ)等），只能用"of"所有格形式。
It is the book of the boy speaking to the teacher． 這是正同老師說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男生的書(shū)。
He is a student of Fifth Middle School in Xi'an． 他是西安第五中學(xué)的學(xué)生。
E．當(dāng)所有格中的名詞是以定冠詞加形容詞的形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，只能用 of 構(gòu)成的所有格形式。
the happiness of the old 老年人的幸福
the problems of the young 年輕人的問(wèn)題
4 在以下情況中，只能用of與 's 構(gòu)成雙重所有格
所有格所修飾的名詞前面有一個(gè)數(shù)量詞或一個(gè)指示代詞that時(shí)，要用雙重所有格（數(shù)量詞包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。
a friend of Mary's（=a friend of Mary's friends） 瑪麗的一個(gè)朋友
some books of the teacher's 老師的一些書(shū)
that son of Mr.Smith's 史密斯先生的那個(gè)兒子
that smile of the boy's 那個(gè)孩子的微笑
注：雙重所有格修飾的名詞不能與定冠詞 the 連用。
5 動(dòng)名詞所有格的省略式
A．當(dāng)名詞所有格所修飾的名詞在前面已出現(xiàn)過(guò)，為避免重復(fù)，往往省略。
I need your help, not Mary's. 我需要你的幫助，不是瑪麗的（幫助）。
B．當(dāng)被所有格修飾的名詞表示店鋪、教堂或某人的家時(shí)，這一名詞省略。
I'm going to the tailor's to get my dress. 我要去裁縫店拿我的衣服。
We'll visit St. Paul's （cathedral）. 我們將參觀圣保羅教堂。
They took part in the birthday party at Tom's. 他們參加了在湯姆家舉行的生日聚會(huì)。
五、名詞的句法功能
1 在句中作主語(yǔ)
This book is very useful. 這本書(shū)很有用。
Mary is to meet you at the airport. 瑪麗將在機(jī)場(chǎng)接你。
2 作表語(yǔ)
My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是個(gè)工人。
She is a writer. 她是個(gè)作家。
3 作賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)
He finished his task on time. 他按時(shí)完成了他的任務(wù)。
We made Tom our monitor. 我們選湯姆為我們的班長(zhǎng)。
4 作定語(yǔ)
He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)上取得了三塊金牌。
rain drops 雨點(diǎn) colour film 彩色電影
注：名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，通常表示事物的屬性、本質(zhì)特征、內(nèi)容、材料、目的等。這些形容詞化的名詞與形容詞作定語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)義上有一定的區(qū)別。
golden medal 金色的獎(jiǎng)牌（顏色，非材料）
gold medal 金牌（質(zhì)地材料為金子）
colourful dress 色彩鮮艷的女裝（僅指顏色）
colour film 彩色電影（屬性為彩色的）
5 作狀語(yǔ)
The meeting lasted two hours. 會(huì)議持續(xù)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
Wait a moment. 等一會(huì)兒。
He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上課遲到了。
6 作同位語(yǔ)
Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生，我們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，正在講話。
We students should study hard. 我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。
7 作稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)
Come here, Mary. 瑪麗，到這兒來(lái)。
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士們，先生們，早上好。
綜合練習(xí)
一、用括號(hào)內(nèi)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
1．There are two________ over there．（bench）
2．I like taking ________．（photo）
3．l can see a _________and two standing there．（man，woman）
4．There are two baskets of__________ on the floor．（apple）
5．You often make a lot of__________ in spelling．（mistake）
6．Look at those_________．（child）
7．This is a__________． Those are three__________．（knife）
8．He doesn't like these．（glass）
9．How many_________can you see？（radio）
10．Thirty __________live in this building．（family）．
二、選擇下列正確答案：
1．A cow has four__________．
A． stomachs B． stomaches
2．Three_________ are eating grass．
A． sheep B． sheeps
3．Water__________ a kind of matter．
A． is B． are
4．Her clothes__________ nearly worn out．
A．is B． are
5．No man___________ present．
A． is B． are
6．It is I who___________ next．
A． am B． is
7．There_________ no water in the glass．
A． are B． is
8．Here__________ a blind man．
A．comes B． is
9．Physics____________ more difficult than maths．
A． is B． are
10．Neither Mary nor her sister___________ the party．
A． is going to B． are going to
答案:
一、1．benches 2．photos 3．man，women 4．a(chǎn)pples 5．mistakes 6．children 7．knife，knives 8．glasses 9．radios 10． familes
二、1．A 2．A 3．A 4．A 5．A 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．A 10．A
1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類(lèi)人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。
2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。
3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。
4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類(lèi)可以下圖表示：
名詞 專(zhuān)有名詞 不可數(shù)名詞
普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞
抽象名詞
集體名詞
可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞
1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞
一般情況 加 -s 清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾 加 -s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 變y 為i再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies
1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1） 以y結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2） 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes?！?BR> 3） 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱(chēng)時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。
d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。
5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡） trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚(yú)?！?BR> 1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1）物質(zhì)名詞
a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）
b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類(lèi)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
This factory produces steel.?。ú豢蓴?shù)）
We need various steels.?。蓴?shù)）
c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。
2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5. 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
1) 1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train （貨車(chē)） arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù) a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
1.6 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)
國(guó)籍 總稱(chēng)（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國(guó)人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國(guó)人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國(guó)人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國(guó)人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.7 名詞的格
英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加"'s"來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱(chēng)為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包，men's room 男廁所。
2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（兩間） John and Mary's room（一間）
6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s 加在后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.8 練習(xí)
1. 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a． a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2. 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3. 3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4. 4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5. 5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
a. a. much b. lots of b. a great deal of d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7. 7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a. a.much new furniture b. much new furnitures c.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8. 8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room's numbers d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many b. much…a great deal c. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10. 10.She didn't know _____ he had been given.
a. a. how many information b. how many informations c. the number of information d. how much information
11. 11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms b. comrades-in-arm c. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12. 12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors b. woman doctors c. women doctor d. woman doctor
13. 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups b. growns-up c. grown-up d. grown-ups
14. 14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by b. standers-by c. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15. 15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a. prisoner-of-wars b. prisoners-of-war c. prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16. 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17. 17.Mary's dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister's c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18. 18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers b. mathematics teacher c.mathematics teachers d. mathematic's teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. a. some property b. properties c. some properties d. property
20. 20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
21. 21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. a. have b. have been c. is d. are
22. 22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. a. father-in-law's c. father's-in-law b. b. father-in-law d. father's-in-law's
23. 23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. a. many Jack friends c. many Jack's friend
b. b. Jack's many friends d. many friends of Jack's
24. 24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a. a.barber b. barbers c. barber's d. barbers'
25. 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. a. Peter and Helen's c. Peter and Helen
b. b. Peter and Helens d. Peter's and Helen's
26. 26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.
a. a. The earth's surface c. The surface of earth
b. b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27. 27.Numerous materials are available to ______.
a. a. today of designers c. today's of designers
b. b. today's designers d. today designers
28. 28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don't you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother's d. my brother's friend
29. 29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. a. This John's old friend c. That's Jahn's old friend
b. b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John's
30. 30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a. a.A bike's weight c. The weight of a bike
b. b.The weights of a bike d. Bile's weight
31. 31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of
32. 32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats
33. 33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail
34. 34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35. 35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36. 36.Today's modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little
37. 37.No country can afford to neglect ______.
a. a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education
38. 38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight
39. 39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.
a. a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40. 40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. a. business student b. business's students c. business students d. business's student
41. 41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42. 42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. a. public's chief concern c. chief public concern
b. b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public's
43. 43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were
44. 44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45. 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. a. were b. have been c. was d. has been
46. 46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. a. is b. are c. be d. been
47. 47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow's food
b. b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow's food
48. 48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
a. a. very good education c. a very good education
b. b. very good educations d. many good educations
49. 49.After several day's hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. b. several improvements d. some improvement
50. 50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes's shop d. shoe's
51. 51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount
52. 52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches
53. 53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.
a. a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54. 54.The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles
55. 55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters's box
56. 56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. b. some white hair d. much white hair
57. 57.All his ______ far from satisfaction
a. a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be
58. 58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage
59. 59.He was ______ what to do.
a. a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit's end d. at his wits's end
60. 60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61. 61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas
62. 62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you's
b. b. of how-are-you's d. of how are you
63. 63.Albert said he met the girl ______
a. a. at his uncle's Smith room c. at his uncle Smith's room
b. b. at Smith's his uncle's room d. at the room of his uncle's Smith's
64. 64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. a. at Mrt Smith's ,the book seller c. at my aunt's, a book seller
b. b. at my aunt's, Mrs Palmer's d. at Mrs Palmer's, the book seller's
65. 65.This room is ______.
a. a. the editor's-in-chief's office c. the editor-in-chief's office
b. b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor's-in-chief office
66. 66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a. a teacher college c. a teacher's college
b. b. a teachers's college d. a college of a teacher's
67. 67.The policemen put the criminal ______.
a. a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron
68. 68.Our teacher gave me ______.
a. a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice
69. 69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of
70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone's throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone's throw d. the stone's throw
名詞練習(xí)答案
1 D 15 B 29 D 43 D 57 A
2 D 16 B 30 B 44 B 58 C
3 C 17 B 31 C 45 A 59 D
4 C 18 C 32 C 46 B 60 B
5 A 19 C 33 B 47 D 61 C
6 C 20 B 34 C 48 B 62 B
7 A 21 C 35 A 49 C 63 B
8 D 22 A 36 C 50 B 64 D
9 C 23 D 37 C 51 C 65 B
10 D 24 C 38 B 52 A 66 C
11 C 25 A 39 B 53 D 67 C
12 A 26 A 40 C 54 C 68 D
13 D 27 C 41 D 55 A 69 D
14 B 28 C 42 A 56 D 70 A
名詞(II)
一、 名詞的種類(lèi)
名詞是所有事物的名稱(chēng)，包括人、物及抽象概念。名詞分為普通名詞和專(zhuān)有名詞兩大類(lèi)。
1 普通名詞
普通名詞是某類(lèi)人、事件、物體和抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。根據(jù)其所指代物體的特征，普通名詞又可分為以下四類(lèi)：
A． 個(gè)體名詞 表示人或物體中可以數(shù)清的單個(gè)體。如：student（學(xué)生）、pen（鋼筆）、bird（鳥(niǎo)）等。
B． 集體名詞 （即集合名詞）表示由個(gè)體組成的集合體。如people（人民）、police（警察）、family（家庭）等。
C． 物質(zhì)名詞 表示構(gòu)成物體物質(zhì)的不可數(shù)名詞，或表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)的名詞。如water（水）、air（空氣）、wood（木頭）等。
D． 抽象名詞 表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等非具體化的抽象概念。如work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（愛(ài)）等。
2 專(zhuān)有名詞
專(zhuān)有名詞是某些人、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱(chēng)。主要包括：人名、地名、國(guó)名、黨派名稱(chēng)等。如：Churchill（丘吉爾）、Tokyo（東京）、China（中國(guó)）、the Communist Party of China（中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨）等。
二、名詞的性
名詞按其所表達(dá)的物體的自然性別可以分為四類(lèi)。
1 陰性名詞
表示女性或雌性動(dòng)物的名詞。如woman（女人）、hostess（女主人）、cow（母牛）等。
2 陽(yáng)性名詞
表示男性或雄性動(dòng)物的名詞。如man（男人）、host（男主人）、bull（公牛）等。
3 中性名詞
表示物體和抽象概念的名詞。如radio（收音機(jī)）、love（愛(ài)）、tree（樹(shù)）、friend（朋友）等。
4 通性名詞
多數(shù)英語(yǔ)名詞不分性，這類(lèi)名詞特指人類(lèi)、適用于男性和女性組成的小群體或男性、女性個(gè)體。如parents（父母）、couple（夫婦）、children（孩子們）、child（孩子）、person（一個(gè)人）等。
三、名詞的數(shù)
名詞分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
1 可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞都是可數(shù)名詞。每個(gè)可數(shù)名詞都有其單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式。
A. 單數(shù) 表示"一個(gè)"的概念。用名詞的單數(shù)時(shí)，名詞前需加 a 或 an。如 a book（一本書(shū)）、a river（一條河）、an apple（一個(gè)蘋(píng)果）、an orange（一個(gè)橘子）等。
B. 復(fù)數(shù) 表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的物體。如two pens（兩枝鋼筆）、three days（三天）、three cities（三個(gè)城市）等。
復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成有兩種：規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成和不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成。具體見(jiàn)下表。
規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
詞形特點(diǎn) 變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成方法 例 詞
大多數(shù)名詞 在詞尾加-s。（在清輔音后讀[s]，在濁輔音及元音后讀[z]。） cat--catsbag--bagsday--days
以 s、x、ch、sh 結(jié)尾的名詞 在詞尾加 -es, 讀作[iz]。 class--classesmatch--matches
以輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的名詞 把 y 變成 i , 加 -es, 讀作[iz] city--cities
但專(zhuān)有名詞例外，直接在 y后加-s, 讀作[z] Germany--Germanys
以輔音字母 + o 結(jié)尾的名詞 一般直接加 -es , 讀作[z]; 某些外來(lái)詞例外，加 -s （如 zero, kilo, tobacco 等） tomato--tomatoesphoto--photospiano--pianos
以元音字母 + o 結(jié)尾的名詞 直接加 -s, 但讀作[z] zoo--zoosradio--radios
以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞 有的直接加 -s, 讀作[z] roof--roofs
大多數(shù)要將 f 或 fe 變?yōu)?v, 再加-es,讀作[z] leaf--leaveswife--wives
有些詞兩種形式者可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves
不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn) 例 詞
通過(guò)改變?cè)~內(nèi)元音字母 man--men foot--feettooth--teeth mouse--mice（老鼠）
通過(guò)在詞尾加-en ox--oxen（牛） child--children
單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同 a sheep--two sheepa deer--two deer（鹿）a Chinese--two Chinese（中國(guó)人）
外來(lái)詞保持其原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式 crisis--crises（危機(jī)） basis--bases（基礎(chǔ)）phenomenon--phenomena（現(xiàn)象）
復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
詞的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn) 變復(fù)數(shù)的方法 例 詞
由若干部分組成并含有一種中心詞（指人的詞） 將中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式 son-in-law （女婿）--sons-in-lawgrandchild（孫子）--grandchildrenlooker-on （旁觀者）--lookers-on
組成部分均為表示人的主體詞 各組成部分都要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式 woman doctor（女醫(yī)生）--women doctorman servant（男仆）--men servants
組成部分沒(méi)有中心詞 后一個(gè)組成詞上加 -s grown-up （成年人）--grown-upsgo-between（中間人）--go-betweens
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞
詞形特點(diǎn) 例 詞
由相同兩部分組成的物體的名稱(chēng) scissors（剪刀） trousers（褲子） glasses（眼鏡）
以-ing 結(jié)尾的名詞化的動(dòng)名詞 savings（積蓄） earnings（工資）belongings（所有物） surroundings（周?chē)h(huán)境）
已約定俗成的名詞形式 arms（武器） stairs（樓梯） thanks（感謝）
只有單數(shù)形式的名詞 如：advice（意見(jiàn)），labour（勞動(dòng)），information（信息、消息），furniture（家具），traffic（交通）。
2 不可數(shù)名詞
表示無(wú)法分清個(gè)體的名詞。不過(guò)，有些詞在漢語(yǔ)中可數(shù)，在英語(yǔ)中卻不可數(shù)。例如：news（新聞）、furniture（家具）、bread（面包）等。此類(lèi)不可數(shù)名詞要表示"一"這個(gè)概念時(shí)，需用其它方式表達(dá)，如 a piece of news，a piece of furniture，a loaf of bread 等。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，通常沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但有時(shí)為了表示"不同類(lèi)"或"大量"時(shí)，可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：China is rich in waters. 中國(guó)有豐富的水資源。
四、名詞的格
名詞的格是表示名詞與句中其他詞之間關(guān)系的名詞形式。
名詞的格主要有三種：主格、賓格和所有格。
名詞的主格與賓格的形式相同，即名詞的原形，這種形式也被稱(chēng)為通格或普通格。
名詞的所有格又稱(chēng)屬格，表示所有關(guān)系。
1 名詞所有格形式的構(gòu)成
A. 大多數(shù)單數(shù)名詞后加 's 構(gòu)成其所有格形式。
Mary's telephone number 瑪麗的電話號(hào)碼
the boy's ball 男孩的球
B. 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在 s 后加 ' 。
the teachers' office 老師們的辦公室
he students' dorms 學(xué)生宿舍
C．不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格的構(gòu)成形式與單數(shù)名詞的相同。
the children's toys 孩子們的玩具
the women's hats 女人們的帽子
D．復(fù)合詞和由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞表示共有關(guān)系的詞組，在后一個(gè)名詞后加所有格符號(hào)'s。
his son-in-law's friend 他女婿的朋友
Mary and Linda's mother 瑪麗和琳達(dá)的母親
E．如果兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞表示分別的擁有關(guān)系，則在每個(gè)名詞后分別加 'S。
Mary's and Linda's books 瑪麗的書(shū)和琳達(dá)的書(shū)
Tom's and Peter's fathers 湯姆的父親和彼得的父親
2 以介詞 of 加名詞組成 of 屬格
the title of the text 課文的題目
the roof of a house 屋頂
3 "－'s"與"of"兩種所有格的區(qū)別。
A．"－'s"所有格形式多用于表示有生命的名詞，或表示與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、機(jī)構(gòu)等名詞
Tom's books 湯姆的書(shū)
today's newspaper 今天的報(bào)紙
B．"of"所有格主要表示無(wú)生命的東西。
the topic of the conversation 話題
the surface of the earth 地球表面
C．表示類(lèi)別或?qū)傩詴r(shí)，只能用"－'s"所有格形式。
a women's college 女子學(xué)院
children's books 兒童讀物
（試比較：a college of the women 那些女人的學(xué)院）
D．所有格中的名詞后面有定語(yǔ)（如現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ)等），只能用"of"所有格形式。
It is the book of the boy speaking to the teacher． 這是正同老師說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男生的書(shū)。
He is a student of Fifth Middle School in Xi'an． 他是西安第五中學(xué)的學(xué)生。
E．當(dāng)所有格中的名詞是以定冠詞加形容詞的形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，只能用 of 構(gòu)成的所有格形式。
the happiness of the old 老年人的幸福
the problems of the young 年輕人的問(wèn)題
4 在以下情況中，只能用of與 's 構(gòu)成雙重所有格
所有格所修飾的名詞前面有一個(gè)數(shù)量詞或一個(gè)指示代詞that時(shí)，要用雙重所有格（數(shù)量詞包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。
a friend of Mary's（=a friend of Mary's friends） 瑪麗的一個(gè)朋友
some books of the teacher's 老師的一些書(shū)
that son of Mr.Smith's 史密斯先生的那個(gè)兒子
that smile of the boy's 那個(gè)孩子的微笑
注：雙重所有格修飾的名詞不能與定冠詞 the 連用。
5 動(dòng)名詞所有格的省略式
A．當(dāng)名詞所有格所修飾的名詞在前面已出現(xiàn)過(guò)，為避免重復(fù)，往往省略。
I need your help, not Mary's. 我需要你的幫助，不是瑪麗的（幫助）。
B．當(dāng)被所有格修飾的名詞表示店鋪、教堂或某人的家時(shí)，這一名詞省略。
I'm going to the tailor's to get my dress. 我要去裁縫店拿我的衣服。
We'll visit St. Paul's （cathedral）. 我們將參觀圣保羅教堂。
They took part in the birthday party at Tom's. 他們參加了在湯姆家舉行的生日聚會(huì)。
五、名詞的句法功能
1 在句中作主語(yǔ)
This book is very useful. 這本書(shū)很有用。
Mary is to meet you at the airport. 瑪麗將在機(jī)場(chǎng)接你。
2 作表語(yǔ)
My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是個(gè)工人。
She is a writer. 她是個(gè)作家。
3 作賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)
He finished his task on time. 他按時(shí)完成了他的任務(wù)。
We made Tom our monitor. 我們選湯姆為我們的班長(zhǎng)。
4 作定語(yǔ)
He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)上取得了三塊金牌。
rain drops 雨點(diǎn) colour film 彩色電影
注：名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，通常表示事物的屬性、本質(zhì)特征、內(nèi)容、材料、目的等。這些形容詞化的名詞與形容詞作定語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)義上有一定的區(qū)別。
golden medal 金色的獎(jiǎng)牌（顏色，非材料）
gold medal 金牌（質(zhì)地材料為金子）
colourful dress 色彩鮮艷的女裝（僅指顏色）
colour film 彩色電影（屬性為彩色的）
5 作狀語(yǔ)
The meeting lasted two hours. 會(huì)議持續(xù)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
Wait a moment. 等一會(huì)兒。
He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上課遲到了。
6 作同位語(yǔ)
Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生，我們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，正在講話。
We students should study hard. 我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。
7 作稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)
Come here, Mary. 瑪麗，到這兒來(lái)。
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士們，先生們，早上好。
綜合練習(xí)
一、用括號(hào)內(nèi)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
1．There are two________ over there．（bench）
2．I like taking ________．（photo）
3．l can see a _________and two standing there．（man，woman）
4．There are two baskets of__________ on the floor．（apple）
5．You often make a lot of__________ in spelling．（mistake）
6．Look at those_________．（child）
7．This is a__________． Those are three__________．（knife）
8．He doesn't like these．（glass）
9．How many_________can you see？（radio）
10．Thirty __________live in this building．（family）．
二、選擇下列正確答案：
1．A cow has four__________．
A． stomachs B． stomaches
2．Three_________ are eating grass．
A． sheep B． sheeps
3．Water__________ a kind of matter．
A． is B． are
4．Her clothes__________ nearly worn out．
A．is B． are
5．No man___________ present．
A． is B． are
6．It is I who___________ next．
A． am B． is
7．There_________ no water in the glass．
A． are B． is
8．Here__________ a blind man．
A．comes B． is
9．Physics____________ more difficult than maths．
A． is B． are
10．Neither Mary nor her sister___________ the party．
A． is going to B． are going to
答案:
一、1．benches 2．photos 3．man，women 4．a(chǎn)pples 5．mistakes 6．children 7．knife，knives 8．glasses 9．radios 10． familes
二、1．A 2．A 3．A 4．A 5．A 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．A 10．A