Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Scientists and philosophers of science tend to speak as if “scientific language” were intrinsically precise， as if those who use it must understand one another's meaning， 1 they disagree. But， 2， scientific language is not as different from3language as is commonly believed； it， too， is 4 to imprecision and ambiguity and hence to 5 understanding. Moreover， new theories （or arguments） are rarely，6， constructed by way of clear-cut steps of induction， deduction， and 7 （or falsification）。 Neither are they defended， rejected， or accepted in 8 straight forward a manner. 9， scientists combine the rules of scientific 10 with a generous mixture of intuition， aesthetics， and philosophical 11. The importance of what are sometimes called extralogical components of thought in the discovery of a new principle or laws is generally 12. We 13 recall Einstein's description： “To these elementary laws there leads no logical path， 14 intuition， supported by being sympathetically in 15 with experience.” But the role of these extralogical components in persuasion and acceptance （in making an argument 16） is less frequently discussed， partly because they are less 17. The ways in which the credibility or effectiveness of a 18 depends on a realm of common experiences， on extensive practice in communicating those experiences in a common language， are hard to see precisely because such19are taken for granted. Only when we step out of such a “consensual domain”—when we can stand out on the periphery of a 20 with a common language.
1［A］ even if［B］ unless［C］ though［D］ if
2［A］ in question［B］ in relief［C］ in fact［D］ in prospect
3［A］ standard［B］ popular［C］ vulgar［D］ ordinary
4［A］ susceptible［B］ subject［C］ immune［D］ related
5［A］ imperfect［B］ perfect［C］ impersonal［D］ personal
6［A］ if so［B］ if not all［C］ if ever［D］ if any
7［A］ verge［B］ verification［C］ justice［D］ certainty
8［A］ so［B］ such［C］ too［D］ very
9［A］ In brief［B］ In advance［C］ In practice［D］ In company
10［A］ psychology［B］ methodology［C］ archaeology［D］ theology
11［A］ community［B］ communication［C］ committee［D］ commitment
12［A］ acknowledged［B］ confessed［C］ abandoned［D］ refined
13［A］ may［B］ ought to［C］ were to［D］ would
14［A］ but rather［B］ no more than［C］ but only［D］ less more than
15［A］ pursuit［B］ touch［C］ proportion［D］ terms
16［A］ convincing［B］ wordy［C］ ensured［D］ unreasonable
17［A］ visual［B］ informed［C］ imaginative［D］ visible
18［A］ statement［B］ argument［C］ assertion［D］ style
19［A］ commodities［B］ commons［C］ commonalities［D］ commonwealth
20［A］ community［B］ person［C］ country［D］ nation
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text 1
The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.
The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes： One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other， a synthetic gene， makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.
There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness， but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes， but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they don't get into the food supply.
The FDA， in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY， said the University of Illinois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker， who in turn sells to processing plants.
Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500，000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.
Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. “This is a small incident， but it's incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence， ”says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this.”
The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn't inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn't were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig who's tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market， ”says Charles Zukoski， vice chancellor for research.
But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university's agreement with the FDA， the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”
The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.
21. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from
［A］ Europe［B］ an American research organization
［C］ a meat processing plant［D］ an animal farm
22. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to
［A］ get pigs of larger size in a shorter time
［B］ make sows produce more milk
［C］ make cows produce more milk
［D］ make pigs grow more lean meat
23. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois
［A］ was criticized by the FDA
［B］ is in great trouble
［C］ is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets
［D］ may have to pay the penalty
24. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets
［A］ may have side effects on consumers ［B］ may be harmful to consumers
［C］ are safe to consumers［D］ may cause human illness
25. It can be inferred from this passage that
［A］ all the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
［B］ part of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
［C］ none of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
［D］ half of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
Text 2
Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements， discount coupons， trading stamps， contests， and other forms of premium advertising. In other media—newspapers， magazines， newspaper supplements， billboards， and radio—food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group， and the nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers.
Through the 1970's， highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons， electronic advertising， national printed media advertising， consumer premiums （other than trading stamps） as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978， breakfast cereals， soft drinks， candy and other desserts， oils and salad dressings， coffee， and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising.
By contrast， highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats， poultry， fish and eggs， fruits and vegetables， and diary products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1978， and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspaper， where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.
When measured against total food-at-home expenditures， total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation's grocery stores. A little less than one cent of these amounts is accounted for by electronic advertising （mostly television） while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling-transportation， technical， and other related services.
Against this gross consumer must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising， the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment， while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publications. The consumer pays directly for some premiums， but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The “benefits” must， therefore， be subtracted form the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.
Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand， nutrition， and competition among food manufactures. The bulk of manufacturers' advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats， produce， and dairy products？ Has the nutritional content of the U.S. food consumption been influenced by food advertisings？ Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhance or weakened by advertising？ These are important questions and warrant continued research.
26. The author's attitude toward advertising can be characterized as
[A] admiring [B] condemning [C] uncertain [D] inquisitive
27. The term “push promotion”（L. 3， P. 2） means.
[A] coupon redemption [B] retail advertising
[C] direct selling [D] advertising in trade journals
28. The author implies that advertising costs.
[A] should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumer
[B] are greater for restaurants than for at home foods
[C] are much higher in the United Stated than any where else in the world
[D] cause highly processed foods to outsell unprocessed outsell foods
29. The purpose of the article is to
[A] warm about rising food advertising costs
[B] describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effects
[C] congratulate the food industry on its effective advertising
[D] calculate the final balance sheet for food advertising
30. According to the passage， all of the following are definitely false EXCEPT
[A] more food is advertised in newspapers than on television
[B] less money is spent advertising food than automobiles
[C] more of the food advertising budget is probably spent on push promotion than on television ads
[D] less money is spent on food store advertising than on clothing store ads
Text 3
The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy， according to a new report from the Hudson Institute， a public policy research organization. Currently， many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics， 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62； if that trend continues， there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.
Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population， according to the U. S. Census Bureau， and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period， the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed， even part time， would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base； but without significant policy reforms， massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.
Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work， any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.
Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed， but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 （k） and Keogh retirement plans， the ongoing stock market on Wall Street， and the likelihood of large inheritances， there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.
The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings， especially for older worker. Among the report's recommendations： Tax half of all Social Security benefits， regardless of other income； provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65； and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However， it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers； any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.
31.According to Hudson Institute researchers， the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is
[A] constructive [B] significant [C] inconclusive [D] detrimental
32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may
[A] do harm to younger generations [B] end up with few or no benefits
[C] give play to their potentials[D] shed light on social trends
33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that
[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future
[B] baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output
[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated
[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits
34.When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street”， the writer
[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled
[B] is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortage
[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers' early retirement
[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies
35.Towards the issue， what the writer is most concerned about will be
[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies
[B] to take into account the benefits upon retirement
[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in
[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees
Text 4
Before a big exam， a sound night's sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That， at least， is the folk wisdom. And science， in the form of behavioral psychology， supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day， but then “edited” at night， to flush away what is superfluous.
To tell the difference， it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person， and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work， a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement （REM） sleep， when brain and body are active， heart rate and blood pressure increase， the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie， and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.
Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day， and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible， in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this， their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern- what is referred to as “artificial grammar”。 Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.
What is more， those with more to learn （i.e.， the “grammar”， as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button） have more active brains. The “editing” theory would not predict that， since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning， their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.
The team， therefore， concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep， particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now， on the eve of that crucial test， maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.
36.Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to
[A] how dreams are modified in their courses
[B] the difference between sleep and wakefulness
[C] why sleep is of great benefit to memory
[D] the functions of a good night's sleep
37.As manifested in the experimental study， rapid eye movement is characterized by
[A] intensely active brainwave traces
[B] subjects' quicker response times
[C] complicated memory patterns
[D] revival of events in the previous day
38.By referring to the artificial grammar， the author intends to show
[A] its significance in the study
[B] an inherent pattern being learnt
[C] its resemblance to the lights
[D] the importance of night's sleep
39.In their study， researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of
[A] exposing a longheld folk wisdom[B] clarifying the predictions on dreams
[C] making contrasts and comparisons[D] correlating effects with their causes
40.What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day？
[A] Memorizing grammar with great efforts.
[B] Study textbooks with close attention.
[C] Have their brain images recorded.
[D] Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.
Part B
Sample One
Directions：
In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question： What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher？ Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists. But I think the following would be generally accepted.
First， 41）But it does rule out such types as the overexcitable， melancholy， frigid， sarcastic， cynical， frustrated， and overbearing： I would say too， that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.
Secondly， 42）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not， indeed， of what is wrong， but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people， and again especially children， to make mistakes.
Thirdly， 43）This does not mean being a saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths， and limitations， and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching， which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act—to enliven a lesson， correct a fault， or award praise. Children， especially young children， live in a world that is rather larger than life.
On the other hand， 44）He must be pretty resilient， teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.
Finally， 45）There are three principle objects of study： the subject， or subjects， which the teacher is teaching； the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching； and - by far the most important-the children， young people， or adults to whom they are to be taught. The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole person， and that it is best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons， the teacher and the learner.
［A］it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy—in the literal meaning of that word； a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.
［B］a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This， I may say， is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and self-training， because none of us were born like that.
［C］the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain， or even ugly， because many such have great personal charm.
［D］A teacher must remain mentally alert， He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation， however improbable （they happen?。?and able to improvise， if necessary at less than a moment's notice
［E］A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life.
［F］I think a teacher should have the kind of mind， which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect； there is always something more to learn about it.
［G］I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.
Sample Two
Directions：
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）
[A] See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves， I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative： “I'm running late again as usual.” “My hair looks terrible this morning.”“That was a stupid remark I made—she probably thinks I'm a dummy.”Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day， it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.
[B] Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote： “People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams.” There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening， they have a way of actually occurring.
[C] Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself：“I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke， I tried to contribute， not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better.” If we are true to our instincts， most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.
[D] Many of us get interested in a field， but then the going gets tough， we see that other people are more successful， and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring， repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.
[E] Horace Bushnell， the great New England preacher， used to say， “Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do， and nobody else can do it.” Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time， with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.
[F] One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called “imaging” or “visualization”。 In order to succeed， you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds； they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images into our minds deeply enough， they become a part of the unconscious， and we begin to expect to succeed.
[G] Break away from other people's expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage with great poise， the self-confidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. “My discomfort，” she says， “came from trying to be something I was not-a state in the drawing room as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke， I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be familiar with subjects I knew nothing of.”
Order：
D→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→
C
Sample Three
Direction：
You are going to read a text about the season for relief， followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading （41-45）。 There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Winter's harsh weather， shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate feelings of stress. According to Dr. Paul Rosch， president of the American Institute of Stress， one Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased 40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas， compared with other six-week periods during the year.
Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress. But which strategies do they themselves use？ Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters. Six in all， they are：
（41） Soothe with food. When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out， she does what a lot of people do this time of year： she reaches for food. But in her case， it's a healthy rice cake or two.
（42） Run from your problem. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper handles his own stress with a daily afterwork run.
（43） Check your perspective. Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stress-management expert， psychologist John Taylor saw the oil-maintenance light pop on in his minivan. He faced a nonstop schedule of patients and had to pick up his three-year-old after work. “I felt myself tense up，” recalls Taylor， who then tried his quick stress-busting strategy. He asked himself： Is this a matter of life or death？ No. The oil could safely be changed the next week.
（44） Look to the light side. On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery， author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of several patients. The driver began telling his stressed-out passengers a few jokes. “Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing，” Goodman says. “In that five-minute ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress.” The surgery was successful.
（45） Take a timeout. A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule. It's one source of stress you can ward off by preparing ahead.
Say a little prayer. Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder， Colo.， maintains that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future， the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.
“It helps to have some ritual to do this，” says Borysenko. For her the most relaxing ritual is “each morning when I pray”。 Prayer has been shown to reduce the impact of stress hormones such as noradrenaline and adrenaline.
But remember， says Borysenko， doctors can't turn on their patient' “internal healing system”。 That inner clam is up to you. So you're sick of stress， heal thyself.
[A] Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set anger off—and it needn't be in a work environment.
[B] “Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time，” says the expert. But， he cautions， don't let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate activity—such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood. “That's why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day，” he says with a chuckle， “even if they don't have one.”
[C] “My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical serotonin， which exerts a calming effect on the entire body，” says the M.I.T research scientist. “So symptoms of stress—such as anger， tension， irritability and inability to concentrate—are eased.”
[D] He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone. “Will you die if you don't do the laundry？” he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do something you enjoy， he notes， lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays， skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends.
[E] When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco's Mount Zion Hospital， he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule. “If an emergency came up， I moved patients into that slot，” says Rosenman， co-author of Type A Behavior and Your Heart. “Or used that half-hour to return calls or go through my mail. You can't control everything， but you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yourself.”
[F] He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter's power. “A good laugh relaxes muscles， lowers blood pressure， suppresses stress-related hormones and enhances the immune system，” he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite comedian would see this stressful situation.
Sample Four
Directions：
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about employment in Japan. Choose the most suitable heading form the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
[A] Women and Japanese companies
[B] Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies
[C] Permanency in employment in Japan
[D] The social aspect of work
[E] The salary structure
[F] The recruitment strategy of foreign firms
Every autumn， when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins， major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time， they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students， as their whole lives may be determined during this period.
41
In Japan， lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies， there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job.
42
Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment， ordinary graduates being employed in administration， engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority， though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly， and the net sum， after the deduction of tax， is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary， a bonus is usually paid twice a year.
43
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that， as well as the still-existing belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing， the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
44
Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security， foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.
45
Some men， however， do leave their companies in spite of future prospects， one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman， on succeeding to his parents' business， completely change his professional direction by becoming， for example， a shopkeeper.
On the job， working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomiya， “pubs”， are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children's education.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）
The “standard of living” of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living， therefore， depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. （46） “Wealth” in this sense is not money， for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy： “goods” such as food and clothing， and “services” such as transport and entertainment.
A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors， most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources， such as coal， gold， and other minerals， water supply and so on. （47） Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals， and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate； other regions possess none of them.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. （48） Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources， but suffered for many years from civil and external wars， and for this and other reasons have been unable to develop their resources. Sound stable political conditions， and freedom from foreign invasion， enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily， and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled.
（49） A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders， but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example， Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. （50） A country's wealth is， therefore， much influenced by its manufacturing capacity， provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions：
You bought a new color TV set made in Guangdong， but it is in poor quality. You want to write a letter to the store and have the set repaired or changed. Your letter should cover the following points：
1） the picture is not clear enough， and sometimes channel buttons don't work well，
2） sometimes there is even so sound， and the color is not stable，
3） Customer First， Service Best.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign up your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）
Part B
52. Directions：
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1）describe the drawing，
2）analyze the meaning and
3）give an example
You should write about 160－200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2（20 points）
Section I Use of English
1「答案」A
2「答案」C
3「答案」D
4「答案」B
5「答案」A
6「答案」C
7「答案」B
8「答案」A
9「答案」C
10「答案」B
11「答案」D
「解析」詞義辨析題。D commitment是個多義詞，這里philosophical commitment意為“哲學上的”。A community“社團社會，（政治）共區(qū)的全體居民，公眾；共有，共同性，一致；群落”；B communication“交際；通信，通訊，傳達，（意見等的）交換，交流，交往；（疾病的）傳染；傳達的信息擰?；C committee“委員會”。
12「答案」A
「解析」詞義辨析題。acknowledged“認可，確立；承認，供認”。B confessed“承認錯誤，認識到”；C abandoned“放棄，離開（某人、某物或某地）而不返回，拋棄；完全屈從于；完全放棄；放任，縱情”；D refined“精煉，加工；從（某物）中除去雜質(zhì)；提純”。
13「答案」A
「解析」語義邏輯題。may或許在該句中更妥當。B ought to“應(yīng)該”；C were to“（虛擬語氣）得做”；D would“會”。
14「答案」C
「解析」語義邏輯題。因為前面有no logical path，所以加but only進行對應(yīng)，強調(diào)對比性。A but rather搭配不正確；B no more than“僅僅，只不過”；D less more than“幾乎，差不離”。
15「答案」B
「解析」詞義辨析題。（in） touch （with）“與……相接觸”。A （in） pursuit （of） “尋找，追求”；C （in） proportion （to）“與……成比例”；D （in） terms （of） “就……來說，用……話來說，根據(jù)”。
16「答案」A
「解析」詞義辨析題。convincing“有說服力的，令人心服的；使某人確信，使某人明白；令人信服的”。B wordy“話多的，羅嗦的；冗長的”；C ensured“確保的，保證的，相保的”；D unreasonable“沒有理由的；超越情理地，不合理地，過分地”。
17「答案」D
「解析」詞義辨析題。visible“看得到的，可見的；能注意到的，能確定的，明顯的”，符合題意。A visual“視覺的，用于視覺的”；B informed“信息靈通的；有知識的，見聞廣的，了解情況的”；C imaginative“有想像力的；模仿的，仿效的，模擬的”。
18「答案」B
「解析」詞義辨析題。argument“爭論，爭辯，爭吵；辯論；論據(jù)，論點，理由；概要，梗概，主題”。A statement“陳述，聲明，聲明書；財務(wù)報表”；C assertion“論斷；主張，斷言；維護，堅持”；D style“文體，文風，語調(diào)；風格，作風；風度，體面，時髦；式樣，類型，記時方式；稱號，稱呼”。
19「答案」C
「解析」詞義辨析題。commonalities“共同特征，共性；公共，普通；（總稱）老百姓”符合題意。A commodities“商品，日用品；農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，礦產(chǎn)品”；B commons“公共的，公有的，共用的，共同的，普通的，一般的；通常的，平常的；粗俗的，低劣的；共通的；通的”；D commonwealth“公民，團體，聯(lián)邦，國家”。
20「答案」A
「解析」詞義辨析題。community“社團”符合題意。B person“個人；（貶）家伙；人身，身體；本人，自身；容貌，外表，風度”；C country“國家，國土；國民，造民；家鄉(xiāng)，故鄉(xiāng)，祖國，國籍所屬國家；鄉(xiāng)下，農(nóng)村；土地”；D nation“民族；國家；部落，部落聯(lián)盟”。C 與D 沒區(qū)別，故都被排除。
譯文
科學家和科學哲學家說起話來就好像“科學語言”是內(nèi)在的精確的，而使用它的人們應(yīng)該理解各自的意思，即使他們并不同意對方的觀點。但是，事實上，科學語言并沒有一般所認為的與普通語言有那么大的不同。它也會不準確，意思含糊不清，并因此導致理解不完全。此外，新理論（或論點）極少是由步驟清晰的歸納、演繹、論證（或證偽）得出的。它們也不是通過直接的方式得到證明、*或接受。實際上，科學家將科學方法的規(guī)則與大量的直覺、審美和哲學的觀念相結(jié)合。人們承認在發(fā)現(xiàn)新原則和規(guī)律的過程中思想中非邏輯成分所起到的重要作用。我們會想起愛因斯坦的話：“通向基本規(guī)律的不是一條邏輯的道路，僅僅是來自于經(jīng)驗的直覺。”不過人們較少討論非邏輯成分在說理和讓人接受一個論點（讓論點變得可信）中所起的作用，這部分是由于它們不太可見。論點的可信度取決于是否有相同的經(jīng)歷以及是否用相同的語言交流這些經(jīng)歷，這些都很難準確的看到，因為這些共同點都被認為是理所當然的。只有當我們走出這個“同感領(lǐng)域”——當我們以共同的語言站在一個集體的邊緣時——我們才能看得更準確。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.B 第一段大意：美國食品藥品管理局（FDA）正在追蹤386頭仔豬（piglets），這些仔豬可能受過轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)嶒灒⑶乙呀?jīng)被錯誤地銷售到了食品供應(yīng)市場。第二段第一句講到，F(xiàn)DA調(diào)查的焦點是位于Urbana Champaign的伊利諾伊大學的科研人員培育的豬。因此可以斷定這些仔豬來自于美國科研機構(gòu)。
22.A 第二段第二句講到：他們（科研人員）用兩種基因?qū)游镞M行基因工程實驗。一種是牛的基因，促使母豬多產(chǎn)奶；另一種是合成基因，使母豬產(chǎn)的奶更容易被仔豬消化。但這并不是實驗的終目的。接著，下一句講到：目的（goal）是更快地培育更大的豬，這才是實驗的終目的，因而A項為正確答案。
23.D 第四段大意：美國食品藥品管理局（FDA）在一個新聞發(fā)布會上宣稱，伊利諾伊大學因其售豬行為將面臨處罰（sanctions）和罰款（fines）。選項D意為：將可能被迫交納一筆罰金，這與上面的意思相同，只是表達方法不同。
24.C 粗略瀏覽全篇，似乎都是對動物轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)嶒灥牟焕麅?nèi)容，選項C容易被忽略。FDA的舉措只是為防范未知的可能危害。第五段第一句明確表示，F(xiàn)DA和伊利諾伊大學均聲稱進入市場的仔豬不會對消費者構(gòu)成威脅。此題需要仔細讀懂問題和選項，注意關(guān)鍵細節(jié)。
25.B 第七段大意：伊利諾伊大學稱，F(xiàn)DA對每頭仔豬做了8次檢驗以確保它們沒有轉(zhuǎn)基因遺傳，檢出的則被送回用于研究。因此，可以推測出選項B正確，即部分后代（offspring）具有母豬的遺傳基因。選項A全部肯定、選項C全部否定，顯然都錯誤。根據(jù)本文無法確認選項D所給的如此精確的比例。
譯文
食品和藥物管理署（FDA）星期三說，他們正在追蹤386頭已經(jīng)過基因改變的小豬，由于某種錯誤它們被賣到美國，流入食品市場。
FDA調(diào)查的焦點是伊利諾伊大學Urbana Champaign校園的研究人員所養(yǎng)育的豬。他們改變了這些豬的兩種基因：一種是能夠增加母豬產(chǎn)奶的奶?；?，另一種是合成基因，它可以使乳汁變得使小豬容易消化，其目的是使小豬長得更大、更快。
迄今并沒有證據(jù)顯示經(jīng)過基因改變的植物或動物事實上已造成人類疾病，但是批評家警告說，潛在的副作用目前還不清楚。大學官員說，他們的試驗顯示，小豬出生時并沒有帶有轉(zhuǎn)基因，但是FDA章程要求即使轉(zhuǎn)基因動物的后代也要被消滅，以保證它們不流入食品市場。
在《今日美國》的督促下， FDA于星期三匆忙組織了新聞發(fā)布會，并宣布說：伊利諾伊大學因為將這些小豬賣給家畜中間商，而中間商又將它們轉(zhuǎn)賣給肉食加工廠而面臨制裁和罰款。
FDA和大學都說，進入市場的豬肉對消費者不會有危險。該項調(diào)查是繼美國農(nóng)業(yè)部于12月對一家用轉(zhuǎn)基因的玉米污染了50萬蒲式耳大豆的德州公司進行了罰款后開始的，而這些轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米原本是用來生產(chǎn)一種豬用疫苗的。
批評家說，這些案例說明，政府對科研的這一新興領(lǐng)域還需要更仔細的監(jiān)管。美國食品制造業(yè)協(xié)會的Stephanie Childs說：“這只是一件小事，正是這種小事有可能破壞消費者的信任和出口誠信。我們已經(jīng)因生物技術(shù)使歐洲不安，我們的出口國正在關(guān)注這件事?！?BR> 伊利諾伊大學說，他們對每頭小豬的DNA進行了8次試驗，以確保小豬沒有從它們的母親那里繼承轉(zhuǎn)基因物質(zhì)。那些發(fā)現(xiàn)帶有轉(zhuǎn)基因的小豬被重新用于研究，而那些沒有轉(zhuǎn)基因物質(zhì)的小豬才賣給了中間商。主管研究的副校長Charles Zukoski說：“自1999年以來，試驗呈陰性的小豬都賣到了市場。”
但是FDA副專員Lester Crawford說，該大學和FDA的協(xié)議條款規(guī)定，沒有FDA批準，研究人員不允許擅自處理這些小豬，而“伊利諾伊大學并沒有就這些小豬是否可以銷售進入市場事宜與FDA協(xié)商。不管在任何情況下，它們都不能被用作食物?！?BR> FDA負責控制和監(jiān)管轉(zhuǎn)基因動物，因為這種基因產(chǎn)品被認為是一種未經(jīng)批準的動物藥品。
Text 2
26.「答案」D
「解析」理解全篇及后一段連續(xù)幾個問題，可以看出作者所用的是一種探究的態(tài)度。
27.「答案」C
「解析」由第四段后一句話可知。
28.「答案」A
「解析」The “benefits” must， therefore， be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising. 因此，顧客所得的“利益”必須從用在廣告上的整個費用中扣除掉，從而完全準確地確定廣告的凈花費。
29.「答案」B
「解析」參照文章大意。
30.「答案」C
「解析」注意題目中的definitely false， A與文意相反，B、D文中沒有提到，C中on push promotion花費從0.7美分到1.4美分，而on television則less than one cent，所以可能是也可能不是，符合題意。
譯文
食品在美國是所有消費產(chǎn)品中做廣告做得多的。食品用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)電視和電視直播廣告、折扣券、贈品券、競賽和其他形式的有獎廣告的花費比別的產(chǎn)品都多。在其他媒體——報紙、雜志、報紙增刊、公告欄和廣播——食品廣告的花費也是高的之一。食品制造商在廣告上的花費比其他任何制造商都多，而雜貨店在零售商中又是多的。
在70年代，受過復雜工藝處理的食品占到了總廣告量的大部分。幾乎所有的優(yōu)惠券、電子廣告、全國性平面媒體廣告、消費獎勵（不是贈品券）和大多數(shù)推廣活動都來自經(jīng)過加工和包裝的食品。在1978年，早餐麥片、軟飲料、糖果和其他甜點、油和色拉調(diào)料、咖啡以及熟食只占到總食品消費的20％。但這些項目占到了總廣告量的一半左右。
相反，易腐敗的食品，如未經(jīng)加工的肉、禽、魚、蛋、水果和蔬菜，以及奶制品超過了家用食品消費總量的一半。不過這些產(chǎn)品在1978年所占的廣告份額不到8％，而且?guī)缀鯖]有折扣券。這些產(chǎn)品在零售業(yè)的廣告量大，一般是在地方報紙上，這占到了報紙零售雜貨廣告的40％。
與家用食品總消費相比，食品廣告的總費用占到全國食品雜貨銷售額的3％至3.7%.電子廣告（主要是電視）所占不到1％，獎金占到了0.6％。平面媒體占到了0.5%，而折扣券占到了約0.3%.用于推廣活動的花費約占0.7%至1.4%.這一數(shù)值很難確定，因為很難將直接銷售的非促銷方面區(qū)分出來，如運輸、技術(shù)和其他相關(guān)服務(wù)。
必須將廣告提供的聯(lián)合產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)與總消費者相比較。電子廣告的消費者收看電視廣告，得到了娛樂。同樣，報紙、雜志的讀者可以以優(yōu)惠價格購買這些產(chǎn)品。消費者直接為某些贈品付費，但也接受非食物商品來刺激他們購買該產(chǎn)品。因此，這些“利益”必須從消費者的總成本中扣除，以便全面分析廣告的凈成本。
廣告在食品需求、養(yǎng)生和食品廠商競爭等方面的影響也很巨大。制造商將廣告的大部分集中于一小部分消費食品。與更容易變質(zhì)的食品，如肉、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、奶制品等相比，廣告是否改變了這些經(jīng)過復雜加工的產(chǎn)品的消費情況呢？美國人在食品消費中的營養(yǎng)構(gòu)成是否受到了食品廣告的影響？廣告有沒有增加或減少制造商和零售商之間的競爭？這些是重要的問題并且需要繼續(xù)研究。
Text 3
31. 「答案」D
「解析」此題可定位于文章第一段，該段的主題為有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休這一事實正在嚴重損害美國的經(jīng)濟，因此D“有害的”為正確選項。而選項A“建設(shè)性的”和選項B“意義重大的”與原文信息相反，選項C“不確定的”，原文明確講述了這種提前退休的現(xiàn)象對美國經(jīng)濟是有害的，因此選項C也不正確。
32. 「答案」B
「解析」正確選項為 B“終獲得極少或得不到好處”。此題可定位于文章第三段，該段講述了老工人提前退休的原因在于雖然收入會增長，但是納稅也會增長，因此個人獲得的利潤是極少的。而選項A“對后代有害”，選項C“展示他們的潛能”和選項D“進一步了解社會的動向”是原文的曲解。
33. 「答案」A
「解析」第二段作者通過對比老年人和青壯年的人口增長率，說明了美國即將面臨勞動力短缺的問題。文章第一段后一句也講述了美國有經(jīng)驗的人提前退休造成勞動力短缺的問題。因此A“在不久的將來勞動力將急劇短缺”為正確選項。而選項B“戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人對美國的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量做出了巨大的貢獻”是對原文信息的誤解。選項C“政府關(guān)于老年人的政策已經(jīng)過時了”，文中雖然提到必須改變政府的政策，但這并不是第二段的寫作目的。選項D“老工人熱衷于領(lǐng)取社會福利”偏離了第二段講述的中心。
34. 「答案」C
「解析」正確選項為 C“是在反駁一種關(guān)于有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休的觀點”。文中第四自然段提到一種大眾觀點：認為年紀大的美國人將不得不工作，原因是由于他們所存的積蓄還不夠，但哈德森研究所的研究人員卻不同意這一觀點，隨后舉例反駁了這一大眾觀點。而選項A“是在引起人們對戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人所被給予的特權(quán)的注意”，選項B“呼吁政府采取措施阻止勞動力短缺”和選項D“是在解釋聯(lián)邦政府的稅收和利率政策的無效性”都不是作者引用這一例子的目的。
35. 「答案」D
「解析」正確選項為D“延長有經(jīng)驗的老工人的作用”。此題可定位于文章的后一句，該句講述了不管采取何種措施都必須允許延長年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人的作用。而選項A“支持對政府的政策進行徹底地改革”，選項B“考慮到關(guān)于退休的利益”和選項C“把哈德森研究所的研究人員相信的觀點付諸實施”都不是作者關(guān)心的問題。
譯文
根據(jù)公共政策研究組織哈德森研究所的一份新報告，有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休這一事實正在嚴重損害美國的經(jīng)濟。目前，許多年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人在提前退休。根據(jù)近發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計，79%的合格工人62歲時就開始領(lǐng)取退休金。如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)的話，將會造成勞動力的短缺，勞動力的短缺將會阻礙21世紀美國經(jīng)濟的增長。
根據(jù)美國人口普查署的報告，美國老年人在總?cè)丝谥兴嫉谋壤谥饾u擴大。2001到2020年期間，超過65歲的人將增長60%.同期，18歲到44歲的人將只增長4%.繼續(xù)雇傭有技術(shù)的老年人（即使是部分時間雇傭）將提高美國的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量，增加稅收。但是，如果沒有重要的政策變動，戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人似乎更可能大規(guī)模地提前退休。
現(xiàn)在，從經(jīng)濟角度來看，62歲時退休是合理的決定。社會保險和醫(yī)療輔助計劃的收入限制與稅收滯納罰款，使大多數(shù)有經(jīng)驗的工人承擔了高達67%的邊際稅收。社會保險的規(guī)定鼓勵提前退休。盡管再工作幾年收入通常會增加，但任何費用都增長——35年的工齡后要交納更高的社會保險稅，而利潤的增長卻很小。
哈德森研究所的研究人員認為，聯(lián)邦政府的稅收與利率政策有誤，迫切需要進行這方面的改革。但他們不同意目前流行的觀念：大批年紀大的美國工人將不得不工作，原因是社會保險不會支持他們；或者那些戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人為退休所存的積蓄還不夠。根據(jù)401（k）的增長以及基奧退休計劃、華爾街交易中的股票市場、大量遺產(chǎn)的可能性，有證據(jù)顯示：戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人到65歲時將比其長輩擁有更多的財富。
哈德森研究所倡導改革政府的那些不鼓勵工作和存儲的政策，尤其是那些有關(guān)年紀大的工人的政策。以下是報告所推薦的方法：不管其他收入，只對所有社會保險賠償費的一半征稅；每年為超過65歲的人提供超過8%的退休金；允許即將退休的工人協(xié)商補償?shù)囊粩堊咏灰祝渲锌梢园ǜ偷墓べY，但要有更多的保健利益。然而，要想找到解決年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休這一問題的方法，需要真正的、富有成效的計劃；采取的任何措施都必須允許延長年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人的作用。
Text 4
36.「答案」C
「解析」文中第一段提到他們對為什么睡眠對記憶有好處持有不同的觀點，因此 C “為什么睡眠對記憶有很大的好處”為正確選項。而選項 A “夢是如何在其過程中得到改變的”，選項 B “睡眠和蘇醒的區(qū)別”和選項 D “好睡眠的功能”均不是他們分歧的觀點。
37.「答案」A
「解析」正確選項為 A “急劇活躍的腦電圖”，此題可以定位在第二段，且在第三、四段又再次說明。選項 B “被研究者很快的反應(yīng)速度”，選項 C “復雜的記憶模式”和選項 D “前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是快眼運動的主要特征。
38.「答案」B
「解析」正確選項為 B “所學到的內(nèi)在模式”，此題定位于原文的第三段，且在原文的第五段作者以學數(shù)學的學生為例說明，如果睡得好，大腦會發(fā)現(xiàn)一種內(nèi)在的某種學習材料的模式。選項 A “研究的重要性”，選項 C “和燈泡的相似”和選項 D “睡眠的重要性”都不是作者說到“人工語法”所要談?wù)摰哪康摹?BR> 39.「答案」C
「解析」正確選項為 C “采用一種對比和比較的方式”，這個題考查的是對二、三、四、五段的歸納，他們把各種情形的情況進行對比性的研究。選項 A “揭示一種長期持有的古訓”，選項 B “澄清了對夢的預言”和選項 D “把因果關(guān)系聯(lián)系在一起”都不是他們所使用的主要方法。
40.「答案」D
「解析」正確選項為 D “在晚上好好地睡覺”，這是一個通篇的中心歸納的考查題，在晚上好好睡覺對記憶是有好處的。而選項 A “努力地記憶語法”，選項 B “認真地研究課本”和選項 C “記錄自己的腦呈像”都不是他的明顯建議，盡管這些錯誤的選項使用了原文中的某些表達和單詞。
譯文
大考之前，一夜酣睡要比你研讀書本更有益。不管怎樣，人們將其視為至理名言?？茖W（行為心理學）證明了這一名言。關(guān)于為何睡眠有助于大腦記憶有兩種相對立的說法，但行為科學研究卻不能夠?qū)ζ溥M行區(qū)分。一種理論認為，睡眠中形成永久記憶。另一種理論認為，記憶實際上是在白天形成的，只不過是在晚上對它“編輯”，并把多余的刪去。
要對兩種理論進行區(qū)分，探究人在睡眠過程中大腦的情況是必要的，但又是困難的。經(jīng)過10年的艱苦工作，比利時列日大學的皮埃爾。馬凱領(lǐng)導的小組卻做到了這一點。比利時小組尤其感興趣的睡眠階段是快速眼動（REM）睡眠。這時，大腦和身體處于活躍狀態(tài)，心跳加速、血壓升高、眼球在眼皮下來回移動，仿佛在欣賞電影，腦電圖與清醒時相似。正是這段睡眠時間，白天發(fā)生的事才有可能在夢中出現(xiàn)。
馬凱醫(yī)生使用一種稱為PET的電子設(shè)備對白天從事某項任務(wù)的人進行研究，并在晚上他們熟睡時進行跟蹤研究。這項任務(wù)要求他們在看到6個不同位置的燈光亮時，迅速按下電鈕，越快越好。當他們學會如何去做以后，反應(yīng)速度就加快了。他們不知道燈亮有時是按照一定的模式出現(xiàn)的——這種模式被稱作“人造語法”。而反應(yīng)時間的縮短正說明他們在有模式時比沒有模式時學得快。
而且，要學的東西越多（比如學習“語法”和機械性的按下電鈕），大腦就越活躍?！熬庉嫛崩碚摕o法對此進行預測，因為在任何情況下，無關(guān)刺激的數(shù)量都是一樣的。試驗對象在醒來時的反應(yīng)時間甚至比睡覺時還快，從而消除了他們在學習，而不是沒有學這一疑慮。
因此，該小組得出結(jié)論，在快速眼動（REM）睡眠中，通過再次激活，使與記憶有關(guān)的神經(jīng)連接得到加強。尤其是當大腦注意到所學材料的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)時，更是如此。所以，大考前夜，參加第二天數(shù)學考試的學生可以酣睡，他們知道明天需要記住的都是些基本的代數(shù)法則，而不是隔壁收音機里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的話語。
Part B
Sample One
41.「答案」C
「解析」本題要你判斷教師首先必須具備的個人品質(zhì)。從后文中應(yīng)排除憂郁、冷漠、生性呆板等性格特征看，與之對應(yīng)的應(yīng)是“pleasantly live”，attractive， 從“does rule out” 我們應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)與之對應(yīng)的“does not rule out”：所以C符合原文。
42.「答案」A
「解析」與“tolerant”聯(lián)系緊密的是什么。只有深刻地從內(nèi)心理解對方，才能做到“tolerant of the frailty and immaturity of human nature”。顯然A項與此聯(lián)系緊密。
43.「答案」G
「解析」表明誠實的含義，不是對做圣人，而是一種對一生準則的選擇。
44.「答案」B
「解析」從后文“innumerable petty irritation”看，處理那些數(shù)不清的、瑣碎的令人惱火的事情 infinite patience 當然是必須的，因此選B.
45.「答案」F
「解析」從 There are three principle objects of study 這段是要突出永遠學習的必要性。而不是D中所單指的 “intelligence”。
譯文
我在這兒會給你一個關(guān)于這個問題的答案：教師需要具有什么樣的素質(zhì)？也許沒有兩個人會得出完全相同的結(jié)論。不過我認為以下幾點一般都會得到認同。
第一，教師的性格應(yīng)該活潑，具有個人魅力。這并不會排除長相平庸甚至丑陋的人，因為許多這樣的人具有很強的個人魅力。不過這的確會排除過于激動、憂郁、刻板、喜歡挖苦人、憤世嫉俗、有挫敗感和傲慢的人：我也認為這還會排除所有的無趣和性格不好的人。
第二，教師必須具有同情心——按照這個詞的本意：具有協(xié)調(diào)他人思想和感情的能力。與此緊密相關(guān)的是能夠容忍別人——并不是容忍錯誤，而是容忍會導致人們、特別是兒童犯錯誤的脆弱和不成熟的本性。
第三，我認為教師不僅學術(shù)上應(yīng)該誠實，道德上也應(yīng)該誠實。這并不是要求教師成為圣人。這意味著他應(yīng)該知道自己學術(shù)上的優(yōu)勢和劣勢，而且他思考過并決定了他一生要遵守的道德準則。這不與我認為教師應(yīng)該在某種程度上是一個演員相矛盾。那是教學技巧的一部分，它要求教師經(jīng)常要表演——上一堂生動的課，糾正一個錯誤，或者給予某人表揚。孩子，特別是年紀小的孩子，生活的世界遠比他們的生活大得多。
第四，另一方面，教師應(yīng)該有無限的耐心。我認為這主要是自律和自我訓練的結(jié)果，因為沒有人是生來那樣的。他必須很有活力，因為教學要求你有很好的體力。他還必須容忍每一個與小孩打交道的大人必須容忍的小麻煩。
后，我認為教師必須總是想要學習。教學是一種你永遠都不會覺得完美的工作；你總是需要學習。主要要學習三樣東西：教師教授的科目，將知識好地傳授給學生的方法以及到目前為止重要的——你將要教授的孩子、年輕人或者成人。英國教育的根本準則是要教育整個人，要完成這個目標必須要教師和學生良好的配合。
Sample Two
41.「答案」E
「解析」第一段說明了我們要實現(xiàn)自己的目標必須通過枯燥、反復的磨練才能得出這樣一個論點，接下來的一段應(yīng)該有一個實例闡述作支撐，而E選項中Horace Bushell的說法及其接下來的對成功艱難歷程的闡述正好是與首段形成文意上的承接。
42「答案」A
「解析」選項中A項提出了人們自信喪失這樣一個現(xiàn)實，放在此處正好形成一個對比，作為行文的一個承上啟下的段落，這樣才能進入到接下來的文意講述。
43「答案」F
「解析」F項提出了人們用于增加日常自信的練習方法，這正是針對承接段落A中提出人們喪失自信這樣一個現(xiàn)實的回應(yīng)，即提出解決問題的方法。
44「答案」B
「解析」在剩下的兩個選項中作出選擇時，我們必須前后兼顧。這里不妨先分析45題，再回首來解答44題。（通過對45題的分析，只有B項能作為此題答案了）。
45「答案」G
「解析」后一段講述了一個名叫Stevens的人的心靈之旅，從內(nèi)容看，這之前此人不善于傾聽別人提出的問題，凡事都是竭力給別人留個好印象等等，而且此段之前應(yīng)該是引入Stevens這個人，因為文章其余部分從未提及他，這樣G項就必然成為了本題的佳選項。
譯文
我們中的許多人對某個領(lǐng)域感興趣，但是當遇到了困難時，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)別人更成功，我們就會氣餒并且退出。但是我們必須反復訓練，提高我們的技術(shù)（這也許會很乏味），我們才能后達到我們的目標。
新英格蘭偉大的傳教士Horace Bushnell曾經(jīng)說過：“在星空之下的某處，上帝給了你一個任務(wù)去完成，只有你能夠完成這個任務(wù)?！蔽覀儺斨械囊恍┤诵枰ㄟ^不斷的嘗試才能找到自己的位置。這需要時間，也會碰到困難。但是我們不應(yīng)該氣餒，因為其他人似乎更有經(jīng)驗。通常造成這種差異的不是天賦而是動力。
你應(yīng)該認為自己是成功的。如果我能夠進入我的病人的內(nèi)心，傾聽他們對自己說的話，我確信他們當中的大多數(shù)都會很消極：“我像往常一樣又遲到了?！薄敖裉煸缟衔业念^發(fā)很糟?！薄拔艺f的那句話太蠢了，她也許會認為我很傻。”由于這樣的話語每天都會在我們的大腦中閃現(xiàn)，我們對自己的肯定度降低也就不足為奇了。
樹立自信的每日訓練被稱為“成像”或“顯像”。為了成功，你必須認為你自己是成功的。想像自己在遇到困難時是冷靜和自信的。運動員經(jīng)常在他們的腦海中反復顯像一個動作。他們想像自己打高爾夫時揮桿完美或者是打網(wǎng)球時擊球成功。當我們將這些成功的圖像深深地印入腦海中時，他們就變成了我們的潛意識，然后我們開始期待成功。
作家和編輯Norman Cousins寫道：“當人們失去夢想時，他們就會被恐懼困擾，這時的人們是沒有安全感的。”毫無疑問，如果我們能夠想像有益的事情發(fā)生，他們就有真正發(fā)生的可能。
不要在意別人的期待。我們要得到解放就必須不去在意別人對我們的想法。盡管歌劇演員Rise Stevens在舞臺上表演時鎮(zhèn)定自若，但在現(xiàn)實生活中她在觀眾面前的自信卻不見了?！拔业牟话病?，她說：“來自于力圖去扮演并不是我的角色——不論是在休息室還是在舞臺上。如果一個聰明的人說了一個笑話，我試圖去理解它，但失敗了。我假裝熟悉我并不了解的事物?！?BR> Stevens后對她自己說了真心話：“我知道我并不是聰明人或有智慧的人，我只有做我自己才能成功。我開始在聚會上聆聽并提出問題，而不是力圖給客人留下深刻印象。當我說話的時候，我努力提出有益的見解，而不是炫耀自己。我馬上就感覺到我的社交生活有了新的氣象。他們更喜歡這個真實的我?！比绻覀兡軌蛘鎸崒Υ覀兊谋灸?，我們中的大多數(shù)會發(fā)現(xiàn)我們自然而然地發(fā)展出了自己的特點。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)并表現(xiàn)自己的特點就是我們存在于這個星球上的理由。不要與別人一樣，發(fā)展自身的特點，你就會越來越獨立并有自信。
Sample Three
41.「答案」C
「解析」首先，從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“carbohydrates（碳水化合物）”與原文中的“food”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。第二，從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是食物對于緩解壓力的作用。第三，注意本段中上下義詞的關(guān)系分析。
42. 「答案」B
「解析」先從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“aerobic exercise”與原文中的“run”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。再從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是鍛煉對于緩解壓力的功能。其三，注意本語段“鍛煉”概念在原文的表達方式分析。
43. 「答案」D
「解析」首先從本語段話題角度來看，歸納本選項中的內(nèi)容，不難看出寫作的主要目的是為了說明調(diào)整看待問題角度的好處。其二，注意作者在本語段的寫作中大量使用了疑問句，分析其在段落中的功能或作者表達的深層含義。其三，本語段與原文的已知部分共同作為論據(jù)支持了該段標題的論點。
44. 「答案」F
「解析」我們從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“l(fā)aughter”、“comedian”與原文中的“the light side”、“joke”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。再從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)闡明了輕松看待問題的效果。其三，注意分析本語段中“幽默”概念的相關(guān)表達。
45.「答案」E
「解析」通過選項中的“some breathing space”可以看出與原文中的“a timeout”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。再從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是留給自己休息時間對減輕壓力的重要性。其三，注意分析各個發(fā)展段落與全文第一、二段之間的內(nèi)在的、分析性的思維關(guān)系。
譯文
冬日惡劣的天氣、白晝時間的縮短和家庭的需求等都可能加劇人的壓力感。據(jù)美國壓力學院院長保羅。羅施博士透露，美國中西部某頭痛診所曾報道，與一年中其他的六周時間段相比，在從感恩節(jié)到圣誕節(jié)這六周時間里，感到緊張和周期性偏頭痛的人增加了40%.
目前許多醫(yī)生在接受緩解緊張和壓力方面的技術(shù)培訓。但他們自己又使用哪些方法呢？在這里，一些優(yōu)秀的健康專家與我們分享他們喜歡用的緩解壓力的方法。方法共有六種，它們是：
食物鎮(zhèn)靜法。當營養(yǎng)生化學家朱迪思。沃爾特曼受到壓力困擾時，她所做的和這個季節(jié)里其他人所做的沒什么兩樣：吃些東西。但她吃的是一兩塊有益于健康的米糕。“我的研究結(jié)果表明，碳水化合物能提高大腦中調(diào)節(jié)情緒的化學血清素的水平，這對整個人體都起到鎮(zhèn)靜作用，”這位麻省理工學院的科學家說，“因此壓力的癥狀諸如憤怒、緊張、易怒、無法集中精力等便被緩解了?！?BR> 用跑步來避開你的問題。肯尼思。H.庫珀醫(yī)生用每天下班后跑步的方法應(yīng)付自己所面臨的壓力。這位專家認為：“增氧健身運動是驅(qū)除壓力和從工作過渡到家庭生活的佳方法?！钡嵝颜f，不要讓運動本身變成壓力。即使輕度的活動——譬如說每天散步半個小時——也有利于強健體魄，調(diào)節(jié)情緒?！斑@便是我告訴患者務(wù)必每天遛狗的原因，”他笑著說，“即使他們沒有狗?！?BR> 調(diào)整看問題的方法。梅奧診所應(yīng)付壓力專家、心理學家約翰。泰勒駕車駛?cè)脶t(yī)院準備投入一天緊張的工作時，他看到他的微型汽車的汽油更換指示燈啪地一聲打開了。他面對的是不間斷會見病人的日程表，下班后還要去接三歲的孩子?！拔腋械椒浅＞o張”，他回憶說，接著他試用他驅(qū)趕壓力的方法。他問自己，這是生死攸關(guān)的問題嗎？不是，油完全可以下個星期去換。他告訴患者只做那些不做就會造成嚴重后果的事情?！澳悴幌茨切┮路蜁廊幔俊彼麊?。他特別提出，每天應(yīng)留半小時做你喜歡做的事情，給自己重新充電。尤其是在假日里，放下一些日常的家務(wù)事，為與家人和朋友相處多留些時間。
朝輕松的方面看。作家兼教育家喬爾。古德曼和幾位憂慮的病人親戚們一起乘坐一輛旅館免費接客車。司機開始給飽嘗壓力的乘客們講笑話?！昂髞硭兞藥讉€小戲法使我和母親都笑了起來?！惫诺侣f，“在乘車的五分鐘內(nèi)，他教會我們幽默可以緩解壓力”。古德曼被自己這段經(jīng)歷所打動，對笑的力量進行了研究。他認為：“開心的笑可以放松肌肉、降低血壓、抑制與壓力有關(guān)的荷爾蒙的分泌并增強免疫系統(tǒng)?！痹谒难杏憰希尶腿藗冏詥査麄兿矚g的喜劇演員會如何看待這個讓人感到壓力的處境。
給自己留出休息時間。超負荷的日程表是導致憂慮的主要原因。這種壓力的產(chǎn)生可以通過提前做準備加以阻止。心臟病學專家雷。羅森曼在舊金山芒特。蔡恩醫(yī)院做內(nèi)科副主任時，他每天在日程表中留出半小時?！叭绻屑痹\，我就把這段時間留給病人，”《A類型行為與你的心臟》的合著者羅森曼說，“不然我就用這半小時回電話或翻看信件。你雖然不可能控制所有事情，但你可以控制你的日程表，給自己留出一點休息時間?！?BR> 做點禱告?？屏_拉多州博爾德市的心理學家和醫(yī)學科學家瓊。博里森科主張，因為大多數(shù)人花費太多時間為過去感到極度痛苦或為將來感到憂慮，所以減輕壓力的關(guān)鍵在于學會如何使現(xiàn)在的生活富有激情。
“要做到這一點，依靠某種儀式是有益處的，”博里森科說。她感到放松的時候是“我每天早晨做祈禱時”。禱告已顯示出可使新甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素這類造成壓力的荷爾蒙減少。
但要記住，博里森科說，醫(yī)生無法打開病人的“內(nèi)在愈合系統(tǒng)。”那種內(nèi)在的平靜只有通過你自己的努力才能達到。如果你飽受壓力之苦，就自己行動起來吧。
Sample Four
41. 「答案」C
「解析」注意此段第一句中的“l(fā)ifetime employment”與標題中的“permanency in employment”相對應(yīng)。
42. 「答案」E
「解析」這一段話都在講wage， bonus， 顯然是在說薪酬結(jié)果。
43. 「答案」A
「解析」這一段主要講述女性與公司的關(guān)系，注意與下一段的區(qū)別。
44. 「答案」F
「解析」這一段講外資企業(yè)的招聘，與此相對應(yīng)的標題是F.
45. 「答案」B
「解析」此段第一句就明確提出了男性辭職的問題，與標題B相對應(yīng)。
譯文
每年秋季，當招聘新的畢業(yè)生的工作開始時，日本的各大城市都擠滿了尋找工作的學生。他們第穿著正裝，從一個面試地點趕到另一個面試地點。這個季節(jié)對許多學生來說是很重要的，因為他們的整個人生可能就在這個時期被決定了。
日本的終生職業(yè)
在日本，大公司里的工作經(jīng)常是終生的。盡管在小公司和為轉(zhuǎn)包商工作的人一般不能享受到大公司的優(yōu)厚待遇，雇員們通常都期待工作或多或少有穩(wěn)定性。
工資結(jié)構(gòu)
工資的多少是由你的受教育程度和原先的就業(yè)領(lǐng)域決定的，例如普通畢業(yè)生做行政工作，工程師搞工程技術(shù)和設(shè)計等。提升和加薪都與資歷緊密相關(guān)，盡管由于個人能力和工作業(yè)績不同，之后也會有所不同。工資每個月付，稅后工資通常是直接打入一個銀行帳戶。此外，獎金一年發(fā)兩次。
女性與日本公司
許多女畢業(yè)生抱怨與男生相比她們沒有得到平等的訓練和機會。日本公司通常都認為女性員工終究會結(jié)婚生子。女性中也的確存在著生孩子是重要的事這種思想，但是工作就需要加班，這也使女性在婚后無法工作。
外企的招聘策略
對現(xiàn)狀失望而有事業(yè)心的女性往往選擇到外企工作。由于大多數(shù)男生傾向于到有保障的公司工作，外企經(jīng)常愿意雇傭女生，因為她們的潛力比男生更大。
男性為什么有時候會從公司辭職
盡管前途似錦，有些男性還是會從公司辭職。一個原因就是接管家族生意。當父母退休時，長子通常會接管家族公司或生意，例如店鋪。所以，一個商人在繼承父母生意時完全改變他的職業(yè)方向，例如成為了一個店主，這是很常見的。
工作中的人際關(guān)系會比較密切，因為他們共同工作的時間和年份都很長。實際上，一個人的社交經(jīng)常是基于工作上的關(guān)系。飯店和酒家晚上總是擠滿了與同事一起歡聚的人們。許多公司為職員組織旅游和體育活動。年長的職員經(jīng)常扮演導師的角色。這意味著他們會對年輕員工的生活給予指導，例如結(jié)婚和孩子的教育。
Part C
46.在這一意義上，財富并不是錢財，因為我們的生存并不依賴于錢而是依賴于錢所能購買的東西：諸如食品、衣服的物品和諸如交通、娛樂的服務(wù)。
47.世界上有些地區(qū)蘊藏著豐富的煤炭和礦產(chǎn)資源，有肥沃的土地和宜人的氣候；而其他一些地區(qū)卻一無所有。
48.有些國家自然資源可能很豐富，但卻多年以來飽受內(nèi)外戰(zhàn)的困擾，并且因為這個或那個的原因不能發(fā)展本國資源。
49.一個國家的生活水準，不僅取決于它在本國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)和消費的財富，還取決于它通過國際貿(mào)易間接生產(chǎn)的財富。
50.因此，一個國家的財富在很大程度上受到它的生產(chǎn)能力的影響，如果有其他國家愿意接受它的產(chǎn)品的話。
Section III Writing
Part A
51.
Dear Sir/Madam，
One month ago， I bought a new color TV set made in Guangdong from your store at the recommendation of your salesman. But now I'm afraid I have to complain of its poor quality. First， the picture does not appear clear at all. Second， come channel buttons do not work well. What's more， sometimes there is even no sound and the color is not stable. So， you see， instead of getting enjoyment， we've got trouble and inconveniences from this TV set.
I am a constant customer of your store and appreciate your slogan “Customer First， Service Best” very much. I really wish what has happened was accidental and I want to have this set repaired or changed. If not， I'd rather have my money back.
I'm looking forward to an early and satisfactory reply from you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
Part B
52.
As is vividly demonstrated in the drawing above， facing so many major options， a student is at a complete loss what to do， which is a most typical phenomenon among students. The meaning conveyed in the drawing is most thought-provoking.
The implied meaning of the drawing above can be briefly stated as follows. To begin with， the over-emphasis of importance of majors by students should not be ignored. Some students reckon that their majors will decide the success or failure of their whole lives. Because of their dissatisfaction with their majors， some students lose their interest in study. And some of them even go to extreme and commit suicide. It is our top priority to reverse the grim situation. What's more， in terms of making major choices， to follow suit must be avoided. As we know， different people are needed to play different roles in our social work. It is out of the question that all the people pick up the same major and do the same work. Personal character， interest， and merit must be fully evaluated and seriously considered when students make their final decision on their majors. In sum， students must keep calm and have an objective attitude toward their majors.
Take myself as an example. I am from a small mountainous village from the West. The ambition has already taken roots in my mind that I will make use of my knowledge to help the farmers in my home-village shake off poverty. And I took an interest in plants when I was a child. All things considered， I chose agronomy as my major. I do reckon that I have a bright prospect if I stick to the major I choose.
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Scientists and philosophers of science tend to speak as if “scientific language” were intrinsically precise， as if those who use it must understand one another's meaning， 1 they disagree. But， 2， scientific language is not as different from3language as is commonly believed； it， too， is 4 to imprecision and ambiguity and hence to 5 understanding. Moreover， new theories （or arguments） are rarely，6， constructed by way of clear-cut steps of induction， deduction， and 7 （or falsification）。 Neither are they defended， rejected， or accepted in 8 straight forward a manner. 9， scientists combine the rules of scientific 10 with a generous mixture of intuition， aesthetics， and philosophical 11. The importance of what are sometimes called extralogical components of thought in the discovery of a new principle or laws is generally 12. We 13 recall Einstein's description： “To these elementary laws there leads no logical path， 14 intuition， supported by being sympathetically in 15 with experience.” But the role of these extralogical components in persuasion and acceptance （in making an argument 16） is less frequently discussed， partly because they are less 17. The ways in which the credibility or effectiveness of a 18 depends on a realm of common experiences， on extensive practice in communicating those experiences in a common language， are hard to see precisely because such19are taken for granted. Only when we step out of such a “consensual domain”—when we can stand out on the periphery of a 20 with a common language.
1［A］ even if［B］ unless［C］ though［D］ if
2［A］ in question［B］ in relief［C］ in fact［D］ in prospect
3［A］ standard［B］ popular［C］ vulgar［D］ ordinary
4［A］ susceptible［B］ subject［C］ immune［D］ related
5［A］ imperfect［B］ perfect［C］ impersonal［D］ personal
6［A］ if so［B］ if not all［C］ if ever［D］ if any
7［A］ verge［B］ verification［C］ justice［D］ certainty
8［A］ so［B］ such［C］ too［D］ very
9［A］ In brief［B］ In advance［C］ In practice［D］ In company
10［A］ psychology［B］ methodology［C］ archaeology［D］ theology
11［A］ community［B］ communication［C］ committee［D］ commitment
12［A］ acknowledged［B］ confessed［C］ abandoned［D］ refined
13［A］ may［B］ ought to［C］ were to［D］ would
14［A］ but rather［B］ no more than［C］ but only［D］ less more than
15［A］ pursuit［B］ touch［C］ proportion［D］ terms
16［A］ convincing［B］ wordy［C］ ensured［D］ unreasonable
17［A］ visual［B］ informed［C］ imaginative［D］ visible
18［A］ statement［B］ argument［C］ assertion［D］ style
19［A］ commodities［B］ commons［C］ commonalities［D］ commonwealth
20［A］ community［B］ person［C］ country［D］ nation
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text 1
The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.
The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes： One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other， a synthetic gene， makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.
There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness， but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes， but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they don't get into the food supply.
The FDA， in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY， said the University of Illinois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker， who in turn sells to processing plants.
Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500，000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.
Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. “This is a small incident， but it's incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence， ”says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this.”
The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn't inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn't were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig who's tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market， ”says Charles Zukoski， vice chancellor for research.
But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university's agreement with the FDA， the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”
The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.
21. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from
［A］ Europe［B］ an American research organization
［C］ a meat processing plant［D］ an animal farm
22. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to
［A］ get pigs of larger size in a shorter time
［B］ make sows produce more milk
［C］ make cows produce more milk
［D］ make pigs grow more lean meat
23. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois
［A］ was criticized by the FDA
［B］ is in great trouble
［C］ is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets
［D］ may have to pay the penalty
24. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets
［A］ may have side effects on consumers ［B］ may be harmful to consumers
［C］ are safe to consumers［D］ may cause human illness
25. It can be inferred from this passage that
［A］ all the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
［B］ part of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
［C］ none of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
［D］ half of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering
Text 2
Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements， discount coupons， trading stamps， contests， and other forms of premium advertising. In other media—newspapers， magazines， newspaper supplements， billboards， and radio—food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group， and the nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers.
Through the 1970's， highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons， electronic advertising， national printed media advertising， consumer premiums （other than trading stamps） as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978， breakfast cereals， soft drinks， candy and other desserts， oils and salad dressings， coffee， and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising.
By contrast， highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats， poultry， fish and eggs， fruits and vegetables， and diary products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1978， and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspaper， where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.
When measured against total food-at-home expenditures， total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation's grocery stores. A little less than one cent of these amounts is accounted for by electronic advertising （mostly television） while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling-transportation， technical， and other related services.
Against this gross consumer must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising， the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment， while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publications. The consumer pays directly for some premiums， but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The “benefits” must， therefore， be subtracted form the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.
Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand， nutrition， and competition among food manufactures. The bulk of manufacturers' advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats， produce， and dairy products？ Has the nutritional content of the U.S. food consumption been influenced by food advertisings？ Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhance or weakened by advertising？ These are important questions and warrant continued research.
26. The author's attitude toward advertising can be characterized as
[A] admiring [B] condemning [C] uncertain [D] inquisitive
27. The term “push promotion”（L. 3， P. 2） means.
[A] coupon redemption [B] retail advertising
[C] direct selling [D] advertising in trade journals
28. The author implies that advertising costs.
[A] should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumer
[B] are greater for restaurants than for at home foods
[C] are much higher in the United Stated than any where else in the world
[D] cause highly processed foods to outsell unprocessed outsell foods
29. The purpose of the article is to
[A] warm about rising food advertising costs
[B] describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effects
[C] congratulate the food industry on its effective advertising
[D] calculate the final balance sheet for food advertising
30. According to the passage， all of the following are definitely false EXCEPT
[A] more food is advertised in newspapers than on television
[B] less money is spent advertising food than automobiles
[C] more of the food advertising budget is probably spent on push promotion than on television ads
[D] less money is spent on food store advertising than on clothing store ads
Text 3
The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy， according to a new report from the Hudson Institute， a public policy research organization. Currently， many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics， 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62； if that trend continues， there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.
Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population， according to the U. S. Census Bureau， and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period， the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed， even part time， would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base； but without significant policy reforms， massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.
Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work， any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.
Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed， but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 （k） and Keogh retirement plans， the ongoing stock market on Wall Street， and the likelihood of large inheritances， there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.
The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings， especially for older worker. Among the report's recommendations： Tax half of all Social Security benefits， regardless of other income； provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65； and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However， it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers； any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.
31.According to Hudson Institute researchers， the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is
[A] constructive [B] significant [C] inconclusive [D] detrimental
32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may
[A] do harm to younger generations [B] end up with few or no benefits
[C] give play to their potentials[D] shed light on social trends
33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that
[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future
[B] baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output
[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated
[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits
34.When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street”， the writer
[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled
[B] is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortage
[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers' early retirement
[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies
35.Towards the issue， what the writer is most concerned about will be
[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies
[B] to take into account the benefits upon retirement
[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in
[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees
Text 4
Before a big exam， a sound night's sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That， at least， is the folk wisdom. And science， in the form of behavioral psychology， supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day， but then “edited” at night， to flush away what is superfluous.
To tell the difference， it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person， and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work， a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement （REM） sleep， when brain and body are active， heart rate and blood pressure increase， the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie， and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.
Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day， and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible， in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this， their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern- what is referred to as “artificial grammar”。 Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.
What is more， those with more to learn （i.e.， the “grammar”， as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button） have more active brains. The “editing” theory would not predict that， since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning， their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.
The team， therefore， concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep， particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now， on the eve of that crucial test， maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.
36.Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to
[A] how dreams are modified in their courses
[B] the difference between sleep and wakefulness
[C] why sleep is of great benefit to memory
[D] the functions of a good night's sleep
37.As manifested in the experimental study， rapid eye movement is characterized by
[A] intensely active brainwave traces
[B] subjects' quicker response times
[C] complicated memory patterns
[D] revival of events in the previous day
38.By referring to the artificial grammar， the author intends to show
[A] its significance in the study
[B] an inherent pattern being learnt
[C] its resemblance to the lights
[D] the importance of night's sleep
39.In their study， researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of
[A] exposing a longheld folk wisdom[B] clarifying the predictions on dreams
[C] making contrasts and comparisons[D] correlating effects with their causes
40.What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day？
[A] Memorizing grammar with great efforts.
[B] Study textbooks with close attention.
[C] Have their brain images recorded.
[D] Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.
Part B
Sample One
Directions：
In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question： What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher？ Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists. But I think the following would be generally accepted.
First， 41）But it does rule out such types as the overexcitable， melancholy， frigid， sarcastic， cynical， frustrated， and overbearing： I would say too， that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.
Secondly， 42）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not， indeed， of what is wrong， but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people， and again especially children， to make mistakes.
Thirdly， 43）This does not mean being a saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths， and limitations， and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching， which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act—to enliven a lesson， correct a fault， or award praise. Children， especially young children， live in a world that is rather larger than life.
On the other hand， 44）He must be pretty resilient， teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.
Finally， 45）There are three principle objects of study： the subject， or subjects， which the teacher is teaching； the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching； and - by far the most important-the children， young people， or adults to whom they are to be taught. The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole person， and that it is best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons， the teacher and the learner.
［A］it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy—in the literal meaning of that word； a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.
［B］a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This， I may say， is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and self-training， because none of us were born like that.
［C］the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain， or even ugly， because many such have great personal charm.
［D］A teacher must remain mentally alert， He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation， however improbable （they happen?。?and able to improvise， if necessary at less than a moment's notice
［E］A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life.
［F］I think a teacher should have the kind of mind， which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect； there is always something more to learn about it.
［G］I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.
Sample Two
Directions：
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）
[A] See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves， I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative： “I'm running late again as usual.” “My hair looks terrible this morning.”“That was a stupid remark I made—she probably thinks I'm a dummy.”Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day， it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.
[B] Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote： “People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams.” There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening， they have a way of actually occurring.
[C] Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself：“I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke， I tried to contribute， not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better.” If we are true to our instincts， most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.
[D] Many of us get interested in a field， but then the going gets tough， we see that other people are more successful， and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring， repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.
[E] Horace Bushnell， the great New England preacher， used to say， “Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do， and nobody else can do it.” Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time， with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.
[F] One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called “imaging” or “visualization”。 In order to succeed， you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds； they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images into our minds deeply enough， they become a part of the unconscious， and we begin to expect to succeed.
[G] Break away from other people's expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage with great poise， the self-confidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. “My discomfort，” she says， “came from trying to be something I was not-a state in the drawing room as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke， I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be familiar with subjects I knew nothing of.”
Order：
D→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→
C
Sample Three
Direction：
You are going to read a text about the season for relief， followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading （41-45）。 There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Winter's harsh weather， shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate feelings of stress. According to Dr. Paul Rosch， president of the American Institute of Stress， one Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased 40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas， compared with other six-week periods during the year.
Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress. But which strategies do they themselves use？ Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters. Six in all， they are：
（41） Soothe with food. When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out， she does what a lot of people do this time of year： she reaches for food. But in her case， it's a healthy rice cake or two.
（42） Run from your problem. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper handles his own stress with a daily afterwork run.
（43） Check your perspective. Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stress-management expert， psychologist John Taylor saw the oil-maintenance light pop on in his minivan. He faced a nonstop schedule of patients and had to pick up his three-year-old after work. “I felt myself tense up，” recalls Taylor， who then tried his quick stress-busting strategy. He asked himself： Is this a matter of life or death？ No. The oil could safely be changed the next week.
（44） Look to the light side. On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery， author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of several patients. The driver began telling his stressed-out passengers a few jokes. “Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing，” Goodman says. “In that five-minute ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress.” The surgery was successful.
（45） Take a timeout. A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule. It's one source of stress you can ward off by preparing ahead.
Say a little prayer. Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder， Colo.， maintains that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future， the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.
“It helps to have some ritual to do this，” says Borysenko. For her the most relaxing ritual is “each morning when I pray”。 Prayer has been shown to reduce the impact of stress hormones such as noradrenaline and adrenaline.
But remember， says Borysenko， doctors can't turn on their patient' “internal healing system”。 That inner clam is up to you. So you're sick of stress， heal thyself.
[A] Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set anger off—and it needn't be in a work environment.
[B] “Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time，” says the expert. But， he cautions， don't let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate activity—such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood. “That's why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day，” he says with a chuckle， “even if they don't have one.”
[C] “My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical serotonin， which exerts a calming effect on the entire body，” says the M.I.T research scientist. “So symptoms of stress—such as anger， tension， irritability and inability to concentrate—are eased.”
[D] He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone. “Will you die if you don't do the laundry？” he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do something you enjoy， he notes， lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays， skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends.
[E] When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco's Mount Zion Hospital， he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule. “If an emergency came up， I moved patients into that slot，” says Rosenman， co-author of Type A Behavior and Your Heart. “Or used that half-hour to return calls or go through my mail. You can't control everything， but you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yourself.”
[F] He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter's power. “A good laugh relaxes muscles， lowers blood pressure， suppresses stress-related hormones and enhances the immune system，” he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite comedian would see this stressful situation.
Sample Four
Directions：
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about employment in Japan. Choose the most suitable heading form the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
[A] Women and Japanese companies
[B] Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies
[C] Permanency in employment in Japan
[D] The social aspect of work
[E] The salary structure
[F] The recruitment strategy of foreign firms
Every autumn， when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins， major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time， they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students， as their whole lives may be determined during this period.
41
In Japan， lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies， there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job.
42
Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment， ordinary graduates being employed in administration， engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority， though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly， and the net sum， after the deduction of tax， is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary， a bonus is usually paid twice a year.
43
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that， as well as the still-existing belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing， the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
44
Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security， foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.
45
Some men， however， do leave their companies in spite of future prospects， one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman， on succeeding to his parents' business， completely change his professional direction by becoming， for example， a shopkeeper.
On the job， working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomiya， “pubs”， are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children's education.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）
The “standard of living” of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living， therefore， depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. （46） “Wealth” in this sense is not money， for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy： “goods” such as food and clothing， and “services” such as transport and entertainment.
A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors， most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources， such as coal， gold， and other minerals， water supply and so on. （47） Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals， and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate； other regions possess none of them.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. （48） Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources， but suffered for many years from civil and external wars， and for this and other reasons have been unable to develop their resources. Sound stable political conditions， and freedom from foreign invasion， enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily， and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled.
（49） A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders， but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example， Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. （50） A country's wealth is， therefore， much influenced by its manufacturing capacity， provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions：
You bought a new color TV set made in Guangdong， but it is in poor quality. You want to write a letter to the store and have the set repaired or changed. Your letter should cover the following points：
1） the picture is not clear enough， and sometimes channel buttons don't work well，
2） sometimes there is even so sound， and the color is not stable，
3） Customer First， Service Best.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign up your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）
Part B
52. Directions：
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1）describe the drawing，
2）analyze the meaning and
3）give an example
You should write about 160－200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2（20 points）
Section I Use of English
1「答案」A
2「答案」C
3「答案」D
4「答案」B
5「答案」A
6「答案」C
7「答案」B
8「答案」A
9「答案」C
10「答案」B
11「答案」D
「解析」詞義辨析題。D commitment是個多義詞，這里philosophical commitment意為“哲學上的”。A community“社團社會，（政治）共區(qū)的全體居民，公眾；共有，共同性，一致；群落”；B communication“交際；通信，通訊，傳達，（意見等的）交換，交流，交往；（疾病的）傳染；傳達的信息擰?；C committee“委員會”。
12「答案」A
「解析」詞義辨析題。acknowledged“認可，確立；承認，供認”。B confessed“承認錯誤，認識到”；C abandoned“放棄，離開（某人、某物或某地）而不返回，拋棄；完全屈從于；完全放棄；放任，縱情”；D refined“精煉，加工；從（某物）中除去雜質(zhì)；提純”。
13「答案」A
「解析」語義邏輯題。may或許在該句中更妥當。B ought to“應(yīng)該”；C were to“（虛擬語氣）得做”；D would“會”。
14「答案」C
「解析」語義邏輯題。因為前面有no logical path，所以加but only進行對應(yīng)，強調(diào)對比性。A but rather搭配不正確；B no more than“僅僅，只不過”；D less more than“幾乎，差不離”。
15「答案」B
「解析」詞義辨析題。（in） touch （with）“與……相接觸”。A （in） pursuit （of） “尋找，追求”；C （in） proportion （to）“與……成比例”；D （in） terms （of） “就……來說，用……話來說，根據(jù)”。
16「答案」A
「解析」詞義辨析題。convincing“有說服力的，令人心服的；使某人確信，使某人明白；令人信服的”。B wordy“話多的，羅嗦的；冗長的”；C ensured“確保的，保證的，相保的”；D unreasonable“沒有理由的；超越情理地，不合理地，過分地”。
17「答案」D
「解析」詞義辨析題。visible“看得到的，可見的；能注意到的，能確定的，明顯的”，符合題意。A visual“視覺的，用于視覺的”；B informed“信息靈通的；有知識的，見聞廣的，了解情況的”；C imaginative“有想像力的；模仿的，仿效的，模擬的”。
18「答案」B
「解析」詞義辨析題。argument“爭論，爭辯，爭吵；辯論；論據(jù)，論點，理由；概要，梗概，主題”。A statement“陳述，聲明，聲明書；財務(wù)報表”；C assertion“論斷；主張，斷言；維護，堅持”；D style“文體，文風，語調(diào)；風格，作風；風度，體面，時髦；式樣，類型，記時方式；稱號，稱呼”。
19「答案」C
「解析」詞義辨析題。commonalities“共同特征，共性；公共，普通；（總稱）老百姓”符合題意。A commodities“商品，日用品；農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，礦產(chǎn)品”；B commons“公共的，公有的，共用的，共同的，普通的，一般的；通常的，平常的；粗俗的，低劣的；共通的；通的”；D commonwealth“公民，團體，聯(lián)邦，國家”。
20「答案」A
「解析」詞義辨析題。community“社團”符合題意。B person“個人；（貶）家伙；人身，身體；本人，自身；容貌，外表，風度”；C country“國家，國土；國民，造民；家鄉(xiāng)，故鄉(xiāng)，祖國，國籍所屬國家；鄉(xiāng)下，農(nóng)村；土地”；D nation“民族；國家；部落，部落聯(lián)盟”。C 與D 沒區(qū)別，故都被排除。
譯文
科學家和科學哲學家說起話來就好像“科學語言”是內(nèi)在的精確的，而使用它的人們應(yīng)該理解各自的意思，即使他們并不同意對方的觀點。但是，事實上，科學語言并沒有一般所認為的與普通語言有那么大的不同。它也會不準確，意思含糊不清，并因此導致理解不完全。此外，新理論（或論點）極少是由步驟清晰的歸納、演繹、論證（或證偽）得出的。它們也不是通過直接的方式得到證明、*或接受。實際上，科學家將科學方法的規(guī)則與大量的直覺、審美和哲學的觀念相結(jié)合。人們承認在發(fā)現(xiàn)新原則和規(guī)律的過程中思想中非邏輯成分所起到的重要作用。我們會想起愛因斯坦的話：“通向基本規(guī)律的不是一條邏輯的道路，僅僅是來自于經(jīng)驗的直覺。”不過人們較少討論非邏輯成分在說理和讓人接受一個論點（讓論點變得可信）中所起的作用，這部分是由于它們不太可見。論點的可信度取決于是否有相同的經(jīng)歷以及是否用相同的語言交流這些經(jīng)歷，這些都很難準確的看到，因為這些共同點都被認為是理所當然的。只有當我們走出這個“同感領(lǐng)域”——當我們以共同的語言站在一個集體的邊緣時——我們才能看得更準確。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.B 第一段大意：美國食品藥品管理局（FDA）正在追蹤386頭仔豬（piglets），這些仔豬可能受過轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)嶒灒⑶乙呀?jīng)被錯誤地銷售到了食品供應(yīng)市場。第二段第一句講到，F(xiàn)DA調(diào)查的焦點是位于Urbana Champaign的伊利諾伊大學的科研人員培育的豬。因此可以斷定這些仔豬來自于美國科研機構(gòu)。
22.A 第二段第二句講到：他們（科研人員）用兩種基因?qū)游镞M行基因工程實驗。一種是牛的基因，促使母豬多產(chǎn)奶；另一種是合成基因，使母豬產(chǎn)的奶更容易被仔豬消化。但這并不是實驗的終目的。接著，下一句講到：目的（goal）是更快地培育更大的豬，這才是實驗的終目的，因而A項為正確答案。
23.D 第四段大意：美國食品藥品管理局（FDA）在一個新聞發(fā)布會上宣稱，伊利諾伊大學因其售豬行為將面臨處罰（sanctions）和罰款（fines）。選項D意為：將可能被迫交納一筆罰金，這與上面的意思相同，只是表達方法不同。
24.C 粗略瀏覽全篇，似乎都是對動物轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)嶒灥牟焕麅?nèi)容，選項C容易被忽略。FDA的舉措只是為防范未知的可能危害。第五段第一句明確表示，F(xiàn)DA和伊利諾伊大學均聲稱進入市場的仔豬不會對消費者構(gòu)成威脅。此題需要仔細讀懂問題和選項，注意關(guān)鍵細節(jié)。
25.B 第七段大意：伊利諾伊大學稱，F(xiàn)DA對每頭仔豬做了8次檢驗以確保它們沒有轉(zhuǎn)基因遺傳，檢出的則被送回用于研究。因此，可以推測出選項B正確，即部分后代（offspring）具有母豬的遺傳基因。選項A全部肯定、選項C全部否定，顯然都錯誤。根據(jù)本文無法確認選項D所給的如此精確的比例。
譯文
食品和藥物管理署（FDA）星期三說，他們正在追蹤386頭已經(jīng)過基因改變的小豬，由于某種錯誤它們被賣到美國，流入食品市場。
FDA調(diào)查的焦點是伊利諾伊大學Urbana Champaign校園的研究人員所養(yǎng)育的豬。他們改變了這些豬的兩種基因：一種是能夠增加母豬產(chǎn)奶的奶?；?，另一種是合成基因，它可以使乳汁變得使小豬容易消化，其目的是使小豬長得更大、更快。
迄今并沒有證據(jù)顯示經(jīng)過基因改變的植物或動物事實上已造成人類疾病，但是批評家警告說，潛在的副作用目前還不清楚。大學官員說，他們的試驗顯示，小豬出生時并沒有帶有轉(zhuǎn)基因，但是FDA章程要求即使轉(zhuǎn)基因動物的后代也要被消滅，以保證它們不流入食品市場。
在《今日美國》的督促下， FDA于星期三匆忙組織了新聞發(fā)布會，并宣布說：伊利諾伊大學因為將這些小豬賣給家畜中間商，而中間商又將它們轉(zhuǎn)賣給肉食加工廠而面臨制裁和罰款。
FDA和大學都說，進入市場的豬肉對消費者不會有危險。該項調(diào)查是繼美國農(nóng)業(yè)部于12月對一家用轉(zhuǎn)基因的玉米污染了50萬蒲式耳大豆的德州公司進行了罰款后開始的，而這些轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米原本是用來生產(chǎn)一種豬用疫苗的。
批評家說，這些案例說明，政府對科研的這一新興領(lǐng)域還需要更仔細的監(jiān)管。美國食品制造業(yè)協(xié)會的Stephanie Childs說：“這只是一件小事，正是這種小事有可能破壞消費者的信任和出口誠信。我們已經(jīng)因生物技術(shù)使歐洲不安，我們的出口國正在關(guān)注這件事?！?BR> 伊利諾伊大學說，他們對每頭小豬的DNA進行了8次試驗，以確保小豬沒有從它們的母親那里繼承轉(zhuǎn)基因物質(zhì)。那些發(fā)現(xiàn)帶有轉(zhuǎn)基因的小豬被重新用于研究，而那些沒有轉(zhuǎn)基因物質(zhì)的小豬才賣給了中間商。主管研究的副校長Charles Zukoski說：“自1999年以來，試驗呈陰性的小豬都賣到了市場。”
但是FDA副專員Lester Crawford說，該大學和FDA的協(xié)議條款規(guī)定，沒有FDA批準，研究人員不允許擅自處理這些小豬，而“伊利諾伊大學并沒有就這些小豬是否可以銷售進入市場事宜與FDA協(xié)商。不管在任何情況下，它們都不能被用作食物?！?BR> FDA負責控制和監(jiān)管轉(zhuǎn)基因動物，因為這種基因產(chǎn)品被認為是一種未經(jīng)批準的動物藥品。
Text 2
26.「答案」D
「解析」理解全篇及后一段連續(xù)幾個問題，可以看出作者所用的是一種探究的態(tài)度。
27.「答案」C
「解析」由第四段后一句話可知。
28.「答案」A
「解析」The “benefits” must， therefore， be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising. 因此，顧客所得的“利益”必須從用在廣告上的整個費用中扣除掉，從而完全準確地確定廣告的凈花費。
29.「答案」B
「解析」參照文章大意。
30.「答案」C
「解析」注意題目中的definitely false， A與文意相反，B、D文中沒有提到，C中on push promotion花費從0.7美分到1.4美分，而on television則less than one cent，所以可能是也可能不是，符合題意。
譯文
食品在美國是所有消費產(chǎn)品中做廣告做得多的。食品用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)電視和電視直播廣告、折扣券、贈品券、競賽和其他形式的有獎廣告的花費比別的產(chǎn)品都多。在其他媒體——報紙、雜志、報紙增刊、公告欄和廣播——食品廣告的花費也是高的之一。食品制造商在廣告上的花費比其他任何制造商都多，而雜貨店在零售商中又是多的。
在70年代，受過復雜工藝處理的食品占到了總廣告量的大部分。幾乎所有的優(yōu)惠券、電子廣告、全國性平面媒體廣告、消費獎勵（不是贈品券）和大多數(shù)推廣活動都來自經(jīng)過加工和包裝的食品。在1978年，早餐麥片、軟飲料、糖果和其他甜點、油和色拉調(diào)料、咖啡以及熟食只占到總食品消費的20％。但這些項目占到了總廣告量的一半左右。
相反，易腐敗的食品，如未經(jīng)加工的肉、禽、魚、蛋、水果和蔬菜，以及奶制品超過了家用食品消費總量的一半。不過這些產(chǎn)品在1978年所占的廣告份額不到8％，而且?guī)缀鯖]有折扣券。這些產(chǎn)品在零售業(yè)的廣告量大，一般是在地方報紙上，這占到了報紙零售雜貨廣告的40％。
與家用食品總消費相比，食品廣告的總費用占到全國食品雜貨銷售額的3％至3.7%.電子廣告（主要是電視）所占不到1％，獎金占到了0.6％。平面媒體占到了0.5%，而折扣券占到了約0.3%.用于推廣活動的花費約占0.7%至1.4%.這一數(shù)值很難確定，因為很難將直接銷售的非促銷方面區(qū)分出來，如運輸、技術(shù)和其他相關(guān)服務(wù)。
必須將廣告提供的聯(lián)合產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)與總消費者相比較。電子廣告的消費者收看電視廣告，得到了娛樂。同樣，報紙、雜志的讀者可以以優(yōu)惠價格購買這些產(chǎn)品。消費者直接為某些贈品付費，但也接受非食物商品來刺激他們購買該產(chǎn)品。因此，這些“利益”必須從消費者的總成本中扣除，以便全面分析廣告的凈成本。
廣告在食品需求、養(yǎng)生和食品廠商競爭等方面的影響也很巨大。制造商將廣告的大部分集中于一小部分消費食品。與更容易變質(zhì)的食品，如肉、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、奶制品等相比，廣告是否改變了這些經(jīng)過復雜加工的產(chǎn)品的消費情況呢？美國人在食品消費中的營養(yǎng)構(gòu)成是否受到了食品廣告的影響？廣告有沒有增加或減少制造商和零售商之間的競爭？這些是重要的問題并且需要繼續(xù)研究。
Text 3
31. 「答案」D
「解析」此題可定位于文章第一段，該段的主題為有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休這一事實正在嚴重損害美國的經(jīng)濟，因此D“有害的”為正確選項。而選項A“建設(shè)性的”和選項B“意義重大的”與原文信息相反，選項C“不確定的”，原文明確講述了這種提前退休的現(xiàn)象對美國經(jīng)濟是有害的，因此選項C也不正確。
32. 「答案」B
「解析」正確選項為 B“終獲得極少或得不到好處”。此題可定位于文章第三段，該段講述了老工人提前退休的原因在于雖然收入會增長，但是納稅也會增長，因此個人獲得的利潤是極少的。而選項A“對后代有害”，選項C“展示他們的潛能”和選項D“進一步了解社會的動向”是原文的曲解。
33. 「答案」A
「解析」第二段作者通過對比老年人和青壯年的人口增長率，說明了美國即將面臨勞動力短缺的問題。文章第一段后一句也講述了美國有經(jīng)驗的人提前退休造成勞動力短缺的問題。因此A“在不久的將來勞動力將急劇短缺”為正確選項。而選項B“戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人對美國的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量做出了巨大的貢獻”是對原文信息的誤解。選項C“政府關(guān)于老年人的政策已經(jīng)過時了”，文中雖然提到必須改變政府的政策，但這并不是第二段的寫作目的。選項D“老工人熱衷于領(lǐng)取社會福利”偏離了第二段講述的中心。
34. 「答案」C
「解析」正確選項為 C“是在反駁一種關(guān)于有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休的觀點”。文中第四自然段提到一種大眾觀點：認為年紀大的美國人將不得不工作，原因是由于他們所存的積蓄還不夠，但哈德森研究所的研究人員卻不同意這一觀點，隨后舉例反駁了這一大眾觀點。而選項A“是在引起人們對戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人所被給予的特權(quán)的注意”，選項B“呼吁政府采取措施阻止勞動力短缺”和選項D“是在解釋聯(lián)邦政府的稅收和利率政策的無效性”都不是作者引用這一例子的目的。
35. 「答案」D
「解析」正確選項為D“延長有經(jīng)驗的老工人的作用”。此題可定位于文章的后一句，該句講述了不管采取何種措施都必須允許延長年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人的作用。而選項A“支持對政府的政策進行徹底地改革”，選項B“考慮到關(guān)于退休的利益”和選項C“把哈德森研究所的研究人員相信的觀點付諸實施”都不是作者關(guān)心的問題。
譯文
根據(jù)公共政策研究組織哈德森研究所的一份新報告，有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休這一事實正在嚴重損害美國的經(jīng)濟。目前，許多年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人在提前退休。根據(jù)近發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計，79%的合格工人62歲時就開始領(lǐng)取退休金。如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)的話，將會造成勞動力的短缺，勞動力的短缺將會阻礙21世紀美國經(jīng)濟的增長。
根據(jù)美國人口普查署的報告，美國老年人在總?cè)丝谥兴嫉谋壤谥饾u擴大。2001到2020年期間，超過65歲的人將增長60%.同期，18歲到44歲的人將只增長4%.繼續(xù)雇傭有技術(shù)的老年人（即使是部分時間雇傭）將提高美國的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量，增加稅收。但是，如果沒有重要的政策變動，戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人似乎更可能大規(guī)模地提前退休。
現(xiàn)在，從經(jīng)濟角度來看，62歲時退休是合理的決定。社會保險和醫(yī)療輔助計劃的收入限制與稅收滯納罰款，使大多數(shù)有經(jīng)驗的工人承擔了高達67%的邊際稅收。社會保險的規(guī)定鼓勵提前退休。盡管再工作幾年收入通常會增加，但任何費用都增長——35年的工齡后要交納更高的社會保險稅，而利潤的增長卻很小。
哈德森研究所的研究人員認為，聯(lián)邦政府的稅收與利率政策有誤，迫切需要進行這方面的改革。但他們不同意目前流行的觀念：大批年紀大的美國工人將不得不工作，原因是社會保險不會支持他們；或者那些戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人為退休所存的積蓄還不夠。根據(jù)401（k）的增長以及基奧退休計劃、華爾街交易中的股票市場、大量遺產(chǎn)的可能性，有證據(jù)顯示：戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期出生的人到65歲時將比其長輩擁有更多的財富。
哈德森研究所倡導改革政府的那些不鼓勵工作和存儲的政策，尤其是那些有關(guān)年紀大的工人的政策。以下是報告所推薦的方法：不管其他收入，只對所有社會保險賠償費的一半征稅；每年為超過65歲的人提供超過8%的退休金；允許即將退休的工人協(xié)商補償?shù)囊粩堊咏灰祝渲锌梢园ǜ偷墓べY，但要有更多的保健利益。然而，要想找到解決年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人提前退休這一問題的方法，需要真正的、富有成效的計劃；采取的任何措施都必須允許延長年紀大的、有經(jīng)驗的工人的作用。
Text 4
36.「答案」C
「解析」文中第一段提到他們對為什么睡眠對記憶有好處持有不同的觀點，因此 C “為什么睡眠對記憶有很大的好處”為正確選項。而選項 A “夢是如何在其過程中得到改變的”，選項 B “睡眠和蘇醒的區(qū)別”和選項 D “好睡眠的功能”均不是他們分歧的觀點。
37.「答案」A
「解析」正確選項為 A “急劇活躍的腦電圖”，此題可以定位在第二段，且在第三、四段又再次說明。選項 B “被研究者很快的反應(yīng)速度”，選項 C “復雜的記憶模式”和選項 D “前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是快眼運動的主要特征。
38.「答案」B
「解析」正確選項為 B “所學到的內(nèi)在模式”，此題定位于原文的第三段，且在原文的第五段作者以學數(shù)學的學生為例說明，如果睡得好，大腦會發(fā)現(xiàn)一種內(nèi)在的某種學習材料的模式。選項 A “研究的重要性”，選項 C “和燈泡的相似”和選項 D “睡眠的重要性”都不是作者說到“人工語法”所要談?wù)摰哪康摹?BR> 39.「答案」C
「解析」正確選項為 C “采用一種對比和比較的方式”，這個題考查的是對二、三、四、五段的歸納，他們把各種情形的情況進行對比性的研究。選項 A “揭示一種長期持有的古訓”，選項 B “澄清了對夢的預言”和選項 D “把因果關(guān)系聯(lián)系在一起”都不是他們所使用的主要方法。
40.「答案」D
「解析」正確選項為 D “在晚上好好地睡覺”，這是一個通篇的中心歸納的考查題，在晚上好好睡覺對記憶是有好處的。而選項 A “努力地記憶語法”，選項 B “認真地研究課本”和選項 C “記錄自己的腦呈像”都不是他的明顯建議，盡管這些錯誤的選項使用了原文中的某些表達和單詞。
譯文
大考之前，一夜酣睡要比你研讀書本更有益。不管怎樣，人們將其視為至理名言?？茖W（行為心理學）證明了這一名言。關(guān)于為何睡眠有助于大腦記憶有兩種相對立的說法，但行為科學研究卻不能夠?qū)ζ溥M行區(qū)分。一種理論認為，睡眠中形成永久記憶。另一種理論認為，記憶實際上是在白天形成的，只不過是在晚上對它“編輯”，并把多余的刪去。
要對兩種理論進行區(qū)分，探究人在睡眠過程中大腦的情況是必要的，但又是困難的。經(jīng)過10年的艱苦工作，比利時列日大學的皮埃爾。馬凱領(lǐng)導的小組卻做到了這一點。比利時小組尤其感興趣的睡眠階段是快速眼動（REM）睡眠。這時，大腦和身體處于活躍狀態(tài)，心跳加速、血壓升高、眼球在眼皮下來回移動，仿佛在欣賞電影，腦電圖與清醒時相似。正是這段睡眠時間，白天發(fā)生的事才有可能在夢中出現(xiàn)。
馬凱醫(yī)生使用一種稱為PET的電子設(shè)備對白天從事某項任務(wù)的人進行研究，并在晚上他們熟睡時進行跟蹤研究。這項任務(wù)要求他們在看到6個不同位置的燈光亮時，迅速按下電鈕，越快越好。當他們學會如何去做以后，反應(yīng)速度就加快了。他們不知道燈亮有時是按照一定的模式出現(xiàn)的——這種模式被稱作“人造語法”。而反應(yīng)時間的縮短正說明他們在有模式時比沒有模式時學得快。
而且，要學的東西越多（比如學習“語法”和機械性的按下電鈕），大腦就越活躍?！熬庉嫛崩碚摕o法對此進行預測，因為在任何情況下，無關(guān)刺激的數(shù)量都是一樣的。試驗對象在醒來時的反應(yīng)時間甚至比睡覺時還快，從而消除了他們在學習，而不是沒有學這一疑慮。
因此，該小組得出結(jié)論，在快速眼動（REM）睡眠中，通過再次激活，使與記憶有關(guān)的神經(jīng)連接得到加強。尤其是當大腦注意到所學材料的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)時，更是如此。所以，大考前夜，參加第二天數(shù)學考試的學生可以酣睡，他們知道明天需要記住的都是些基本的代數(shù)法則，而不是隔壁收音機里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的話語。
Part B
Sample One
41.「答案」C
「解析」本題要你判斷教師首先必須具備的個人品質(zhì)。從后文中應(yīng)排除憂郁、冷漠、生性呆板等性格特征看，與之對應(yīng)的應(yīng)是“pleasantly live”，attractive， 從“does rule out” 我們應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)與之對應(yīng)的“does not rule out”：所以C符合原文。
42.「答案」A
「解析」與“tolerant”聯(lián)系緊密的是什么。只有深刻地從內(nèi)心理解對方，才能做到“tolerant of the frailty and immaturity of human nature”。顯然A項與此聯(lián)系緊密。
43.「答案」G
「解析」表明誠實的含義，不是對做圣人，而是一種對一生準則的選擇。
44.「答案」B
「解析」從后文“innumerable petty irritation”看，處理那些數(shù)不清的、瑣碎的令人惱火的事情 infinite patience 當然是必須的，因此選B.
45.「答案」F
「解析」從 There are three principle objects of study 這段是要突出永遠學習的必要性。而不是D中所單指的 “intelligence”。
譯文
我在這兒會給你一個關(guān)于這個問題的答案：教師需要具有什么樣的素質(zhì)？也許沒有兩個人會得出完全相同的結(jié)論。不過我認為以下幾點一般都會得到認同。
第一，教師的性格應(yīng)該活潑，具有個人魅力。這并不會排除長相平庸甚至丑陋的人，因為許多這樣的人具有很強的個人魅力。不過這的確會排除過于激動、憂郁、刻板、喜歡挖苦人、憤世嫉俗、有挫敗感和傲慢的人：我也認為這還會排除所有的無趣和性格不好的人。
第二，教師必須具有同情心——按照這個詞的本意：具有協(xié)調(diào)他人思想和感情的能力。與此緊密相關(guān)的是能夠容忍別人——并不是容忍錯誤，而是容忍會導致人們、特別是兒童犯錯誤的脆弱和不成熟的本性。
第三，我認為教師不僅學術(shù)上應(yīng)該誠實，道德上也應(yīng)該誠實。這并不是要求教師成為圣人。這意味著他應(yīng)該知道自己學術(shù)上的優(yōu)勢和劣勢，而且他思考過并決定了他一生要遵守的道德準則。這不與我認為教師應(yīng)該在某種程度上是一個演員相矛盾。那是教學技巧的一部分，它要求教師經(jīng)常要表演——上一堂生動的課，糾正一個錯誤，或者給予某人表揚。孩子，特別是年紀小的孩子，生活的世界遠比他們的生活大得多。
第四，另一方面，教師應(yīng)該有無限的耐心。我認為這主要是自律和自我訓練的結(jié)果，因為沒有人是生來那樣的。他必須很有活力，因為教學要求你有很好的體力。他還必須容忍每一個與小孩打交道的大人必須容忍的小麻煩。
后，我認為教師必須總是想要學習。教學是一種你永遠都不會覺得完美的工作；你總是需要學習。主要要學習三樣東西：教師教授的科目，將知識好地傳授給學生的方法以及到目前為止重要的——你將要教授的孩子、年輕人或者成人。英國教育的根本準則是要教育整個人，要完成這個目標必須要教師和學生良好的配合。
Sample Two
41.「答案」E
「解析」第一段說明了我們要實現(xiàn)自己的目標必須通過枯燥、反復的磨練才能得出這樣一個論點，接下來的一段應(yīng)該有一個實例闡述作支撐，而E選項中Horace Bushell的說法及其接下來的對成功艱難歷程的闡述正好是與首段形成文意上的承接。
42「答案」A
「解析」選項中A項提出了人們自信喪失這樣一個現(xiàn)實，放在此處正好形成一個對比，作為行文的一個承上啟下的段落，這樣才能進入到接下來的文意講述。
43「答案」F
「解析」F項提出了人們用于增加日常自信的練習方法，這正是針對承接段落A中提出人們喪失自信這樣一個現(xiàn)實的回應(yīng)，即提出解決問題的方法。
44「答案」B
「解析」在剩下的兩個選項中作出選擇時，我們必須前后兼顧。這里不妨先分析45題，再回首來解答44題。（通過對45題的分析，只有B項能作為此題答案了）。
45「答案」G
「解析」后一段講述了一個名叫Stevens的人的心靈之旅，從內(nèi)容看，這之前此人不善于傾聽別人提出的問題，凡事都是竭力給別人留個好印象等等，而且此段之前應(yīng)該是引入Stevens這個人，因為文章其余部分從未提及他，這樣G項就必然成為了本題的佳選項。
譯文
我們中的許多人對某個領(lǐng)域感興趣，但是當遇到了困難時，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)別人更成功，我們就會氣餒并且退出。但是我們必須反復訓練，提高我們的技術(shù)（這也許會很乏味），我們才能后達到我們的目標。
新英格蘭偉大的傳教士Horace Bushnell曾經(jīng)說過：“在星空之下的某處，上帝給了你一個任務(wù)去完成，只有你能夠完成這個任務(wù)?！蔽覀儺斨械囊恍┤诵枰ㄟ^不斷的嘗試才能找到自己的位置。這需要時間，也會碰到困難。但是我們不應(yīng)該氣餒，因為其他人似乎更有經(jīng)驗。通常造成這種差異的不是天賦而是動力。
你應(yīng)該認為自己是成功的。如果我能夠進入我的病人的內(nèi)心，傾聽他們對自己說的話，我確信他們當中的大多數(shù)都會很消極：“我像往常一樣又遲到了?！薄敖裉煸缟衔业念^發(fā)很糟?！薄拔艺f的那句話太蠢了，她也許會認為我很傻。”由于這樣的話語每天都會在我們的大腦中閃現(xiàn)，我們對自己的肯定度降低也就不足為奇了。
樹立自信的每日訓練被稱為“成像”或“顯像”。為了成功，你必須認為你自己是成功的。想像自己在遇到困難時是冷靜和自信的。運動員經(jīng)常在他們的腦海中反復顯像一個動作。他們想像自己打高爾夫時揮桿完美或者是打網(wǎng)球時擊球成功。當我們將這些成功的圖像深深地印入腦海中時，他們就變成了我們的潛意識，然后我們開始期待成功。
作家和編輯Norman Cousins寫道：“當人們失去夢想時，他們就會被恐懼困擾，這時的人們是沒有安全感的。”毫無疑問，如果我們能夠想像有益的事情發(fā)生，他們就有真正發(fā)生的可能。
不要在意別人的期待。我們要得到解放就必須不去在意別人對我們的想法。盡管歌劇演員Rise Stevens在舞臺上表演時鎮(zhèn)定自若，但在現(xiàn)實生活中她在觀眾面前的自信卻不見了?！拔业牟话病?，她說：“來自于力圖去扮演并不是我的角色——不論是在休息室還是在舞臺上。如果一個聰明的人說了一個笑話，我試圖去理解它，但失敗了。我假裝熟悉我并不了解的事物?！?BR> Stevens后對她自己說了真心話：“我知道我并不是聰明人或有智慧的人，我只有做我自己才能成功。我開始在聚會上聆聽并提出問題，而不是力圖給客人留下深刻印象。當我說話的時候，我努力提出有益的見解，而不是炫耀自己。我馬上就感覺到我的社交生活有了新的氣象。他們更喜歡這個真實的我?！比绻覀兡軌蛘鎸崒Υ覀兊谋灸?，我們中的大多數(shù)會發(fā)現(xiàn)我們自然而然地發(fā)展出了自己的特點。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)并表現(xiàn)自己的特點就是我們存在于這個星球上的理由。不要與別人一樣，發(fā)展自身的特點，你就會越來越獨立并有自信。
Sample Three
41.「答案」C
「解析」首先，從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“carbohydrates（碳水化合物）”與原文中的“food”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。第二，從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是食物對于緩解壓力的作用。第三，注意本段中上下義詞的關(guān)系分析。
42. 「答案」B
「解析」先從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“aerobic exercise”與原文中的“run”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。再從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是鍛煉對于緩解壓力的功能。其三，注意本語段“鍛煉”概念在原文的表達方式分析。
43. 「答案」D
「解析」首先從本語段話題角度來看，歸納本選項中的內(nèi)容，不難看出寫作的主要目的是為了說明調(diào)整看待問題角度的好處。其二，注意作者在本語段的寫作中大量使用了疑問句，分析其在段落中的功能或作者表達的深層含義。其三，本語段與原文的已知部分共同作為論據(jù)支持了該段標題的論點。
44. 「答案」F
「解析」我們從本語段話題概念來看，選項中的“l(fā)aughter”、“comedian”與原文中的“the light side”、“joke”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。再從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)闡明了輕松看待問題的效果。其三，注意分析本語段中“幽默”概念的相關(guān)表達。
45.「答案」E
「解析」通過選項中的“some breathing space”可以看出與原文中的“a timeout”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。再從論點和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是留給自己休息時間對減輕壓力的重要性。其三，注意分析各個發(fā)展段落與全文第一、二段之間的內(nèi)在的、分析性的思維關(guān)系。
譯文
冬日惡劣的天氣、白晝時間的縮短和家庭的需求等都可能加劇人的壓力感。據(jù)美國壓力學院院長保羅。羅施博士透露，美國中西部某頭痛診所曾報道，與一年中其他的六周時間段相比，在從感恩節(jié)到圣誕節(jié)這六周時間里，感到緊張和周期性偏頭痛的人增加了40%.
目前許多醫(yī)生在接受緩解緊張和壓力方面的技術(shù)培訓。但他們自己又使用哪些方法呢？在這里，一些優(yōu)秀的健康專家與我們分享他們喜歡用的緩解壓力的方法。方法共有六種，它們是：
食物鎮(zhèn)靜法。當營養(yǎng)生化學家朱迪思。沃爾特曼受到壓力困擾時，她所做的和這個季節(jié)里其他人所做的沒什么兩樣：吃些東西。但她吃的是一兩塊有益于健康的米糕。“我的研究結(jié)果表明，碳水化合物能提高大腦中調(diào)節(jié)情緒的化學血清素的水平，這對整個人體都起到鎮(zhèn)靜作用，”這位麻省理工學院的科學家說，“因此壓力的癥狀諸如憤怒、緊張、易怒、無法集中精力等便被緩解了?！?BR> 用跑步來避開你的問題。肯尼思。H.庫珀醫(yī)生用每天下班后跑步的方法應(yīng)付自己所面臨的壓力。這位專家認為：“增氧健身運動是驅(qū)除壓力和從工作過渡到家庭生活的佳方法?！钡嵝颜f，不要讓運動本身變成壓力。即使輕度的活動——譬如說每天散步半個小時——也有利于強健體魄，調(diào)節(jié)情緒?！斑@便是我告訴患者務(wù)必每天遛狗的原因，”他笑著說，“即使他們沒有狗?！?BR> 調(diào)整看問題的方法。梅奧診所應(yīng)付壓力專家、心理學家約翰。泰勒駕車駛?cè)脶t(yī)院準備投入一天緊張的工作時，他看到他的微型汽車的汽油更換指示燈啪地一聲打開了。他面對的是不間斷會見病人的日程表，下班后還要去接三歲的孩子?！拔腋械椒浅＞o張”，他回憶說，接著他試用他驅(qū)趕壓力的方法。他問自己，這是生死攸關(guān)的問題嗎？不是，油完全可以下個星期去換。他告訴患者只做那些不做就會造成嚴重后果的事情?！澳悴幌茨切┮路蜁廊幔俊彼麊?。他特別提出，每天應(yīng)留半小時做你喜歡做的事情，給自己重新充電。尤其是在假日里，放下一些日常的家務(wù)事，為與家人和朋友相處多留些時間。
朝輕松的方面看。作家兼教育家喬爾。古德曼和幾位憂慮的病人親戚們一起乘坐一輛旅館免費接客車。司機開始給飽嘗壓力的乘客們講笑話?！昂髞硭兞藥讉€小戲法使我和母親都笑了起來?！惫诺侣f，“在乘車的五分鐘內(nèi)，他教會我們幽默可以緩解壓力”。古德曼被自己這段經(jīng)歷所打動，對笑的力量進行了研究。他認為：“開心的笑可以放松肌肉、降低血壓、抑制與壓力有關(guān)的荷爾蒙的分泌并增強免疫系統(tǒng)?！痹谒难杏憰希尶腿藗冏詥査麄兿矚g的喜劇演員會如何看待這個讓人感到壓力的處境。
給自己留出休息時間。超負荷的日程表是導致憂慮的主要原因。這種壓力的產(chǎn)生可以通過提前做準備加以阻止。心臟病學專家雷。羅森曼在舊金山芒特。蔡恩醫(yī)院做內(nèi)科副主任時，他每天在日程表中留出半小時?！叭绻屑痹\，我就把這段時間留給病人，”《A類型行為與你的心臟》的合著者羅森曼說，“不然我就用這半小時回電話或翻看信件。你雖然不可能控制所有事情，但你可以控制你的日程表，給自己留出一點休息時間?！?BR> 做點禱告?？屏_拉多州博爾德市的心理學家和醫(yī)學科學家瓊。博里森科主張，因為大多數(shù)人花費太多時間為過去感到極度痛苦或為將來感到憂慮，所以減輕壓力的關(guān)鍵在于學會如何使現(xiàn)在的生活富有激情。
“要做到這一點，依靠某種儀式是有益處的，”博里森科說。她感到放松的時候是“我每天早晨做祈禱時”。禱告已顯示出可使新甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素這類造成壓力的荷爾蒙減少。
但要記住，博里森科說，醫(yī)生無法打開病人的“內(nèi)在愈合系統(tǒng)。”那種內(nèi)在的平靜只有通過你自己的努力才能達到。如果你飽受壓力之苦，就自己行動起來吧。
Sample Four
41. 「答案」C
「解析」注意此段第一句中的“l(fā)ifetime employment”與標題中的“permanency in employment”相對應(yīng)。
42. 「答案」E
「解析」這一段話都在講wage， bonus， 顯然是在說薪酬結(jié)果。
43. 「答案」A
「解析」這一段主要講述女性與公司的關(guān)系，注意與下一段的區(qū)別。
44. 「答案」F
「解析」這一段講外資企業(yè)的招聘，與此相對應(yīng)的標題是F.
45. 「答案」B
「解析」此段第一句就明確提出了男性辭職的問題，與標題B相對應(yīng)。
譯文
每年秋季，當招聘新的畢業(yè)生的工作開始時，日本的各大城市都擠滿了尋找工作的學生。他們第穿著正裝，從一個面試地點趕到另一個面試地點。這個季節(jié)對許多學生來說是很重要的，因為他們的整個人生可能就在這個時期被決定了。
日本的終生職業(yè)
在日本，大公司里的工作經(jīng)常是終生的。盡管在小公司和為轉(zhuǎn)包商工作的人一般不能享受到大公司的優(yōu)厚待遇，雇員們通常都期待工作或多或少有穩(wěn)定性。
工資結(jié)構(gòu)
工資的多少是由你的受教育程度和原先的就業(yè)領(lǐng)域決定的，例如普通畢業(yè)生做行政工作，工程師搞工程技術(shù)和設(shè)計等。提升和加薪都與資歷緊密相關(guān)，盡管由于個人能力和工作業(yè)績不同，之后也會有所不同。工資每個月付，稅后工資通常是直接打入一個銀行帳戶。此外，獎金一年發(fā)兩次。
女性與日本公司
許多女畢業(yè)生抱怨與男生相比她們沒有得到平等的訓練和機會。日本公司通常都認為女性員工終究會結(jié)婚生子。女性中也的確存在著生孩子是重要的事這種思想，但是工作就需要加班，這也使女性在婚后無法工作。
外企的招聘策略
對現(xiàn)狀失望而有事業(yè)心的女性往往選擇到外企工作。由于大多數(shù)男生傾向于到有保障的公司工作，外企經(jīng)常愿意雇傭女生，因為她們的潛力比男生更大。
男性為什么有時候會從公司辭職
盡管前途似錦，有些男性還是會從公司辭職。一個原因就是接管家族生意。當父母退休時，長子通常會接管家族公司或生意，例如店鋪。所以，一個商人在繼承父母生意時完全改變他的職業(yè)方向，例如成為了一個店主，這是很常見的。
工作中的人際關(guān)系會比較密切，因為他們共同工作的時間和年份都很長。實際上，一個人的社交經(jīng)常是基于工作上的關(guān)系。飯店和酒家晚上總是擠滿了與同事一起歡聚的人們。許多公司為職員組織旅游和體育活動。年長的職員經(jīng)常扮演導師的角色。這意味著他們會對年輕員工的生活給予指導，例如結(jié)婚和孩子的教育。
Part C
46.在這一意義上，財富并不是錢財，因為我們的生存并不依賴于錢而是依賴于錢所能購買的東西：諸如食品、衣服的物品和諸如交通、娛樂的服務(wù)。
47.世界上有些地區(qū)蘊藏著豐富的煤炭和礦產(chǎn)資源，有肥沃的土地和宜人的氣候；而其他一些地區(qū)卻一無所有。
48.有些國家自然資源可能很豐富，但卻多年以來飽受內(nèi)外戰(zhàn)的困擾，并且因為這個或那個的原因不能發(fā)展本國資源。
49.一個國家的生活水準，不僅取決于它在本國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)和消費的財富，還取決于它通過國際貿(mào)易間接生產(chǎn)的財富。
50.因此，一個國家的財富在很大程度上受到它的生產(chǎn)能力的影響，如果有其他國家愿意接受它的產(chǎn)品的話。
Section III Writing
Part A
51.
Dear Sir/Madam，
One month ago， I bought a new color TV set made in Guangdong from your store at the recommendation of your salesman. But now I'm afraid I have to complain of its poor quality. First， the picture does not appear clear at all. Second， come channel buttons do not work well. What's more， sometimes there is even no sound and the color is not stable. So， you see， instead of getting enjoyment， we've got trouble and inconveniences from this TV set.
I am a constant customer of your store and appreciate your slogan “Customer First， Service Best” very much. I really wish what has happened was accidental and I want to have this set repaired or changed. If not， I'd rather have my money back.
I'm looking forward to an early and satisfactory reply from you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
Part B
52.
As is vividly demonstrated in the drawing above， facing so many major options， a student is at a complete loss what to do， which is a most typical phenomenon among students. The meaning conveyed in the drawing is most thought-provoking.
The implied meaning of the drawing above can be briefly stated as follows. To begin with， the over-emphasis of importance of majors by students should not be ignored. Some students reckon that their majors will decide the success or failure of their whole lives. Because of their dissatisfaction with their majors， some students lose their interest in study. And some of them even go to extreme and commit suicide. It is our top priority to reverse the grim situation. What's more， in terms of making major choices， to follow suit must be avoided. As we know， different people are needed to play different roles in our social work. It is out of the question that all the people pick up the same major and do the same work. Personal character， interest， and merit must be fully evaluated and seriously considered when students make their final decision on their majors. In sum， students must keep calm and have an objective attitude toward their majors.
Take myself as an example. I am from a small mountainous village from the West. The ambition has already taken roots in my mind that I will make use of my knowledge to help the farmers in my home-village shake off poverty. And I took an interest in plants when I was a child. All things considered， I chose agronomy as my major. I do reckon that I have a bright prospect if I stick to the major I choose.