本文是我考完后整理的,中文內(nèi)容有不少,主要是想避免雷同。出處基本注明,如果原作者有意見斑竹請(qǐng)直接刪改。
下面幾道藝術(shù)類題可歸入三小類(還有不少題沒歸入):
藝術(shù)的個(gè)人性Vs社會(huì)性:131 218
政府資助藝術(shù):101 85
藝術(shù)家與評(píng)論家:96 143 144
下面對(duì)這三小類題做個(gè)分析:
一 藝術(shù)的個(gè)人性與社會(huì)性 (這么說不知是否合適,如果有更好地說法我再改):
先說藝術(shù)的目的 :
Dendis的簽名檔里有他對(duì)藝術(shù)目的各理論的綜述。大家自己看。pooh的百寶箱里也有。
參見:http://www.cbe21.com/subject/art/ht.../200217_23.html
個(gè)人認(rèn)為藝術(shù)種類很多,目的也很多,各種理論都不能很好解釋所有出現(xiàn)過的藝術(shù)目的?;旧纤囆g(shù)大約分兩類吧:個(gè)人藝術(shù) 社會(huì)藝術(shù) (名字是我起的,意思大家應(yīng)該都能懂吧)
藝術(shù)的個(gè)人性方面 :表現(xiàn)個(gè)人思想感情,與社會(huì)無關(guān)。
主要可以應(yīng)用游戲說:According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release(discharge) of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.(by dendis)
模仿說似乎也行。模仿等于藝術(shù)模仿客觀世界?
這種藝術(shù)作品很多:大家常舉的 Van Gogh的藝術(shù)基本表現(xiàn)內(nèi)心思想(用新東方的話說:人生痛苦人生古都人生奮斗。形容得不準(zhǔn),大家自己再查查)
對(duì)梵高的作品的評(píng)價(jià)from Encarta:
“potato eaters” by van Gogh: Dark and somber, sometimes crude, these early works evidence van Gogh\'s intense desire to express the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium.這個(gè)…算是有社會(huì)性還是個(gè)人性的藝術(shù)?看大家想怎么說了。
“Starry night”: For van Gogh all visible phenomena, whether he painted or drew them, seemed to be endowed with a physical and spiritual vitality.
he thick, energetic brushstrokes in “Crows in the Wheatfields” (1890, Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which he painted just two and a half weeks before his suicide, suggest turbulence. Dark birds hover in a brilliant blue sky over golden fields. The infusion of black darkens the blue of the sky and evokes a mood of pessimism that seems to reflect the artist’s self-doubt and loneliness, which he described in letters to his brother.
向日葵那幅沒找到。。。但是網(wǎng)上的中文介紹很多。
另外,大家不要老是狂舉Van Gogh。還有一個(gè)命運(yùn)相仿的悲慘的畫家:倫勃朗Rembrandt.
此人荷蘭畫派(和梵高一樣,但凡高后來改道了)。他畫的名畫:night watch(一堆人擦槍準(zhǔn)備出巡的畫,是受托給當(dāng)?shù)鼐l(wèi)做畫。)實(shí)際表現(xiàn)了白天場(chǎng)景,但是因?yàn)楹商m畫派的暗色畫風(fēng),被稱為夜巡,本人被誣為黑暗王子。但是拒不妥協(xié),不肯重畫。身價(jià)暴跌,死于貧困暴死后馬上就被發(fā)現(xiàn)畫得好。(參見余秋雨那本歐洲的旅行記,行者無疆之躍動(dòng)(跳動(dòng)?)的生命可能是吧)悲慘的藝術(shù)家還有很多。
巴赫(Bach)的平均律鋼琴曲集: Well-Tempered Clavier Book 他寫這部曲集就是為了證明+解釋平均律。
表現(xiàn)個(gè)人情愛:Beethoven: Moonlight, 至愛麗絲(英文不會(huì))。其他還有很多啦(如各國(guó)民歌)
Expressionism(表現(xiàn)主義) 作品:The Scream: Norwegian artist Edvard Munch produced powerful paintings and graphic works that portrayed the inner turmoil of his subjects.(就是一個(gè)人捂著扭曲的臉的畫)不知算不算是符合表現(xiàn)說的內(nèi)容…
這個(gè)個(gè)人藝術(shù)正好也是沒有什么思想內(nèi)容但是upset的用于issue176嘍:jarring, splashy murals by abstract painter Jackson Pollock serve to \"upset,\" or at the very least disquiet。(by 鬼谷子??Encarta??Encarta里有這幅畫)
個(gè)人認(rèn)為:這種個(gè)人藝術(shù)想have merit 只要能有藝術(shù)水平。有效反映個(gè)人的思想感情就行。
社會(huì)性方面 :藝術(shù)表達(dá)社會(huì)思想或社會(huì)意識(shí)。個(gè)人認(rèn)為:藝術(shù)作品總是一個(gè)人做的,一方面?zhèn)€人思想總會(huì)受到社會(huì)意識(shí)的影響而反映社會(huì)idea and value。 另一方面,個(gè)人可能表達(dá)自己感情時(shí)順便表達(dá)了社會(huì)的想法。
宗教藝術(shù)(大家看看中世紀(jì)藝術(shù)和文藝復(fù)興藝術(shù)??梢杂玫暮芏嗬玻懊嫣岬揭恍?。)
Picasso 的Pigeon and Guernica(被炸的西班牙城市那幅巨抽象的)
“Liberty Leading the People”: French romantic painter Eugène Delacroix was inspired to paint Liberty Leading the People after the French Revolution of 1830, which ended France\'s absolute monarchy.(婦女踩著尸體,高舉旗幟那幅)
中國(guó)山水畫表現(xiàn)社會(huì)隱藏的想法(但我們可以說它是不反映hidden idea的,老美不見得懂嘍):中國(guó)人的山水畫不同于外國(guó)人的風(fēng)景畫,它不是再現(xiàn)自然景觀,而是通過自然景觀的表現(xiàn),賦予自然以文化的內(nèi)涵和審美的觀照。
天人合一——人與自然的親和,是山水畫的基礎(chǔ)。春夏秋冬,朝暮白晝,風(fēng)霜雨雪,山水表現(xiàn)出了不同的面貌,體現(xiàn)了生命的意義。山水和人一樣具有內(nèi)在的生命運(yùn)動(dòng)和精神力量。
梁祝^_^(涉及封建禮教問題)。中國(guó)古典名著隨便找都能扯上封建禮教或者其他什么制度,反映XX想法呵呵。
Macbeth似乎是想教我們什么…人性的缺點(diǎn)??(我只看過威尼斯商人的縮略版,高中英語課上)
個(gè)人認(rèn)為:這類藝術(shù)因?yàn)榫褪亲鲂憬o大家看得。如果大家看不懂就沒merit了。(藝術(shù)作為語言,就是要人們懂)
二 政府資助藝術(shù)問題:
政府對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助是否影響藝術(shù)完整性:
中世紀(jì),文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期一些藝術(shù)有政府資助,且完整性似乎不受威脅:
教會(huì)藝術(shù)的發(fā)展得益于政府,社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn):
Cologne Cathedral(科隆大教堂,哥特gothic風(fēng)格,旅游景點(diǎn),網(wǎng)上介紹很多) 他的建造是科隆市政府出于爭(zhēng)奪宗教勝地的需要建個(gè)大教堂裝Three Mage(三圣王,朝覲耶穌的東方博士)的遺骨的。雖然處于這種目的,這個(gè)建筑的完整性似乎不受什么影響。
其他不少宗教藝術(shù)也有政府資助。Raphael(不知是不是他)給某個(gè)教堂(圣索非亞?)畫過巨幅壁畫,買單的是政府。
七大奇跡中的羅德島的太陽神雕像是政府用戰(zhàn)利品(金屬)鑄的。(小時(shí)候看小人書學(xué)的)。
根據(jù)我的推測(cè),古代的不少藝術(shù)(esp建筑藝術(shù),造價(jià)高)應(yīng)該會(huì)有政府資助,因?yàn)槿藗兏F唄。當(dāng)然也會(huì)有社會(huì)資助的影子。
現(xiàn)代,美國(guó)政府資助藝術(shù)好多年了。似乎沒有威脅藝術(shù)完整性(280篇里也提到過)
from Encarta(的年鑒):
1938:Painting And Sculpture--Art in the United States:In 1938 the United States Government continued to act as chief patron of the arts in America. The art projects of the Works Progress Administration and of the Treasury Department continued their programs, employing several thousand artists and bringing art before an increasingly large public all over the country.
蘇聯(lián)曾經(jīng)資助過藝術(shù)。似乎威脅藝術(shù)的完整性(壇里前人的習(xí)作,不知是否確有其事)摘抄如下:
However, if the government extraordinarily funds arts, it would harm the integrity of them. The typical instance is U.S.S.R.(=Soviet Union) In the 1950s to the 1990s, the U.S.S.R. Soviet Union government always funded the arts. In order to get the funding from the government, many artists in U.S.S.R. chose to create some arty works, which the government preferred to. After several decades\' development, the integrity of the arts in U.S.S.R. has been heavily threatened. Many kinds of arts have disappeared and many people thought that due to the funding of government, the integrity of arts had been harmed.
A telling example of the inherent danger of setting \"official\" research priorities involves the Soviet government\'s attempts during the 1920s to not only control the direction and the goals of its scientists\' research but also to distort the outcome of that research--ostensibly for the greatest good of the greatest number of people.
(下面這段應(yīng)該算獨(dú)創(chuàng)嘍。西西。)*期間的樣板戲是服務(wù)于政治的,或說就是政治的一部分。(樣板戲,父母輩應(yīng)該都知道,上網(wǎng)搜 樣板戲 就有)參見:十大樣板戲:http://www.bjpeu.edu.cn/~pengs/nove...an/yangban.html
以及:“*”美術(shù)史討論 http://cn.cl2000.com/history/wenge/taolun/index.shtml
節(jié)選:
…由中央和地方權(quán)力中心(前期是中央*下屬的辦事機(jī)構(gòu)和各系統(tǒng)的革命領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組。后期是國(guó)務(wù)院文化組、文化部,各省市革命委員會(huì)政治部等)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、策劃下形成的美術(shù)作品。這類作品的主題是歌頌“無產(chǎn)階級(jí)司令部”的歷史功績(jī)以及文化*的“豐功偉績(jī)”?!?963年年底和1964年年初毛澤東關(guān)于文學(xué)藝術(shù)工作兩次批示的傳達(dá),是“*美術(shù)”誕生的號(hào)角; 從藝術(shù)思想、藝術(shù)形式、創(chuàng)作方式和作品與政治的關(guān)系看,從1964年年末起,“*美術(shù)”已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。泥塑《收租院》剛一出現(xiàn),就被宣布為“雕塑領(lǐng)域的文化革命”。從藝術(shù)史的角度看,“*美術(shù)”始于1965年?!谛问秸Z言方面,*美術(shù)沒有任何創(chuàng)作。這不是因?yàn)閰⑴c創(chuàng)作的美術(shù)家低能,而是因?yàn)?美術(shù)在體制絕對(duì)排斥藝術(shù)的獨(dú)創(chuàng)。*美術(shù)在形式上對(duì)六十年代以來的主流美術(shù)作品的模仿。恰如紅衛(wèi)兵的宣傳演出是對(duì)“音樂舞蹈史詩”《東方紅》的拙劣模仿一樣?!?BR> 中國(guó)目前情況:我國(guó)目前資助加入某些組織(如作協(xié))藝術(shù)家。是否影響完整性就不敢說了……
作為他因,大家不要忽視民間的組織與個(gè)人對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助:
from Encarta:
1951: Art :In the Western countries sentiment was rising for systematic and sustained government patronage of art, as private patronage collapsed under inflationary pressures.顯然,民間力量有限,沒有持久性。從這個(gè)意義上來說政府資助還是有必要的。
from 280篇issue10:Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. A lack of private funding might justify an exception. However, culture--by which I chiefly mean the fine arts--has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government. The Medicis, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, supported artists Michelangelo and Raphael. During the 20th Century the primary source of cultural support were private foundations established by industrial magnates Carnegie, Mellon, Rockefeller and Getty. And tomorrow cultural support will come from our new technology and media moguls----including the likes of Ted Turner and Bill Gates. In short, philanthropy is alive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted.
三 藝術(shù)家與評(píng)論家:
關(guān)于評(píng)論家的正面作用:
1我想到一個(gè)例子是印象主義興起時(shí),印象畫家經(jīng)常聚在一起切磋。應(yīng)該說在切磋時(shí)他們是評(píng)論家(評(píng)論他人)。從這個(gè)例子,評(píng)論家可以對(duì)藝術(shù)家有啟發(fā)。
2 評(píng)論家有助于挖掘藝術(shù)作品的內(nèi)涵(藝術(shù)家通常有這樣一點(diǎn)考慮:他們自己不能直接解適藝術(shù)品,而是要讓藝術(shù)品speak for themselves忘了哪看的。)如果藝術(shù)作品確實(shí)太難理解,那么評(píng)論家可以把這些作品解釋給大眾,這樣give the value to society.
(這種情況在其它領(lǐng)域也一樣。記得馬克思猛烈攻擊資本主義(政治學(xué)?),但是資本主義的學(xué)者根本沒發(fā)現(xiàn)他是在攻擊他們。馬克思沒轍,就讓恩格斯作序把攻擊寫明確些。sigh….呼喊于生人中…)
負(fù)面作用:其實(shí)評(píng)論家這種人…用艾略特(歌德?普希金?暈了,記不得了。)的話說:他們有一種畸形的創(chuàng)造力使他們不能從事創(chuàng)作而只能批評(píng)??雌饋磉@種人有點(diǎn)。。。不太厚道的說。而且“可能”經(jīng)常有點(diǎn)看知名藝術(shù)家有點(diǎn)眼紅的感覺導(dǎo)致不客觀。(參見余秋雨:蘇東坡突圍。當(dāng)年對(duì)蘇東坡的圍攻。個(gè)人認(rèn)為基于余某人這幾年來受到的抨擊,這篇文章不像是只說蘇某人的。呵呵。)水平不夠的人才去評(píng)論吧?那么他們的思想很可能跟不上藝術(shù)家。
被埋沒的藝術(shù)家們……(但是其中不少人并不直接涉及評(píng)論問題吧?具體歷史事件要自己把握。)
關(guān)于兩道題目的理解 :(個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),請(qǐng)大家持懷疑觀點(diǎn)。如果大家有想法請(qǐng)開新貼一起討論。這樣新貼可以放入題目理解討論專區(qū)。)
issue131
The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.
關(guān)于otherwise(這里是副詞)的意思:
Microsoft word解釋是1 其他方面 2 其他情況下
M-W的解釋是:in a different way or manner(gloss over or otherwise handled Playboy ); in different circumstances(might otherwise have left); in other respects(=aspects, an otherwise flimsy farce)
1 如果理解成:其他方面。那么本題就是說藝術(shù)可以表現(xiàn)社會(huì)中”非藝術(shù)方面”的hidden ideas and impulses。 hidden ideas in other respects of a society.
2 如果理解成:其他情況下。那么本題就是說藝術(shù)可以表現(xiàn)社會(huì)的,在沒有藝術(shù)條件下,是表達(dá)不出的hidden ideas and impulses。即藝術(shù)能表達(dá)有其他方式表現(xiàn)不出的idea.
或說otherwise hidden=沒藝術(shù)就hidden有藝術(shù)就不hidden
如果這樣論述時(shí)就需要點(diǎn)到其他方面表現(xiàn)不出。
大家自己考慮一下。可以自己定義出來避免歧義?;蛘吒緵]歧義…
issue144
\'It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.(critic: A person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films music, paintings, etc.)
個(gè)人覺得本題強(qiáng)調(diào)give society sth 好像有種千里馬常有伯樂不常有的意味吧?
所以大家要講到帶給社會(huì)這個(gè)問題。另外什么是lasting value要定義下。
下面幾道藝術(shù)類題可歸入三小類(還有不少題沒歸入):
藝術(shù)的個(gè)人性Vs社會(huì)性:131 218
政府資助藝術(shù):101 85
藝術(shù)家與評(píng)論家:96 143 144
下面對(duì)這三小類題做個(gè)分析:
一 藝術(shù)的個(gè)人性與社會(huì)性 (這么說不知是否合適,如果有更好地說法我再改):
先說藝術(shù)的目的 :
Dendis的簽名檔里有他對(duì)藝術(shù)目的各理論的綜述。大家自己看。pooh的百寶箱里也有。
參見:http://www.cbe21.com/subject/art/ht.../200217_23.html
個(gè)人認(rèn)為藝術(shù)種類很多,目的也很多,各種理論都不能很好解釋所有出現(xiàn)過的藝術(shù)目的?;旧纤囆g(shù)大約分兩類吧:個(gè)人藝術(shù) 社會(huì)藝術(shù) (名字是我起的,意思大家應(yīng)該都能懂吧)
藝術(shù)的個(gè)人性方面 :表現(xiàn)個(gè)人思想感情,與社會(huì)無關(guān)。
主要可以應(yīng)用游戲說:According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release(discharge) of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.(by dendis)
模仿說似乎也行。模仿等于藝術(shù)模仿客觀世界?
這種藝術(shù)作品很多:大家常舉的 Van Gogh的藝術(shù)基本表現(xiàn)內(nèi)心思想(用新東方的話說:人生痛苦人生古都人生奮斗。形容得不準(zhǔn),大家自己再查查)
對(duì)梵高的作品的評(píng)價(jià)from Encarta:
“potato eaters” by van Gogh: Dark and somber, sometimes crude, these early works evidence van Gogh\'s intense desire to express the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium.這個(gè)…算是有社會(huì)性還是個(gè)人性的藝術(shù)?看大家想怎么說了。
“Starry night”: For van Gogh all visible phenomena, whether he painted or drew them, seemed to be endowed with a physical and spiritual vitality.
he thick, energetic brushstrokes in “Crows in the Wheatfields” (1890, Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which he painted just two and a half weeks before his suicide, suggest turbulence. Dark birds hover in a brilliant blue sky over golden fields. The infusion of black darkens the blue of the sky and evokes a mood of pessimism that seems to reflect the artist’s self-doubt and loneliness, which he described in letters to his brother.
向日葵那幅沒找到。。。但是網(wǎng)上的中文介紹很多。
另外,大家不要老是狂舉Van Gogh。還有一個(gè)命運(yùn)相仿的悲慘的畫家:倫勃朗Rembrandt.
此人荷蘭畫派(和梵高一樣,但凡高后來改道了)。他畫的名畫:night watch(一堆人擦槍準(zhǔn)備出巡的畫,是受托給當(dāng)?shù)鼐l(wèi)做畫。)實(shí)際表現(xiàn)了白天場(chǎng)景,但是因?yàn)楹商m畫派的暗色畫風(fēng),被稱為夜巡,本人被誣為黑暗王子。但是拒不妥協(xié),不肯重畫。身價(jià)暴跌,死于貧困暴死后馬上就被發(fā)現(xiàn)畫得好。(參見余秋雨那本歐洲的旅行記,行者無疆之躍動(dòng)(跳動(dòng)?)的生命可能是吧)悲慘的藝術(shù)家還有很多。
巴赫(Bach)的平均律鋼琴曲集: Well-Tempered Clavier Book 他寫這部曲集就是為了證明+解釋平均律。
表現(xiàn)個(gè)人情愛:Beethoven: Moonlight, 至愛麗絲(英文不會(huì))。其他還有很多啦(如各國(guó)民歌)
Expressionism(表現(xiàn)主義) 作品:The Scream: Norwegian artist Edvard Munch produced powerful paintings and graphic works that portrayed the inner turmoil of his subjects.(就是一個(gè)人捂著扭曲的臉的畫)不知算不算是符合表現(xiàn)說的內(nèi)容…
這個(gè)個(gè)人藝術(shù)正好也是沒有什么思想內(nèi)容但是upset的用于issue176嘍:jarring, splashy murals by abstract painter Jackson Pollock serve to \"upset,\" or at the very least disquiet。(by 鬼谷子??Encarta??Encarta里有這幅畫)
個(gè)人認(rèn)為:這種個(gè)人藝術(shù)想have merit 只要能有藝術(shù)水平。有效反映個(gè)人的思想感情就行。
社會(huì)性方面 :藝術(shù)表達(dá)社會(huì)思想或社會(huì)意識(shí)。個(gè)人認(rèn)為:藝術(shù)作品總是一個(gè)人做的,一方面?zhèn)€人思想總會(huì)受到社會(huì)意識(shí)的影響而反映社會(huì)idea and value。 另一方面,個(gè)人可能表達(dá)自己感情時(shí)順便表達(dá)了社會(huì)的想法。
宗教藝術(shù)(大家看看中世紀(jì)藝術(shù)和文藝復(fù)興藝術(shù)??梢杂玫暮芏嗬玻懊嫣岬揭恍?。)
Picasso 的Pigeon and Guernica(被炸的西班牙城市那幅巨抽象的)
“Liberty Leading the People”: French romantic painter Eugène Delacroix was inspired to paint Liberty Leading the People after the French Revolution of 1830, which ended France\'s absolute monarchy.(婦女踩著尸體,高舉旗幟那幅)
中國(guó)山水畫表現(xiàn)社會(huì)隱藏的想法(但我們可以說它是不反映hidden idea的,老美不見得懂嘍):中國(guó)人的山水畫不同于外國(guó)人的風(fēng)景畫,它不是再現(xiàn)自然景觀,而是通過自然景觀的表現(xiàn),賦予自然以文化的內(nèi)涵和審美的觀照。
天人合一——人與自然的親和,是山水畫的基礎(chǔ)。春夏秋冬,朝暮白晝,風(fēng)霜雨雪,山水表現(xiàn)出了不同的面貌,體現(xiàn)了生命的意義。山水和人一樣具有內(nèi)在的生命運(yùn)動(dòng)和精神力量。
梁祝^_^(涉及封建禮教問題)。中國(guó)古典名著隨便找都能扯上封建禮教或者其他什么制度,反映XX想法呵呵。
Macbeth似乎是想教我們什么…人性的缺點(diǎn)??(我只看過威尼斯商人的縮略版,高中英語課上)
個(gè)人認(rèn)為:這類藝術(shù)因?yàn)榫褪亲鲂憬o大家看得。如果大家看不懂就沒merit了。(藝術(shù)作為語言,就是要人們懂)
二 政府資助藝術(shù)問題:
政府對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助是否影響藝術(shù)完整性:
中世紀(jì),文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期一些藝術(shù)有政府資助,且完整性似乎不受威脅:
教會(huì)藝術(shù)的發(fā)展得益于政府,社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn):
Cologne Cathedral(科隆大教堂,哥特gothic風(fēng)格,旅游景點(diǎn),網(wǎng)上介紹很多) 他的建造是科隆市政府出于爭(zhēng)奪宗教勝地的需要建個(gè)大教堂裝Three Mage(三圣王,朝覲耶穌的東方博士)的遺骨的。雖然處于這種目的,這個(gè)建筑的完整性似乎不受什么影響。
其他不少宗教藝術(shù)也有政府資助。Raphael(不知是不是他)給某個(gè)教堂(圣索非亞?)畫過巨幅壁畫,買單的是政府。
七大奇跡中的羅德島的太陽神雕像是政府用戰(zhàn)利品(金屬)鑄的。(小時(shí)候看小人書學(xué)的)。
根據(jù)我的推測(cè),古代的不少藝術(shù)(esp建筑藝術(shù),造價(jià)高)應(yīng)該會(huì)有政府資助,因?yàn)槿藗兏F唄。當(dāng)然也會(huì)有社會(huì)資助的影子。
現(xiàn)代,美國(guó)政府資助藝術(shù)好多年了。似乎沒有威脅藝術(shù)完整性(280篇里也提到過)
from Encarta(的年鑒):
1938:Painting And Sculpture--Art in the United States:In 1938 the United States Government continued to act as chief patron of the arts in America. The art projects of the Works Progress Administration and of the Treasury Department continued their programs, employing several thousand artists and bringing art before an increasingly large public all over the country.
蘇聯(lián)曾經(jīng)資助過藝術(shù)。似乎威脅藝術(shù)的完整性(壇里前人的習(xí)作,不知是否確有其事)摘抄如下:
However, if the government extraordinarily funds arts, it would harm the integrity of them. The typical instance is U.S.S.R.(=Soviet Union) In the 1950s to the 1990s, the U.S.S.R. Soviet Union government always funded the arts. In order to get the funding from the government, many artists in U.S.S.R. chose to create some arty works, which the government preferred to. After several decades\' development, the integrity of the arts in U.S.S.R. has been heavily threatened. Many kinds of arts have disappeared and many people thought that due to the funding of government, the integrity of arts had been harmed.
A telling example of the inherent danger of setting \"official\" research priorities involves the Soviet government\'s attempts during the 1920s to not only control the direction and the goals of its scientists\' research but also to distort the outcome of that research--ostensibly for the greatest good of the greatest number of people.
(下面這段應(yīng)該算獨(dú)創(chuàng)嘍。西西。)*期間的樣板戲是服務(wù)于政治的,或說就是政治的一部分。(樣板戲,父母輩應(yīng)該都知道,上網(wǎng)搜 樣板戲 就有)參見:十大樣板戲:http://www.bjpeu.edu.cn/~pengs/nove...an/yangban.html
以及:“*”美術(shù)史討論 http://cn.cl2000.com/history/wenge/taolun/index.shtml
節(jié)選:
…由中央和地方權(quán)力中心(前期是中央*下屬的辦事機(jī)構(gòu)和各系統(tǒng)的革命領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組。后期是國(guó)務(wù)院文化組、文化部,各省市革命委員會(huì)政治部等)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、策劃下形成的美術(shù)作品。這類作品的主題是歌頌“無產(chǎn)階級(jí)司令部”的歷史功績(jī)以及文化*的“豐功偉績(jī)”?!?963年年底和1964年年初毛澤東關(guān)于文學(xué)藝術(shù)工作兩次批示的傳達(dá),是“*美術(shù)”誕生的號(hào)角; 從藝術(shù)思想、藝術(shù)形式、創(chuàng)作方式和作品與政治的關(guān)系看,從1964年年末起,“*美術(shù)”已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。泥塑《收租院》剛一出現(xiàn),就被宣布為“雕塑領(lǐng)域的文化革命”。從藝術(shù)史的角度看,“*美術(shù)”始于1965年?!谛问秸Z言方面,*美術(shù)沒有任何創(chuàng)作。這不是因?yàn)閰⑴c創(chuàng)作的美術(shù)家低能,而是因?yàn)?美術(shù)在體制絕對(duì)排斥藝術(shù)的獨(dú)創(chuàng)。*美術(shù)在形式上對(duì)六十年代以來的主流美術(shù)作品的模仿。恰如紅衛(wèi)兵的宣傳演出是對(duì)“音樂舞蹈史詩”《東方紅》的拙劣模仿一樣?!?BR> 中國(guó)目前情況:我國(guó)目前資助加入某些組織(如作協(xié))藝術(shù)家。是否影響完整性就不敢說了……
作為他因,大家不要忽視民間的組織與個(gè)人對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助:
from Encarta:
1951: Art :In the Western countries sentiment was rising for systematic and sustained government patronage of art, as private patronage collapsed under inflationary pressures.顯然,民間力量有限,沒有持久性。從這個(gè)意義上來說政府資助還是有必要的。
from 280篇issue10:Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. A lack of private funding might justify an exception. However, culture--by which I chiefly mean the fine arts--has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government. The Medicis, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, supported artists Michelangelo and Raphael. During the 20th Century the primary source of cultural support were private foundations established by industrial magnates Carnegie, Mellon, Rockefeller and Getty. And tomorrow cultural support will come from our new technology and media moguls----including the likes of Ted Turner and Bill Gates. In short, philanthropy is alive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted.
三 藝術(shù)家與評(píng)論家:
關(guān)于評(píng)論家的正面作用:
1我想到一個(gè)例子是印象主義興起時(shí),印象畫家經(jīng)常聚在一起切磋。應(yīng)該說在切磋時(shí)他們是評(píng)論家(評(píng)論他人)。從這個(gè)例子,評(píng)論家可以對(duì)藝術(shù)家有啟發(fā)。
2 評(píng)論家有助于挖掘藝術(shù)作品的內(nèi)涵(藝術(shù)家通常有這樣一點(diǎn)考慮:他們自己不能直接解適藝術(shù)品,而是要讓藝術(shù)品speak for themselves忘了哪看的。)如果藝術(shù)作品確實(shí)太難理解,那么評(píng)論家可以把這些作品解釋給大眾,這樣give the value to society.
(這種情況在其它領(lǐng)域也一樣。記得馬克思猛烈攻擊資本主義(政治學(xué)?),但是資本主義的學(xué)者根本沒發(fā)現(xiàn)他是在攻擊他們。馬克思沒轍,就讓恩格斯作序把攻擊寫明確些。sigh….呼喊于生人中…)
負(fù)面作用:其實(shí)評(píng)論家這種人…用艾略特(歌德?普希金?暈了,記不得了。)的話說:他們有一種畸形的創(chuàng)造力使他們不能從事創(chuàng)作而只能批評(píng)??雌饋磉@種人有點(diǎn)。。。不太厚道的說。而且“可能”經(jīng)常有點(diǎn)看知名藝術(shù)家有點(diǎn)眼紅的感覺導(dǎo)致不客觀。(參見余秋雨:蘇東坡突圍。當(dāng)年對(duì)蘇東坡的圍攻。個(gè)人認(rèn)為基于余某人這幾年來受到的抨擊,這篇文章不像是只說蘇某人的。呵呵。)水平不夠的人才去評(píng)論吧?那么他們的思想很可能跟不上藝術(shù)家。
被埋沒的藝術(shù)家們……(但是其中不少人并不直接涉及評(píng)論問題吧?具體歷史事件要自己把握。)
關(guān)于兩道題目的理解 :(個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),請(qǐng)大家持懷疑觀點(diǎn)。如果大家有想法請(qǐng)開新貼一起討論。這樣新貼可以放入題目理解討論專區(qū)。)
issue131
The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.
關(guān)于otherwise(這里是副詞)的意思:
Microsoft word解釋是1 其他方面 2 其他情況下
M-W的解釋是:in a different way or manner(gloss over or otherwise handled Playboy ); in different circumstances(might otherwise have left); in other respects(=aspects, an otherwise flimsy farce)
1 如果理解成:其他方面。那么本題就是說藝術(shù)可以表現(xiàn)社會(huì)中”非藝術(shù)方面”的hidden ideas and impulses。 hidden ideas in other respects of a society.
2 如果理解成:其他情況下。那么本題就是說藝術(shù)可以表現(xiàn)社會(huì)的,在沒有藝術(shù)條件下,是表達(dá)不出的hidden ideas and impulses。即藝術(shù)能表達(dá)有其他方式表現(xiàn)不出的idea.
或說otherwise hidden=沒藝術(shù)就hidden有藝術(shù)就不hidden
如果這樣論述時(shí)就需要點(diǎn)到其他方面表現(xiàn)不出。
大家自己考慮一下。可以自己定義出來避免歧義?;蛘吒緵]歧義…
issue144
\'It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.(critic: A person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films music, paintings, etc.)
個(gè)人覺得本題強(qiáng)調(diào)give society sth 好像有種千里馬常有伯樂不常有的意味吧?
所以大家要講到帶給社會(huì)這個(gè)問題。另外什么是lasting value要定義下。