Unit 6 （1999年）
（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method，”frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
Unit 6 翻譯題解：
71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是While there are almost as…… as there are…… +主句，While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，從句中as…… as結(jié)構(gòu)是比較級(jí)，這句話直譯為有多少歷史學(xué)家，就有多少關(guān)于歷史的定義。
2）主句中one是賓語，后面的that從句是它的定語從句。
3）sees history as把……看作是，不定式短語to recreate and explain……作名詞the attempt的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
While 雖然，盡管；definitions 定義，界定；modern practice 現(xiàn)代（補(bǔ)詞：史學(xué)家的）實(shí)踐；conforms to 符合于，趨向于認(rèn)為；attempt 試圖，嘗試；to recreate 再現(xiàn)，重現(xiàn)（不能說重新創(chuàng)造歷史）；events 事件，結(jié)合上下文引申為史實(shí)
完整的譯文：
71）幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為，歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。
72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：Interest…… has arisen less through ……and more from……
2）并列狀語less through ……and more from的翻譯是關(guān)鍵，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直譯比較少的是因?yàn)椤?，更多的原因是…?BR> 3）challenge后面的不定式短語to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定語，直譯對(duì)歷史作為一門學(xué)科的正確性提出異議，internal quarrels后面的介詞短語among historians themselves作quarrels的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Interest in historical methods 對(duì)歷史方法的關(guān)注（興趣）；arisen 來自于，產(chǎn)生于challenge質(zhì)疑，挑戰(zhàn)；validity 真實(shí)性，正確性；as an intellectual discipline作為一門學(xué)問（一個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域）；internal quarrels 內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，內(nèi)部分歧
完整的譯文：
72）人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
73） During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)單句：……methods were augmented by……
2）過去分詞短語designed to……作句子賓語methodologies的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
transfer 轉(zhuǎn)變；augmented 充實(shí)，補(bǔ)充；additional methodologies 新方法； designed to用來；interpret 闡釋，解釋，說明；the new forms of evidence 新的證據(jù)形式，根據(jù)上下文意思引申為在歷史學(xué)研究中的新史料；in the historical study 在（補(bǔ)譯：歷史學(xué)家）研究歷史時(shí)
完整的譯文：
73）在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是存在句There is no agreement因?yàn)橹髡Z部分太長(zhǎng)，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該采用順序倒譯方法。
2） whether methodology refers to ……or to ……是主語agreement的同位語。
3） the concepts后面的形容詞短語peculiar to historical work in general是它的定語；the research techniques后面的形容詞短語appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定語。
第三、詞的處理：
agreement 統(tǒng)一的意見，一致看法；whether……refers to…… or to…… 是指……還是指…… the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general （按后置定語的順序倒譯）一般的歷史研究中的特有概念；the research techniques 研究手段；appropriate to 適用于，合適于 the various branches 各個(gè)領(lǐng)域；historical inquiry 歷史探究
完整的譯文：
74）所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。
75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：It applies equally to……, and to ……直譯這既適應(yīng)于……又適應(yīng)于……引申為這既存在于……又存在于……
2） traditional historians who view history as……和social science historians who equate…… with……是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指兩種歷史學(xué)家，各有定語從句修飾。
第三、詞的處理：
It主語指示代詞，聯(lián)系上下文意思是這種謬論；traditional historians 傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家，歷史傳統(tǒng)派；view history as 把歷史看作是；sources 源泉，引申為史料來源；social science historians 社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家，歷史社科派；their activity 活動(dòng)，引申為歷史學(xué)研究活動(dòng)，歷史研究；equate…… with 把……等同于，認(rèn)為……是；specific techniques 具體方法
完整的譯文：
75）這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method，”frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
Unit 6 翻譯題解：
71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是While there are almost as…… as there are…… +主句，While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，從句中as…… as結(jié)構(gòu)是比較級(jí)，這句話直譯為有多少歷史學(xué)家，就有多少關(guān)于歷史的定義。
2）主句中one是賓語，后面的that從句是它的定語從句。
3）sees history as把……看作是，不定式短語to recreate and explain……作名詞the attempt的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
While 雖然，盡管；definitions 定義，界定；modern practice 現(xiàn)代（補(bǔ)詞：史學(xué)家的）實(shí)踐；conforms to 符合于，趨向于認(rèn)為；attempt 試圖，嘗試；to recreate 再現(xiàn)，重現(xiàn)（不能說重新創(chuàng)造歷史）；events 事件，結(jié)合上下文引申為史實(shí)
完整的譯文：
71）幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為，歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。
72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：Interest…… has arisen less through ……and more from……
2）并列狀語less through ……and more from的翻譯是關(guān)鍵，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直譯比較少的是因?yàn)椤?，更多的原因是…?BR> 3）challenge后面的不定式短語to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定語，直譯對(duì)歷史作為一門學(xué)科的正確性提出異議，internal quarrels后面的介詞短語among historians themselves作quarrels的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Interest in historical methods 對(duì)歷史方法的關(guān)注（興趣）；arisen 來自于，產(chǎn)生于challenge質(zhì)疑，挑戰(zhàn)；validity 真實(shí)性，正確性；as an intellectual discipline作為一門學(xué)問（一個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域）；internal quarrels 內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，內(nèi)部分歧
完整的譯文：
72）人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
73） During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)單句：……methods were augmented by……
2）過去分詞短語designed to……作句子賓語methodologies的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
transfer 轉(zhuǎn)變；augmented 充實(shí)，補(bǔ)充；additional methodologies 新方法； designed to用來；interpret 闡釋，解釋，說明；the new forms of evidence 新的證據(jù)形式，根據(jù)上下文意思引申為在歷史學(xué)研究中的新史料；in the historical study 在（補(bǔ)譯：歷史學(xué)家）研究歷史時(shí)
完整的譯文：
73）在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是存在句There is no agreement因?yàn)橹髡Z部分太長(zhǎng)，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該采用順序倒譯方法。
2） whether methodology refers to ……or to ……是主語agreement的同位語。
3） the concepts后面的形容詞短語peculiar to historical work in general是它的定語；the research techniques后面的形容詞短語appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定語。
第三、詞的處理：
agreement 統(tǒng)一的意見，一致看法；whether……refers to…… or to…… 是指……還是指…… the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general （按后置定語的順序倒譯）一般的歷史研究中的特有概念；the research techniques 研究手段；appropriate to 適用于，合適于 the various branches 各個(gè)領(lǐng)域；historical inquiry 歷史探究
完整的譯文：
74）所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。
75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：It applies equally to……, and to ……直譯這既適應(yīng)于……又適應(yīng)于……引申為這既存在于……又存在于……
2） traditional historians who view history as……和social science historians who equate…… with……是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指兩種歷史學(xué)家，各有定語從句修飾。
第三、詞的處理：
It主語指示代詞，聯(lián)系上下文意思是這種謬論；traditional historians 傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家，歷史傳統(tǒng)派；view history as 把歷史看作是；sources 源泉，引申為史料來源；social science historians 社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家，歷史社科派；their activity 活動(dòng)，引申為歷史學(xué)研究活動(dòng)，歷史研究；equate…… with 把……等同于，認(rèn)為……是；specific techniques 具體方法
完整的譯文：
75）這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。