Unit 7 （2000年）
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
Unit 7 翻譯題解：
71） Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)帶雙賓語的簡單句：this requires varying measures of……and hence the help of……
2）兩個(gè)賓語各帶有of短語作定語。
3）specialized scientists后面的短語such as……是其定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Under modern conditions 在現(xiàn)代條件下；requires 需要；varying measures （程度）不同的措施；centralized control 中央控制，中央調(diào)控；and hence 因此，從而； specialized scientists 專門科學(xué)家，專家；operational research experts 運(yùn)行研究專家，運(yùn)籌學(xué)家
完整的譯文：
71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和運(yùn)籌學(xué)家等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。
72） Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是it is obvious that……, and that……形式主語和兩個(gè)主語從句。
2）兩個(gè)that從句都是簡單的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)句。
3）this指代前面的賓語中心詞efficiency.
第三、詞的處理：
Furthermore 再者，另外；it is obvious that （固定譯法）顯而易見的是；the strength of a country's economy 一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力；is directly bound up with 與……直接（密切）相關(guān)；the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率；in turn 反過來 rests upon 有賴于，取決于；scientists and technologists of all kinds 各種科技人員，所有領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家和技術(shù)人員
完整的譯文：
72）再者，顯而易見的是，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
73） Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為五段：
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：原因狀語Owing to……, people are feeling …… and are being……, while governments are often forced to……句子結(jié)構(gòu)中while是個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，表示對(duì)比關(guān)系，漢語意思是"而".
2）第一個(gè)主句中有兩個(gè)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的并列謂語are feeling…… and are being……
3）第二個(gè)主句的謂語是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4）for the reasons given above是第二個(gè)主句的原因狀語。
第三、詞的處理：
owing to 因?yàn)?，由于；mass-communications 大眾通訊；people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人；new wants 新的需求（要求，需要）；being exposed to 接觸到，感受到 customs and ideas 習(xí)俗和思想；introduce 推出，采取，施行；innovations 革新，革新措施；for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
完整的譯文：
73）由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國政府不得不經(jīng)常采取更進(jìn)一步的革新措施。
74） in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)合句the process of industrialization……was spread over nearly a century, whereas……連詞whereas "而"，表示對(duì)比。
2）破折號(hào)中間的短語是附加成分，修飾主語中心詞process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一個(gè)定語從句。
3）因?yàn)槭莾蓚€(gè)對(duì)比句，所以可以根據(jù)上下文判斷：兩個(gè)句子的謂語spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization.
第三、詞的處理：
industrialized countries 工業(yè)化國家；the process of industrialization 工業(yè)化進(jìn)程，工業(yè)化過程；with ……that followed 隨……而來的，以及；far-reaching changes 深刻的變革，影響深遠(yuǎn)的變化；social patterns 社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)；spread over 持續(xù)，延續(xù)；nearly a century 大約（將近、幾乎）一個(gè)世紀(jì)；a developing nation 一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家；undergo 經(jīng)歷；in a decade or so 在10年左右的時(shí)間
完整的譯文：
74）在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家在10年左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過程。
75） Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Additional social stresses may also occur because of……簡單句+ because of表示的原因狀語。整句翻譯應(yīng)該根據(jù)先原因后結(jié)果的原則，將主句放在最后。
2） because of后面有兩個(gè)賓語the population explosion or problems
3）名詞problems帶有現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語arising from mass migration movements
4） themselves指前面的名詞短語mass migration movements,后面的過去分詞短語是themselves的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Additional social stresses 新的（額外的）社會(huì)壓力；occur 出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生；population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸；arising from 由……引起，產(chǎn)生于，來自于；mass migration movements 大量人口流動(dòng)；migration 流動(dòng)，遷移；modern means of transport 現(xiàn)代交通工具；means 工具，手段，途徑
完整的譯文：
75）由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)（現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動(dòng)變得相對(duì)容易）所引起的各種問題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
Unit 7 翻譯題解：
71） Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)帶雙賓語的簡單句：this requires varying measures of……and hence the help of……
2）兩個(gè)賓語各帶有of短語作定語。
3）specialized scientists后面的短語such as……是其定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Under modern conditions 在現(xiàn)代條件下；requires 需要；varying measures （程度）不同的措施；centralized control 中央控制，中央調(diào)控；and hence 因此，從而； specialized scientists 專門科學(xué)家，專家；operational research experts 運(yùn)行研究專家，運(yùn)籌學(xué)家
完整的譯文：
71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和運(yùn)籌學(xué)家等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。
72） Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是it is obvious that……, and that……形式主語和兩個(gè)主語從句。
2）兩個(gè)that從句都是簡單的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)句。
3）this指代前面的賓語中心詞efficiency.
第三、詞的處理：
Furthermore 再者，另外；it is obvious that （固定譯法）顯而易見的是；the strength of a country's economy 一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力；is directly bound up with 與……直接（密切）相關(guān)；the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率；in turn 反過來 rests upon 有賴于，取決于；scientists and technologists of all kinds 各種科技人員，所有領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家和技術(shù)人員
完整的譯文：
72）再者，顯而易見的是，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
73） Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為五段：
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：原因狀語Owing to……, people are feeling …… and are being……, while governments are often forced to……句子結(jié)構(gòu)中while是個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，表示對(duì)比關(guān)系，漢語意思是"而".
2）第一個(gè)主句中有兩個(gè)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的并列謂語are feeling…… and are being……
3）第二個(gè)主句的謂語是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4）for the reasons given above是第二個(gè)主句的原因狀語。
第三、詞的處理：
owing to 因?yàn)?，由于；mass-communications 大眾通訊；people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人；new wants 新的需求（要求，需要）；being exposed to 接觸到，感受到 customs and ideas 習(xí)俗和思想；introduce 推出，采取，施行；innovations 革新，革新措施；for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
完整的譯文：
73）由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國政府不得不經(jīng)常采取更進(jìn)一步的革新措施。
74） in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)合句the process of industrialization……was spread over nearly a century, whereas……連詞whereas "而"，表示對(duì)比。
2）破折號(hào)中間的短語是附加成分，修飾主語中心詞process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一個(gè)定語從句。
3）因?yàn)槭莾蓚€(gè)對(duì)比句，所以可以根據(jù)上下文判斷：兩個(gè)句子的謂語spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization.
第三、詞的處理：
industrialized countries 工業(yè)化國家；the process of industrialization 工業(yè)化進(jìn)程，工業(yè)化過程；with ……that followed 隨……而來的，以及；far-reaching changes 深刻的變革，影響深遠(yuǎn)的變化；social patterns 社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)；spread over 持續(xù)，延續(xù)；nearly a century 大約（將近、幾乎）一個(gè)世紀(jì)；a developing nation 一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家；undergo 經(jīng)歷；in a decade or so 在10年左右的時(shí)間
完整的譯文：
74）在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家在10年左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過程。
75） Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Additional social stresses may also occur because of……簡單句+ because of表示的原因狀語。整句翻譯應(yīng)該根據(jù)先原因后結(jié)果的原則，將主句放在最后。
2） because of后面有兩個(gè)賓語the population explosion or problems
3）名詞problems帶有現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語arising from mass migration movements
4） themselves指前面的名詞短語mass migration movements,后面的過去分詞短語是themselves的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Additional social stresses 新的（額外的）社會(huì)壓力；occur 出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生；population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸；arising from 由……引起，產(chǎn)生于，來自于；mass migration movements 大量人口流動(dòng)；migration 流動(dòng)，遷移；modern means of transport 現(xiàn)代交通工具；means 工具，手段，途徑
完整的譯文：
75）由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)（現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動(dòng)變得相對(duì)容易）所引起的各種問題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。